const对象与volatile对象的问题

[chenAxue]

const对象与volatile对象有什么区别？如何使用？

[nuaawyd]

const:
When modifying a data declaration, the const keyword specifies that the object or variable is not modifiable. When following a member function's parameter list, the const keyword specifies that the function doesn't modify the object for which it is invoked.

C++ Specific

Declaring a member function with the const keyword specifies that the function is a "read-only" function that does not modify the object for which it is called.

To declare a constant member function, place the const keyword after the closing parenthesis of the argument list. The const keyword is required in both the declaration and the definition. A constant member function cannot modify any data members or call any member functions that aren't constant.

END C++ Specific

Example

// Example of a constant member function
class Date
{
public:
Date( int mn, int dy, int yr );
int getMonth() const; // A read-only function
void setMonth( int mn ); // A write function;
// cannot be const
private:
int month;
};

int Date::getMonth() const
{
return month; // Doesn't modify anything
}
void Date::setMonth( int mn )
{
month = mn; // Modifies data member
}


volatile:

The volatile keyword is a type qualifier used to declare that an object can be modified in the program by something other than statements, such as the operating system, the hardware, or a concurrently executing thread.

The following example declares a volatile integer nVint whose value can be modified by external processes:

int volatile nVint;
Objects declared as volatile are not used in optimizations because their value can change at any time. The system always reads the current value of a volatile object at the point it is requested, even if the previous instruction asked for a value from the same object. Also, the value of the object is written immediately on assignment.

One use of the volatile qualifier is to provide access to memory locations used by asynchronous processes such as interrupt handlers.

[nuaawyd]

总而言之：

const函数不改变类成员,可被常量类成员调用.函数不能为等号左边值
任何不会修改数据成员的函数都应该声明为const类型。如果在编写const成员函数时，不慎修改了数据成员，或者调用了其它非const成员函数，编译器将指出错误，这无疑会提高程序的健壮性。
以下程序中，类stack的成员函数GetCount仅用于计数，从逻辑上讲GetCount应当为const函数。编译器将指出GetCount函数中的错误。
class Stack
{
public:
void Push(int elem);
int Pop(void);
int GetCount(void) const; // const成员函数
private:
int m_num;
int m_data[100];
};

int Stack::GetCount(void) const
{
++ m_num; // 编译错误，企图修改数据成员m_num
Pop(); // 编译错误，企图调用非const函数
return m_num;
}
const成员函数的声明看起来怪怪的：const关键字只能放在函数声明的尾部，大概是因为其它地方都已经被占用了。


防止编译器对临界变量（多个并发进程都要用到的变量）自作聪明的作优化。
已经不太多用了

[nuaawyd]

防止编译器对临界变量（多个并发进程都要用到的变量）自作聪明的作优化。
已经不太多用了
这句话指的是volatile