Cookie: why i can't use cookie?

qinglinmeng 2002-09-15 01:55:02
My program is like this:

//client (c#)
HttpWebRequest req = WebRequest.Create("http://localhost/1.asp");
req.CookieContainer.Add( new Cookie(
"name", "value", "/", "localhost"
));

//send request and get response

//server (asp)
for each c in request.cookies
response.write c & "=" & request.cookies(s)
next

but the cookie i set in client code can not be displayed, why?
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qinglinmeng 2002-09-18
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fini.
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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yes, you are exactly right as always. i firstly accessed index.jsp. get a cookie for it, and use it to access generic_process.jsp. and gto the page i need.

woooo!!!

thank u, saucer. you did greatly helped me in recent days. i owe you a dinner. if you come to Montreal, don't forget give me an email. i will be host.

let me finish my work before finish this discussion.


saucer 2002-09-17
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what I meant is, in their generic_process.jsp, they check if the session is new, if true, they redirect the page back to the index.jsp, for example

if (session.isNew())
{
response.sendRedirect("/portal/index.jsp");
}

basically, they want you to go to this index.jsp first
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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i know what you mean: there is an important session operation in index.jsp. i have to access it, get cookie from it before folliwng operation.

let me try it.
zsw5337 2002-09-17
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up
saucer 2002-09-17
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ic, they must check you have a jsessionid first

here is the Header the browser sent to the server:
POST http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/generic_process.jsp?beanID=734&viewID=process_yellow_pages HTTP/1.0
Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/msword, */*
Referer: http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/index.jsp
Accept-Language: en-us
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; Q312461; .NET CLR 1.0.3705)
Host: mysask.sympatico.ca
Content-Length: 149
Pragma: no-cache
Cookie: jsessionid=2445841032211906064

MEM=800&FUNC=FORMATSEARCH&action2=homeSearch&business=&city=&provinceId=&categorySym=&searchType=yellow_pages&L=&C=toys&DIR=&AT=SK&FIND.x=8&FIND.y=12

saucer 2002-09-17
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try
http://www.naviscope.com/
which monitors all http requests
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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by the way, i got result like this. first, access index.jsp to get a cookie. then call getPage again with the cookie. i got the result.
it's like this:

private static CookieCollection cs = null;
public static void Main()
{
cs = getPage("http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/index.jsp","");
//getPage("http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/generic_process.jsp?beanID=734&viewID=process_yellow_pages", "MEM=800&FUNC=FORMATSEARCH&L=&C=toys&DIR=&AT=SK");
getPage("http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/generic.jsp?beanID=734&viewID=result_yellow_pages&jsessionid=3322971032209581285", "");
}
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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thank you for today, saucer. i got to go. i have class in university this evening. hope to meet you tommorrow.
thanks again.
kevin
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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what's a http monitor? how to get it?
saucer 2002-09-17
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truly weird, try to get a HTTP monitor to view the request HTTP header from the browser
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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that's my problem. i should have get a result page. and my code works fine in other site. including your localhost, my localhost, but it works bad in mysask.com.
why?
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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if you fill in the form on the left side of the www.mysask.ca. it is about seach by name or by category, input "toys" in category and leave others in default. you will get the page that you suppoesed to have.
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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you should get a list of company names, addresses, tels, etc. but i suppose you only see a index page.
saucer 2002-09-17
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I sent the postdata to that url, I got back a page similar to www.mysask.ca, what am I supposed to see?
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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try access;
http://mysask.sympatico.ca/portal/generic_process.jsp?beanID=734&viewID=process_yellow_pages

with postdata

MEM=800&FUNC=FORMATSEARCH&L=&C=toys&DIR=&AT=SK

you can find the result page by using ie in www.mysask.ca. fill in the form and submit it.
saucer 2002-09-17
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the output is like this:

E:\>GetPage
current url:http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/redirect.jsp
headers:
Content-Type=text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1
Date=Mon, 16 Sep 2002 20:20:35 GMT
Transfer-Encoding=chunked
Location=http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/testplus.jsp
Server=Apache Tomcat/4.0-rc1 (HTTP/1.1 Connector)
Set-Cookie=abc=123,JSESSIONID=F215261203D391932685B3218534A726;Path=/examples

redirection url:http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/testplus.jsp
cookies:abc=123,JSESSIONID=F215261203D391932685B3218534A726;Path=/examples
page content:




current url:http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/testplus.jsp
headers:
Content-Type=text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1
Date=Mon, 16 Sep 2002 20:20:35 GMT
Transfer-Encoding=chunked
Server=Apache Tomcat/4.0-rc1 (HTTP/1.1 Connector)

redirection url:
cookies:
page content:

<html>
<body bgcolor="red">


<h1> The exception / by zero tells me you
made a wrong choice.
</body>
</html>
saucer 2002-09-17
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using System;
using System.Net;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;

class GetPage
{
public static void getPage(String url, String postData)
{
//request 1
HttpWebRequest req;
HttpWebResponse resp;

string theUrl = url;
string thePostData = postData;
CookieCollection cookies = null;

while(theUrl!="")
{
req = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(theUrl);
req.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer();

if(cookies!=null)
req.CookieContainer.Add(cookies);
//req.CookieContainer.Add( new Cookie("myname","kevin","/","localhost") );

req.UserAgent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0; .NET CLR 1.0.2914)";
req.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
req.Timeout = 300000;
req.KeepAlive = true;

if(thePostData!="")
{
req.Method = "POST";
req.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
byte[] PostData = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(thePostData);
req.ContentLength = PostData.Length;
Stream tempStream = req.GetRequestStream();
tempStream.Write(PostData,0,PostData.Length);
tempStream.Close();
}
else
req.Method = "GET";


//get response
resp = (HttpWebResponse)req.GetResponse();

Console.WriteLine("current url:" + theUrl);

//get headers
Console.WriteLine("headers:");
StringBuilder m = new StringBuilder();;
foreach(string ss in resp.Headers)
{
m.Append(ss+"="+resp.Headers[ss]);
m.Append("\n");
}
Console.WriteLine(m.ToString());

//transfer to
theUrl = resp.Headers["Location"] + "";
Console.WriteLine("redirection url:" + theUrl);

thePostData = "";


//cookies
Console.WriteLine("cookies:" + resp.Headers["Set-Cookie"]);

if(resp.Cookies.Count!=0)
cookies = resp.Cookies;
else
cookies = null;

//write page content
Stream ReceiveStream = resp.GetResponseStream();
Encoding encode = System.Text.Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8");
StreamReader sr = new StreamReader( ReceiveStream, encode );
string s = sr.ReadToEnd();
//StreamWriter writer = File.CreateText(@"2.htm");
//writer.WriteLine (s);
//writer.Close();

Console.WriteLine("page content:");
Console.WriteLine(s);
Console.WriteLine("\n");
resp.Close();

}
}


public static void Main()
{

getPage("http://localhost:8080/examples/jsp/redirect.jsp","");
}
}
saucer 2002-09-17
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actually, I do not even know what your problem is, here is what I did with a console program:

1. redirect.jsp:
<%
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("abc","123");;
response.addCookie(cookie);

String redirectURL = "testplus.jsp";
response.sendRedirect(redirectURL);
%>


2. testplus.jsp:
<%@ page errorPage="errorpage.jsp" %>
<%=request.getParameter("plus")%><BR>
JSPID:<%=session.getId()%><BR>
Cookies:<BR>
<%
Cookie cookies[] = request.getCookies();
for (int i=0; i < cookies.length; i++)
{
%>
<%=cookies[i].getName()%>=<%=cookies[i].getValue()%>
<BR>
<%
}

%>
<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="plus" value="+">
<input type="submit" onclick="this.form.plus.value = encodeURIComponent(this.form.plus.value); alert(this.form.plus.value)">
</form>
<%
int i=1/0;
%>

3. errorpage.jsp:
<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
<html>
<body bgcolor="red">


<h1> The exception <%= exception.getMessage() %> tells me you
made a wrong choice.
</body>
</html>
qinglinmeng 2002-09-17
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hi, you got anything?
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The error level constants are below here for convenience as well as ; some common settings and their meanings. ; By default, PHP is set to take action on all errors, notices and warnings EXCEPT ; those related to E_NOTICE and E_STRICT, which together cover best practices and ; recommended coding standards in PHP. For performance reasons, this is the ; recommend error reporting setting. Your production server shouldn't be wasting ; resources complaining about best practices and coding standards. That's what ; development servers and development settings are for. ; Note: The php.ini-development file has this setting as E_ALL. This ; means it pretty much reports everything which is exactly what you want during ; development and early testing. ; ; Error Level Constants: ; E_ALL - All errors and warnings (includes E_STRICT as of PHP 5.4.0) ; E_ERROR - fatal run-time errors ; E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR - almost fatal run-time errors ; E_WARNING - run-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_PARSE - compile-time parse errors ; E_NOTICE - run-time notices (these are warnings which often result ; from a bug in your code, but it's possible that it was ; intentional (e.g., using an uninitialized variable and ; relying on the fact it's automatically initialized to an ; empty string) ; E_STRICT - run-time notices, enable to have PHP suggest changes ; to your code which will ensure the best interoperability ; and forward compatibility of your code ; E_CORE_ERROR - fatal errors that occur during PHP's initial startup ; E_CORE_WARNING - warnings (non-fatal errors) that occur during PHP's ; initial startup ; E_COMPILE_ERROR - fatal compile-time errors ; E_COMPILE_WARNING - compile-time warnings (non-fatal errors) ; E_USER_ERROR - user-generated error message ; E_USER_WARNING - user-generated warning message ; E_USER_NOTICE - user-generated notice message ; E_DEPRECATED - warn about code that will not work in future versions ; of PHP ; E_USER_DEPRECATED - user-generated deprecation warnings ; ; Common Values: ; E_ALL (Show all errors, warnings and notices including coding standards.) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE (Show all errors, except for notices) ; E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT (Show all errors, except for notices and coding standards warnings.) ; E_COMPILE_ERROR|E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR|E_ERROR|E_CORE_ERROR (Show only errors) ; Default Value: E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT & ~E_DEPRECATED ; Development Value: E_ALL ; Production Value: E_ALL & ~E_DEPRECATED & ~E_STRICT ; http://php.net/error-reporting error_reporting = E_ALL ; This directive controls whether or not and where PHP will output errors, ; notices and warnings too. Error output is very useful during development, but ; it could be very dangerous in production environments. Depending on the code ; which is triggering the error, sensitive information could potentially leak ; out of your application such as database usernames and passwords or worse. ; It's recommended that errors be logged on production servers rather than ; having the errors sent to STDOUT. ; Possible Values: ; Off = Do not display any errors ; stderr = Display errors to STDERR (affects only CGI/CLI binaries!) ; On or stdout = Display errors to STDOUT ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-errors display_errors = On ; The display of errors which occur during PHP's startup sequence are handled ; separately from display_errors. PHP's default behavior is to suppress those ; errors from clients. Turning the display of startup errors on can be useful in ; debugging configuration problems. But, it's strongly recommended that you ; leave this setting off on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/display-startup-errors display_startup_errors = On ; Besides displaying errors, PHP can also log errors to locations such as a ; server-specific log, STDERR, or a location specified by the error_log ; directive found below. While errors should not be displayed on productions ; servers they should still be monitored and logging is a great way to do that. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/log-errors log_errors = On ; Set maximum length of log_errors. In error_log information about the source is ; added. The default is 1024 and 0 allows to not apply any maximum length at all. ; http://php.net/log-errors-max-len log_errors_max_len = 1024 ; Do not log repeated messages. Repeated errors must occur in same file on same ; line unless ignore_repeated_source is set true. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-errors ignore_repeated_errors = Off ; Ignore source of message when ignoring repeated messages. When this setting ; is On you will not log errors with repeated messages from different files or ; source lines. ; http://php.net/ignore-repeated-source ignore_repeated_source = Off ; If this parameter is set to Off, then memory leaks will not be shown (on ; stdout or in the log). This has only effect in a debug compile, and if ; error reporting includes E_WARNING in the allowed list ; http://php.net/report-memleaks report_memleaks = On ; This setting is on by default. ;report_zend_debug = 0 ; Store the last error/warning message in $php_errormsg (boolean). Setting this value ; to On can assist in debugging and is appropriate for development servers. It should ; however be disabled on production servers. ; Default Value: Off ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/track-errors track_errors = On ; Turn off normal error reporting and emit XML-RPC error XML ; http://php.net/xmlrpc-errors ;xmlrpc_errors = 0 ; An XML-RPC faultCode ;xmlrpc_error_number = 0 ; When PHP displays or logs an error, it has the capability of formatting the ; error message as HTML for easier reading. This directive controls whether ; the error message is formatted as HTML or not. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to Off for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production value: On ; http://php.net/html-errors html_errors = On ; If html_errors is set to On *and* docref_root is not empty, then PHP ; produces clickable error messages that direct to a page describing the error ; or function causing the error in detail. ; You can download a copy of the PHP manual from http://php.net/docs ; and change docref_root to the base URL of your local copy including the ; leading '/'. You must also specify the file extension being used including ; the dot. PHP's default behavior is to leave these settings empty, in which ; case no links to documentation are generated. ; Note: Never use this feature for production boxes. ; http://php.net/docref-root ; Examples ;docref_root = "/phpmanual/" ; http://php.net/docref-ext ;docref_ext = .html ; String to output before an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-prepend-string ; Example: ;error_prepend_string = "" ; String to output after an error message. PHP's default behavior is to leave ; this setting blank. ; http://php.net/error-append-string ; Example: ;error_append_string = "" ; Log errors to specified file. PHP's default behavior is to leave this value ; empty. ; http://php.net/error-log ; Example: ;error_log = php_errors.log ; Log errors to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;error_log = syslog ;windows.show_crt_warning ; Default value: 0 ; Development value: 0 ; Production value: 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Data Handling ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; The separator used in PHP generated URLs to separate arguments. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; http://php.net/arg-separator.output ; Example: ;arg_separator.output = "&" ; List of separator(s) used by PHP to parse input URLs into variables. ; PHP's default setting is "&". ; NOTE: Every character in this directive is considered as separator! ; http://php.net/arg-separator.input ; Example: ;arg_separator.input = ";&" ; This directive determines which super global arrays are registered when PHP ; starts up. G,P,C,E & S are abbreviations for the following respective super ; globals: GET, POST, COOKIE, ENV and SERVER. There is a performance penalty ; paid for the registration of these arrays and because ENV is not as commonly ; used as the others, ENV is not recommended on productions servers. You ; can still get access to the environment variables through getenv() should you ; need to. ; Default Value: "EGPCS" ; Development Value: "GPCS" ; Production Value: "GPCS"; ; http://php.net/variables-order variables_order = "GPCS" ; This directive determines which super global data (G,P,C,E & S) should ; be registered into the super global array REQUEST. If so, it also determines ; the order in which that data is registered. The values for this directive are ; specified in the same manner as the variables_order directive, EXCEPT one. ; Leaving this value empty will cause PHP to use the value set in the ; variables_order directive. It does not mean it will leave the super globals ; array REQUEST empty. ; Default Value: None ; Development Value: "GP" ; Production Value: "GP" ; http://php.net/request-order request_order = "GP" ; This directive determines whether PHP registers $argv & $argc each time it ; runs. $argv contains an array of all the arguments passed to PHP when a script ; is invoked. $argc contains an integer representing the number of arguments ; that were passed when the script was invoked. These arrays are extremely ; useful when running scripts from the command line. When this directive is ; enabled, registering these variables consumes CPU cycles and memory each time ; a script is executed. For performance reasons, this feature should be disabled ; on production servers. ; Note: This directive is hardcoded to On for the CLI SAPI ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: Off ; Production Value: Off ; http://php.net/register-argc-argv register_argc_argv = Off ; When enabled, the ENV, REQUEST and SERVER variables are created when they're ; first used (Just In Time) instead of when the script starts. If these ; variables are not used within a script, having this directive on will result ; in a performance gain. The PHP directive register_argc_argv must be disabled ; for this directive to have any affect. ; http://php.net/auto-globals-jit auto_globals_jit = On ; Whether PHP will read the POST data. ; This option is enabled by default. ; Most likely, you won't want to disable this option globally. It causes $_POST ; and $_FILES to always be empty; the only way you will be able to read the ; POST data will be through the php://input stream wrapper. This can be useful ; to proxy requests or to process the POST data in a memory efficient fashion. ; http://php.net/enable-post-data-reading ;enable_post_data_reading = Off ; Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept. ; Its value may be 0 to disable the limit. It is ignored if POST data reading ; is disabled through enable_post_data_reading. ; http://php.net/post-max-size post_max_size = 8M ; Automatically add files before PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-prepend-file auto_prepend_file = ; Automatically add files after PHP document. ; http://php.net/auto-append-file auto_append_file = ; By default, PHP will output a character encoding using ; the Content-type: header. To disable sending of the charset, simply ; set it to be empty. ; ; PHP's built-in default is text/html ; http://php.net/default-mimetype default_mimetype = "text/html" ; PHP's default character set is set to empty. ; http://php.net/default-charset ;default_charset = "UTF-8" ; Always populate the $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA variable. PHP's default behavior is ; to disable this feature. If post reading is disabled through ; enable_post_data_reading, $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is *NOT* populated. ; http://php.net/always-populate-raw-post-data ;always_populate_raw_post_data = On ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Paths and Directories ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; UNIX: "/path1:/path2" ;include_path = ".:/php/includes" ; ; Windows: "\path1;\path2" ;include_path = ".;c:\php\includes" ; ; PHP's default setting for include_path is ".;/path/to/php/pear" ; http://php.net/include-path ; The root of the PHP pages, used only if nonempty. ; if PHP was not compiled with FORCE_REDIRECT, you SHOULD set doc_root ; if you are running php as a CGI under any web server (other than IIS) ; see documentation for security issues. The alternate is to use the ; cgi.force_redirect configuration below ; http://php.net/doc-root doc_root = ; The directory under which PHP opens the script using /~username used only ; if nonempty. ; http://php.net/user-dir user_dir = ; Directory in which the loadable extensions (modules) reside. ; http://php.net/extension-dir ; extension_dir = "./" ; On windows: ; extension_dir = "ext" ; Whether or not to enable the dl() function. The dl() function does NOT work ; properly in multithreaded servers, such as IIS or Zeus, and is automatically ; disabled on them. ; http://php.net/enable-dl enable_dl = Off ; cgi.force_redirect is necessary to provide security running PHP as a CGI under ; most web servers. Left undefined, PHP turns this on by default. You can ; turn it off here AT YOUR OWN RISK ; **You CAN safely turn this off for IIS, in fact, you MUST.** ; http://php.net/cgi.force-redirect ;cgi.force_redirect = 1 ; if cgi.nph is enabled it will force cgi to always sent Status: 200 with ; every request. PHP's default behavior is to disable this feature. ;cgi.nph = 1 ; if cgi.force_redirect is turned on, and you are not running under Apache or Netscape ; (iPlanet) web servers, you MAY need to set an environment variable name that PHP ; will look for to know it is OK to continue execution. Setting this variable MAY ; cause security issues, KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING FIRST. ; http://php.net/cgi.redirect-status-env ;cgi.redirect_status_env = ; cgi.fix_pathinfo provides *real* PATH_INFO/PATH_TRANSLATED support for CGI. PHP's ; previous behaviour was to set PATH_TRANSLATED to SCRIPT_FILENAME, and to not grok ; what PATH_INFO is. For more information on PATH_INFO, see the cgi specs. Setting ; this to 1 will cause PHP CGI to fix its paths to conform to the spec. A setting ; of zero causes PHP to behave as before. Default is 1. You should fix your scripts ; to use SCRIPT_FILENAME rather than PATH_TRANSLATED. ; http://php.net/cgi.fix-pathinfo ;cgi.fix_pathinfo=1 ; FastCGI under IIS (on WINNT based OS) supports the ability to impersonate ; security tokens of the calling client. This allows IIS to define the ; security context that the request runs under. mod_fastcgi under Apache ; does not currently support this feature (03/17/2002) ; Set to 1 if running under IIS. Default is zero. ; http://php.net/fastcgi.impersonate ;fastcgi.impersonate = 1 ; Disable logging through FastCGI connection. PHP's default behavior is to enable ; this feature. ;fastcgi.logging = 0 ; cgi.rfc2616_headers configuration option tells PHP what type of headers to ; use when sending HTTP response code. If it's set 0 PHP sends Status: header that ; is supported by Apache. When this option is set to 1 PHP will send ; RFC2616 compliant header. ; Default is zero. ; http://php.net/cgi.rfc2616-headers ;cgi.rfc2616_headers = 0 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; File Uploads ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow HTTP file uploads. ; http://php.net/file-uploads file_uploads = On ; Temporary directory for HTTP uploaded files (will use system default if not ; specified). ; http://php.net/upload-tmp-dir ;upload_tmp_dir = ; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files. ; http://php.net/upload-max-filesize upload_max_filesize = 2M ; Maximum number of files that can be uploaded via a single request max_file_uploads = 20 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Fopen wrappers ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Whether to allow the treatment of URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-fopen allow_url_fopen = On ; Whether to allow include/require to open URLs (like http:// or ftp://) as files. ; http://php.net/allow-url-include allow_url_include = Off ; Define the anonymous ftp password (your email address). PHP's default setting ; for this is empty. ; http://php.net/from ;from="john@doe.com" ; Define the User-Agent string. PHP's default setting for this is empty. ; http://php.net/user-agent ;user_agent="PHP" ; Default timeout for socket based streams (seconds) ; http://php.net/default-socket-timeout default_socket_timeout = 60 ; If your scripts have to deal with files from Macintosh systems, ; or you are running on a Mac and need to deal with files from ; unix or win32 systems, setting this flag will cause PHP to ; automatically detect the EOL character in those files so that ; fgets() and file() will work regardless of the source of the file. ; http://php.net/auto-detect-line-endings ;auto_detect_line_endings = Off ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Dynamic Extensions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; If you wish to have an extension loaded automatically, use the following ; syntax: ; ; extension=modulename.extension ; ; For example, on Windows: ; ; extension=msql.dll ; ; ... or under UNIX: ; ; extension=msql.so ; ; ... or with a path: ; ; extension=/path/to/extension/msql.so ; ; If you only provide the name of the extension, PHP will look for it in its ; default extension directory. ; ; Windows Extensions ; Note that ODBC support is built in, so no dll is needed for it. ; Note that many DLL files are located in the extensions/ (PHP 4) ext/ (PHP 5) ; extension folders as well as the separate PECL DLL download (PHP 5). ; Be sure to appropriately set the extension_dir directive. ; ;extension=php_bz2.dll ;extension=php_curl.dll ;extension=php_fileinfo.dll ;extension=php_gd2.dll ;extension=php_gettext.dll ;extension=php_gmp.dll ;extension=php_intl.dll ;extension=php_imap.dll ;extension=php_interbase.dll ;extension=php_ldap.dll ;extension=php_mbstring.dll ;extension=php_exif.dll ; Must be after mbstring as it depends on it ;extension=php_mysql.dll ;extension=php_mysqli.dll ;extension=php_oci8.dll ; Use with Oracle 10gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_oci8_11g.dll ; Use with Oracle 11gR2 Instant Client ;extension=php_openssl.dll ;extension=php_pdo_firebird.dll ;extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_oci.dll ;extension=php_pdo_odbc.dll ;extension=php_pdo_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pdo_sqlite.dll ;extension=php_pgsql.dll ;extension=php_pspell.dll ;extension=php_shmop.dll ; The MIBS data available in the PHP distribution must be installed. ; See http://www.php.net/manual/en/snmp.installation.php ;extension=php_snmp.dll ;extension=php_soap.dll ;extension=php_sockets.dll ;extension=php_sqlite3.dll ;extension=php_sybase_ct.dll ;extension=php_tidy.dll ;extension=php_xmlrpc.dll ;extension=php_xsl.dll ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Module Settings ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [CLI Server] ; Whether the CLI web server uses ANSI color coding in its terminal output. cli_server.color = On [Date] ; Defines the default timezone used by the date functions ; http://php.net/date.timezone ;date.timezone = ; http://php.net/date.default-latitude ;date.default_latitude = 31.7667 ; http://php.net/date.default-longitude ;date.default_longitude = 35.2333 ; http://php.net/date.sunrise-zenith ;date.sunrise_zenith = 90.583333 ; http://php.net/date.sunset-zenith ;date.sunset_zenith = 90.583333 [filter] ; http://php.net/filter.default ;filter.default = unsafe_raw ; http://php.net/filter.default-flags ;filter.default_flags = [iconv] ;iconv.input_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.internal_encoding = ISO-8859-1 ;iconv.output_encoding = ISO-8859-1 [intl] ;intl.default_locale = ; This directive allows you to produce PHP errors when some error ; happens within intl functions. The value is the level of the error produced. ; Default is 0, which does not produce any errors. ;intl.error_level = E_WARNING [sqlite] ; http://php.net/sqlite.assoc-case ;sqlite.assoc_case = 0 [sqlite3] ;sqlite3.extension_dir = [Pcre] ;PCRE library backtracking limit. ; http://php.net/pcre.backtrack-limit ;pcre.backtrack_limit=100000 ;PCRE library recursion limit. ;Please note that if you set this value to a high number you may consume all ;the available process stack and eventually crash PHP (due to reaching the ;stack size limit imposed by the Operating System). ; http://php.net/pcre.recursion-limit ;pcre.recursion_limit=100000 [Pdo] ; Whether to pool ODBC connections. Can be one of "strict", "relaxed" or "off" ; http://php.net/pdo-odbc.connection-pooling ;pdo_odbc.connection_pooling=strict ;pdo_odbc.db2_instance_name [Pdo_mysql] ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.cache_size pdo_mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/pdo_mysql.default-socket pdo_mysql.default_socket= [Phar] ; http://php.net/phar.readonly ;phar.readonly = On ; http://php.net/phar.require-hash ;phar.require_hash = On ;phar.cache_list = [mail function] ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/smtp SMTP = localhost ; http://php.net/smtp-port smtp_port = 25 ; For Win32 only. ; http://php.net/sendmail-from ;sendmail_from = me@example.com ; For Unix only. You may supply arguments as well (default: "sendmail -t -i"). ; http://php.net/sendmail-path ;sendmail_path = ; Force the addition of the specified parameters to be passed as extra parameters ; to the sendmail binary. These parameters will always replace the value of ; the 5th parameter to mail(), even in safe mode. ;mail.force_extra_parameters = ; Add X-PHP-Originating-Script: that will include uid of the script followed by the filename mail.add_x_header = On ; The path to a log file that will log all mail() calls. Log entries include ; the full path of the script, line number, To address and headers. ;mail.log = ; Log mail to syslog (Event Log on Windows). ;mail.log = syslog [SQL] ; http://php.net/sql.safe-mode sql.safe_mode = Off [ODBC] ; http://php.net/odbc.default-db ;odbc.default_db = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-user ;odbc.default_user = Not yet implemented ; http://php.net/odbc.default-pw ;odbc.default_pw = Not yet implemented ; Controls the ODBC cursor model. ; Default: SQL_CURSOR_STATIC (default). ;odbc.default_cursortype ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/odbc.allow-persistent odbc.allow_persistent = On ; Check that a connection is still valid before reuse. ; http://php.net/odbc.check-persistent odbc.check_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-persistent odbc.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/odbc.max-links odbc.max_links = -1 ; Handling of LONG fields. Returns number of bytes to variables. 0 means ; passthru. ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultlrl odbc.defaultlrl = 4096 ; Handling of binary data. 0 means passthru, 1 return as is, 2 convert to char. ; See the documentation on odbc_binmode and odbc_longreadlen for an explanation ; of odbc.defaultlrl and odbc.defaultbinmode ; http://php.net/odbc.defaultbinmode odbc.defaultbinmode = 1 ;birdstep.max_links = -1 [Interbase] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ibase.allow_persistent = 1 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ibase.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ibase.max_links = -1 ; Default database name for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_db = ; Default username for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_user = ; Default password for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_password = ; Default charset for ibase_connect(). ;ibase.default_charset = ; Default timestamp format. ibase.timestampformat = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ; Default date format. ibase.dateformat = "%Y-%m-%d" ; Default time format. ibase.timeformat = "%H:%M:%S" [MySQL] ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysql.allow_local_infile mysql.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysql.allow-persistent mysql.allow_persistent = On ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysql.cache_size mysql.cache_size = 2000 ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-persistent mysql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysql.max-links mysql.max_links = -1 ; Default port number for mysql_connect(). If unset, mysql_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-port mysql.default_port = ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-socket mysql.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-host mysql.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysql.default-user mysql.default_user = ; Default password for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysql.default_password") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysql.default-password mysql.default_password = ; Maximum time (in seconds) for connect timeout. -1 means no limit ; http://php.net/mysql.connect-timeout mysql.connect_timeout = 60 ; Trace mode. When trace_mode is active (=On), warnings for table/index scans and ; SQL-Errors will be displayed. ; http://php.net/mysql.trace-mode mysql.trace_mode = Off [MySQLi] ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-persistent mysqli.max_persistent = -1 ; Allow accessing, from PHP's perspective, local files with LOAD DATA statements ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow_local_infile ;mysqli.allow_local_infile = On ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/mysqli.allow-persistent mysqli.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/mysqli.max-links mysqli.max_links = -1 ; If mysqlnd is used: Number of cache slots for the internal result set cache ; http://php.net/mysqli.cache_size mysqli.cache_size = 2000 ; Default port number for mysqli_connect(). If unset, mysqli_connect() will use ; the $MYSQL_TCP_PORT or the mysql-tcp entry in /etc/services or the ; compile-time value defined MYSQL_PORT (in that order). Win32 will only look ; at MYSQL_PORT. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-port mysqli.default_port = 3306 ; Default socket name for local MySQL connects. If empty, uses the built-in ; MySQL defaults. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-socket mysqli.default_socket = ; Default host for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-host mysqli.default_host = ; Default user for mysql_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-user mysqli.default_user = ; Default password for mysqli_connect() (doesn't apply in safe mode). ; Note that this is generally a *bad* idea to store passwords in this file. ; *Any* user with PHP access can run 'echo get_cfg_var("mysqli.default_pw") ; and reveal this password! And of course, any users with read access to this ; file will be able to reveal the password as well. ; http://php.net/mysqli.default-pw mysqli.default_pw = ; Allow or prevent reconnect mysqli.reconnect = Off [mysqlnd] ; Enable / Disable collection of general statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_statistics mysqlnd.collect_statistics = On ; Enable / Disable collection of memory usage statistics by mysqlnd which can be ; used to tune and monitor MySQL operations. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics mysqlnd.collect_memory_statistics = On ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used when sending commands to MySQL in bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_cmd_buffer_size = 2048 ; Size of a pre-allocated buffer used for reading data sent by the server in ; bytes. ; http://php.net/mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size ;mysqlnd.net_read_buffer_size = 32768 [OCI8] ; Connection: Enables privileged connections using external ; credentials (OCI_SYSOPER, OCI_SYSDBA) ; http://php.net/oci8.privileged-connect ;oci8.privileged_connect = Off ; Connection: The maximum number of persistent OCI8 connections per ; process. Using -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/oci8.max-persistent ;oci8.max_persistent = -1 ; Connection: The maximum number of seconds a process is allowed to ; maintain an idle persistent connection. Using -1 means idle ; persistent connections will be maintained forever. ; http://php.net/oci8.persistent-timeout ;oci8.persistent_timeout = -1 ; Connection: The number of seconds that must pass before issuing a ; ping during oci_pconnect() to check the connection validity. When ; set to 0, each oci_pconnect() will cause a ping. Using -1 disables ; pings completely. ; http://php.net/oci8.ping-interval ;oci8.ping_interval = 60 ; Connection: Set this to a user chosen connection class to be used ; for all pooled server requests with Oracle 11g Database Resident ; Connection Pooling (DRCP). To use DRCP, this value should be set to ; the same string for all web servers running the same application, ; the database pool must be configured, and the connection string must ; specify to use a pooled server. ;oci8.connection_class = ; High Availability: Using On lets PHP receive Fast Application ; Notification (FAN) events generated when a database node fails. The ; database must also be configured to post FAN events. ;oci8.events = Off ; Tuning: This option enables statement caching, and specifies how ; many statements to cache. Using 0 disables statement caching. ; http://php.net/oci8.statement-cache-size ;oci8.statement_cache_size = 20 ; Tuning: Enables statement prefetching and sets the default number of ; rows that will be fetched automatically after statement execution. ; http://php.net/oci8.default-prefetch ;oci8.default_prefetch = 100 ; Compatibility. Using On means oci_close() will not close ; oci_connect() and oci_new_connect() connections. ; http://php.net/oci8.old-oci-close-semantics ;oci8.old_oci_close_semantics = Off [PostgreSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/pgsql.allow-persistent pgsql.allow_persistent = On ; Detect broken persistent links always with pg_pconnect(). ; Auto reset feature requires a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.auto-reset-persistent pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-persistent pgsql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/pgsql.max-links pgsql.max_links = -1 ; Ignore PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Notice message logging require a little overheads. ; http://php.net/pgsql.ignore-notice pgsql.ignore_notice = 0 ; Log PostgreSQL backends Notice message or not. ; Unless pgsql.ignore_notice=0, module cannot log notice message. ; http://php.net/pgsql.log-notice pgsql.log_notice = 0 [Sybase-CT] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. ; http://php.net/sybct.allow-persistent sybct.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-persistent sybct.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent + non-persistent). -1 means no limit. ; http://php.net/sybct.max-links sybct.max_links = -1 ; Minimum server message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-server-severity sybct.min_server_severity = 10 ; Minimum client message severity to display. ; http://php.net/sybct.min-client-severity sybct.min_client_severity = 10 ; Set per-context timeout ; http://php.net/sybct.timeout ;sybct.timeout= ;sybct.packet_size ; The maximum time in seconds to wait for a connection attempt to succeed before returning failure. ; Default: one minute ;sybct.login_timeout= ; The name of the host you claim to be connecting from, for display by sp_who. ; Default: none ;sybct.hostname= ; Allows you to define how often deadlocks are to be retried. -1 means "forever". ; Default: 0 ;sybct.deadlock_retry_count= [bcmath] ; Number of decimal digits for all bcmath functions. ; http://php.net/bcmath.scale bcmath.scale = 0 [browscap] ; http://php.net/browscap ;browscap = extra/browscap.ini [Session] ; Handler used to store/retrieve data. ; http://php.net/session.save-handler session.save_handler = files ; Argument passed to save_handler. In the case of files, this is the path ; where data files are stored. Note: Windows users have to change this ; variable in order to use PHP's session functions. ; ; The path can be defined as: ; ; session.save_path = "N;/path" ; ; where N is an integer. Instead of storing all the session files in ; /path, what this will do is use subdirectories N-levels deep, and ; store the session data in those directories. This is useful if you ; or your OS have problems with lots of files in one directory, and is ; a more efficient layout for servers that handle lots of sessions. ; ; NOTE 1: PHP will not create this directory structure automatically. ; You can use the script in the ext/session dir for that purpose. ; NOTE 2: See the section on garbage collection below if you choose to ; use subdirectories for session storage ; ; The file storage module creates files using mode 600 by default. ; You can change that by using ; ; session.save_path = "N;MODE;/path" ; ; where MODE is the octal representation of the mode. Note that this ; does not overwrite the process's umask. ; http://php.net/session.save-path ;session.save_path = "/tmp" ; Whether to use cookies. ; http://php.net/session.use-cookies session.use_cookies = 1 ; http://php.net/session.cookie-secure ;session.cookie_secure = ; This option forces PHP to fetch and use a cookie for storing and maintaining ; the session id. We encourage this operation as it's very helpful in combating ; session hijacking when not specifying and managing your own session id. It is ; not the end all be all of session hijacking defense, but it's a good start. ; http://php.net/session.use-only-cookies session.use_only_cookies = 1 ; Name of the session (used as cookie name). ; http://php.net/session.name session.name = PHPSESSID ; Initialize session on request startup. ; http://php.net/session.auto-start session.auto_start = 0 ; Lifetime in seconds of cookie or, if 0, until browser is restarted. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-lifetime session.cookie_lifetime = 0 ; The path for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-path session.cookie_path = / ; The domain for which the cookie is valid. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-domain session.cookie_domain = ; Whether or not to add the httpOnly flag to the cookie, which makes it inaccessible to browser scripting languages such as JavaScript. ; http://php.net/session.cookie-httponly session.cookie_httponly = ; Handler used to serialize data. php is the standard serializer of PHP. ; http://php.net/session.serialize-handler session.serialize_handler = php ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started ; on every session initialization. The probability is calculated by using ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator ; and gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.gc-probability session.gc_probability = 1 ; Defines the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started on every ; session initialization. The probability is calculated by using the following equation: ; gc_probability/gc_divisor. Where session.gc_probability is the numerator and ; session.gc_divisor is the denominator in the equation. Setting this value to 1 ; when the session.gc_divisor value is 100 will give you approximately a 1% chance ; the gc will run on any give request. Increasing this value to 1000 will give you ; a 0.1% chance the gc will run on any give request. For high volume production servers, ; this is a more efficient approach. ; Default Value: 100 ; Development Value: 1000 ; Production Value: 1000 ; http://php.net/session.gc-divisor session.gc_divisor = 1000 ; After this number of seconds, stored data will be seen as 'garbage' and ; cleaned up by the garbage collection process. ; http://php.net/session.gc-maxlifetime session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440 ; NOTE: If you are using the subdirectory option for storing session files ; (see session.save_path above), then garbage collection does *not* ; happen automatically. You will need to do your own garbage ; collection through a shell script, cron entry, or some other method. ; For example, the following script would is the equivalent of ; setting session.gc_maxlifetime to 1440 (1440 seconds = 24 minutes): ; find /path/to/sessions -cmin +24 -type f | xargs rm ; Check HTTP Referer to invalidate externally stored URLs containing ids. ; HTTP_REFERER has to contain this substring for the session to be ; considered as valid. ; http://php.net/session.referer-check session.referer_check = ; How many bytes to read from the file. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-length ;session.entropy_length = 32 ; Specified here to create the session id. ; http://php.net/session.entropy-file ; Defaults to /dev/urandom ; On systems that don't have /dev/urandom but do have /dev/arandom, this will default to /dev/arandom ; If neither are found at compile time, the default is no entropy file. ; On windows, setting the entropy_length setting will activate the ; Windows random source (using the CryptoAPI) ;session.entropy_file = /dev/urandom ; Set to {nocache,private,public,} to determine HTTP caching aspects ; or leave this empty to avoid sending anti-caching headers. ; http://php.net/session.cache-limiter session.cache_limiter = nocache ; Document expires after n minutes. ; http://php.net/session.cache-expire session.cache_expire = 180 ; trans sid support is disabled by default. ; Use of trans sid may risk your users security. ; Use this option with caution. ; - User may send URL contains active session ID ; to other person via. email/irc/etc. ; - URL that contains active session ID may be stored ; in publicly accessible computer. ; - User may access your site with the same session ID ; always using URL stored in browser's history or bookmarks. ; http://php.net/session.use-trans-sid session.use_trans_sid = 0 ; Select a hash function for use in generating session ids. ; Possible Values ; 0 (MD5 128 bits) ; 1 (SHA-1 160 bits) ; This option may also be set to the name of any hash function supported by ; the hash extension. A list of available hashes is returned by the hash_algos() ; function. ; http://php.net/session.hash-function session.hash_function = 0 ; Define how many bits are stored in each character when converting ; the binary hash data to something readable. ; Possible values: ; 4 (4 bits: 0-9, a-f) ; 5 (5 bits: 0-9, a-v) ; 6 (6 bits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z, "-", ",") ; Default Value: 4 ; Development Value: 5 ; Production Value: 5 ; http://php.net/session.hash-bits-per-character session.hash_bits_per_character = 5 ; The URL rewriter will look for URLs in a defined set of HTML tags. ; form/fieldset are special; if you include them here, the rewriter will ; add a hidden field with the info which is otherwise appended ; to URLs. If you want XHTML conformity, remove the form entry. ; Note that all valid entries require a "=", even if no value follows. ; Default Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,form=,fieldset=" ; Development Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Production Value: "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; http://php.net/url-rewriter.tags url_rewriter.tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=fakeentry" ; Enable upload progress tracking in $_SESSION ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.enabled ;session.upload_progress.enabled = On ; Cleanup the progress information as soon as all POST data has been read ; (i.e. upload completed). ; Default Value: On ; Development Value: On ; Production Value: On ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.cleanup ;session.upload_progress.cleanup = On ; A prefix used for the upload progress key in $_SESSION ; Default Value: "upload_progress_" ; Development Value: "upload_progress_" ; Production Value: "upload_progress_" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.prefix ;session.upload_progress.prefix = "upload_progress_" ; The index name (concatenated with the prefix) in $_SESSION ; containing the upload progress information ; Default Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Development Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; Production Value: "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.name ;session.upload_progress.name = "PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS" ; How frequently the upload progress should be updated. ; Given either in percentages (per-file), or in bytes ; Default Value: "1%" ; Development Value: "1%" ; Production Value: "1%" ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.freq ;session.upload_progress.freq = "1%" ; The minimum delay between updates, in seconds ; Default Value: 1 ; Development Value: 1 ; Production Value: 1 ; http://php.net/session.upload-progress.min-freq ;session.upload_progress.min_freq = "1" [MSSQL] ; Allow or prevent persistent links. mssql.allow_persistent = On ; Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit. mssql.max_persistent = -1 ; Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit. mssql.max_links = -1 ; Minimum error severity to display. mssql.min_error_severity = 10 ; Minimum message severity to display. mssql.min_message_severity = 10 ; Compatibility mode with old versions of PHP 3.0. mssql.compatability_mode = Off ; Connect timeout ;mssql.connect_timeout = 5 ; Query timeout ;mssql.timeout = 60 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textlimit = 4096 ; Valid range 0 - 2147483647. Default = 4096. ;mssql.textsize = 4096 ; Limits the number of records in each batch. 0 = all records in one batch. ;mssql.batchsize = 0 ; Specify how datetime and datetim4 columns are returned ; On => Returns data converted to SQL server settings ; Off => Returns values as YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ;mssql.datetimeconvert = On ; Use NT authentication when connecting to the server mssql.secure_connection = Off ; Specify max number of processes. -1 = library default ; msdlib defaults to 25 ; FreeTDS defaults to 4096 ;mssql.max_procs = -1 ; Specify client character set. ; If empty or not set the client charset from freetds.conf is used ; This is only used when compiled with FreeTDS ;mssql.charset = "ISO-8859-1" [Assertion] ; Assert(expr); active by default. ; http://php.net/assert.active ;assert.active = On ; Issue a PHP warning for each failed assertion. ; http://php.net/assert.warning ;assert.warning = On ; Don't bail out by default. ; http://php.net/assert.bail ;assert.bail = Off ; User-function to be called if an assertion fails. ; http://php.net/assert.callback ;assert.callback = 0 ; Eval the expression with current error_reporting(). Set to true if you want ; error_reporting(0) around the eval(). ; http://php.net/assert.quiet-eval ;assert.quiet_eval = 0 [COM] ; path to a file containing GUIDs, IIDs or filenames of files with TypeLibs ; http://php.net/com.typelib-file ;com.typelib_file = ; allow Distributed-COM calls ; http://php.net/com.allow-dcom ;com.allow_dcom = true ; autoregister constants of a components typlib on com_load() ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-typelib ;com.autoregister_typelib = true ; register constants casesensitive ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-casesensitive ;com.autoregister_casesensitive = false ; show warnings on duplicate constant registrations ; http://php.net/com.autoregister-verbose ;com.autoregister_verbose = true ; The default character set code-page to use when passing strings to and from COM objects. ; Default: system ANSI code page ;com.code_page= [mbstring] ; language for internal character representation. ; http://php.net/mbstring.language ;mbstring.language = Japanese ; internal/script encoding. ; Some encoding cannot work as internal encoding. ; (e.g. SJIS, BIG5, ISO-2022-*) ; http://php.net/mbstring.internal-encoding ;mbstring.internal_encoding = EUC-JP ; http input encoding. ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-input ;mbstring.http_input = auto ; http output encoding. mb_output_handler must be ; registered as output buffer to function ; http://php.net/mbstring.http-output ;mbstring.http_output = SJIS ; enable automatic encoding translation according to ; mbstring.internal_encoding setting. Input chars are ; converted to internal encoding by setting this to On. ; Note: Do _not_ use automatic encoding translation for ; portable libs/applications. ; http://php.net/mbstring.encoding-translation ;mbstring.encoding_translation = Off ; automatic encoding detection order. ; auto means ; http://php.net/mbstring.detect-order ;mbstring.detect_order = auto ; substitute_character used when character cannot be converted ; one from another ; http://php.net/mbstring.substitute-character ;mbstring.substitute_character = none; ; overload(replace) single byte functions by mbstring functions. ; mail(), ereg(), etc are overloaded by mb_send_mail(), mb_ereg(), ; etc. Possible values are 0,1,2,4 or combination of them. ; For example, 7 for overload everything. ; 0: No overload ; 1: Overload mail() function ; 2: Overload str*() functions ; 4: Overload ereg*() functions ; http://php.net/mbstring.func-overload ;mbstring.func_overload = 0 ; enable strict encoding detection. ;mbstring.strict_detection = Off ; This directive specifies the regex pattern of content types for which mb_output_handler() ; is activated. ; Default: mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype=^(text/|application/xhtml\+xml) ;mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetype= [gd] ; Tell the jpeg decode to ignore warnings and try to create ; a gd image. The warning will then be displayed as notices ; disabled by default ; http://php.net/gd.jpeg-ignore-warning ;gd.jpeg_ignore_warning = 0 [exif] ; Exif UNICODE user comments are handled as UCS-2BE/UCS-2LE and JIS as JIS. ; With mbstring support this will automatically be converted into the encoding ; given by corresponding encode setting. When empty mbstring.internal_encoding ; is used. For the decode settings you can distinguish between motorola and ; intel byte order. A decode setting cannot be empty. ; http://php.net/exif.encode-unicode ;exif.encode_unicode = ISO-8859-15 ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-motorola ;exif.decode_unicode_motorola = UCS-2BE ; http://php.net/exif.decode-unicode-intel ;exif.decode_unicode_intel = UCS-2LE ; http://php.net/exif.encode-jis ;exif.encode_jis = ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-motorola ;exif.decode_jis_motorola = JIS ; http://php.net/exif.decode-jis-intel ;exif.decode_jis_intel = JIS [Tidy] ; The path to a default tidy configuration file to use when using tidy ; http://php.net/tidy.default-config ;tidy.default_config = /usr/local/lib/php/default.tcfg ; Should tidy clean and repair output automatically? ; WARNING: Do not use this option if you are generating non-html content ; such as dynamic images ; http://php.net/tidy.clean-output tidy.clean_output = Off [soap] ; Enables or disables WSDL caching feature. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-enabled soap.wsdl_cache_enabled=1 ; Sets the directory name where SOAP extension will put cache files. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-dir soap.wsdl_cache_dir="/tmp" ; (time to live) Sets the number of second while cached file will be used ; instead of original one. ; http://php.net/soap.wsdl-cache-ttl soap.wsdl_cache_ttl=86400 ; Sets the size of the cache limit. (Max. number of WSDL files to cache) soap.wsdl_cache_limit = 5 [sysvshm] ; A default size of the shared memory segment ;sysvshm.init_mem = 10000 [ldap] ; Sets the maximum number of open links or -1 for unlimited. ldap.max_links = -1 [mcrypt] ; For more information about mcrypt settings see http://php.net/mcrypt-module-open ; Directory where to load mcrypt algorithms ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.algorithms_dir= ; Directory where to load mcrypt modes ; Default: Compiled in into libmcrypt (usually /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt) ;mcrypt.modes_dir= [dba] ;dba.default_handler= [curl] ; A default value for the CURLOPT_CAINFO option. This is required to be an ; absolute path. ;curl.cainfo = ; Local Variables: ; tab-width: 4 ; End:
标题:PHP基础教程 出处:风流的CG网络日志 时间:Mon, 28 Aug 2006 07:24:34 +0000 作者:yufeng 地址:http:///read.php?38 内容: 提供给新手学习的 PHP新手教程,是一个比较有价值的PHP新手教程! 一、PHP简介 PHP是一种易于学习和使用的服务器端脚本语言。只需要很少的编程知识你就能使用PHP建立一个真正交互的WEB站点。本教程并不想让你完全了解这种语言,只是能使你尽快加入开发动态web站点的行列。我假定你有一些HTML(或者HTML编辑器)的基本知识和一些编程思想。 1.简介 PHP是能让你生成动态网页的工具之一。PHP网页文件被当作一般HTML网页文件来处理并且在编辑时你可以用编辑HTML的常规方法编写PHP。 PHP代表:超文本预处理器(PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor)。PHP是完全免费的,不用花钱,你可以从PHP官方站点(http://www.php.net)自由下载。PHP遵守GNU公共许可(GPL),在这一许可下诞生了许多流行的软件诸如Linux和Emacs。你可以不受限制的获得源码,甚至可以从中加进你自己需要的特色。PHP在大多数Unix平台,GUN/Linux和微软Windows平台上均可以运行。怎样在Windows环境的PC机器或Unix机器上安装PHP的资料可以在PHP官方站点上找到。安装过程很简单。 如果你的机器解决了2000问题,那么PHP也一样没有千年虫问题! 1.1 历史 三年前,Rasmus Lerdorf为了创建他的在线简历而创造了"个人主页工具"(Personal Home Page Tools)。这是一种非常简单的语言。其后越来越多的人们注意到了这种语言并对其扩展提出了各种建议。在许多人的无私奉献下以及这种语言本身的源代码自由性质,它演变成为一种特点丰富的语言,而且现在还在成长中。 PHP虽然很容易学习,但是速度上比mod_perl(植入web服务器的perl模块)慢。现在有了可以与mod_perl速度想媲美的被称作Zend的新引擎,而PHP4就可以充分利用这个引擎。PHP4还处在BETA测试阶段。Andy Gutmans和Zeev Suraki是Zend的主要作者。可以去Zend站点(http://www.zend.com)了解更多。 PHP的应用在个人性质的web工程中增长显著。根据Netcraft在1999年10月的报告,有931122个域和321128个IP地址利用PHP技术。 1.2 PHP的先进之处 应用PHP有许多好处。当然已知的不利之处在于PHP由于是开放源码项目,没有什么商业支持,并且由此而带来的执行速度缓慢(直到PHP4之前)。但是PHP的邮件列表很是有用而且除非你正在运行像Yahoo!或者Amazon.com这样的极受欢迎的站点,你不会感觉出PHP的速度与其他的有什么不同。最起码我就没有感觉出来!好了,让我们来看看PHP有那些优点: - 学习过程 我个人更喜欢PHP的非常简单的学习过程。与Java和Perl不同,你不必把头埋进100多页的文档中努力学习才可以写出一个象样的程序。只要了解一些基本的语法和语言特色,你就可以开始你的PHP编码之旅了。之后你在编码过程中如果遇到了什么麻烦,还可以再去翻阅相关文档。 PHP的语法与C,Perl,ASP或者JSP。对于那些对上述之一的语言较熟悉的人来说,PHP太简单了。相反的,如果你对PHP了解较多,那么你对于其他几种语言的学习都很简单了。 你只需要30分钟就可以将PHP的核心语言特点全部掌握,你可能已经非常了解HTML,甚至你已经知道怎样用编辑设计软件或者手工来制作好看的WEB站点。由于PHP代码能够无障碍的添加进你的站点,在你设计和维护站点的同时,你可以很轻松的加入PHP使得你的站点更加具有动态特性。 - 数据库连接 PHP可以编译成具有与许多数据库相连接的函数。PHP与MySQL是现在绝佳的组合。你还可以自己编写外围的函数取间接存取数据库。通过这样的途径当你更换使用的数据库时,可以轻松的更改编码以适应这样的变化。PHPLIB就是最常用的可以提供一般事务需要的一系列基库。 - 可扩展性 就像前面说的那样,PHP已经进入了一个高速发展的时期。对于一个非程序员来说为PHP扩展附加功能可能会比较难,但是对于一个PHP程序员来说并不困难。 - 面向对象编程 PHP提供了类和对象。基于web的编程工作非常需要面向对象编程能力。PHP支持构造器、提取类等。 - 可伸缩性 传统上网页的交互作用是通过CGI来实现的。CGI程序的伸缩性不很理想,因为它为每一个正在运行的CGI程序开一个独立进程。解决方法就是将经常用来编写CGI程序的语言的解释器编译进你的web服务器(比如mod_perl,JSP)。PHP就可以以这种方式安装,虽然很少有人愿意这样以CGI方式安装它。内嵌的PHP可以具有更高的可伸缩性。 - 更多特点 PHP的开发者们为了更适合web编程,开发了许多外围的流行基库,这些库包含了更易用的层。你可以利用PHP连接包括Oracle,MS-Access,Mysql在内的大部分数据库。你可以在苍蝇上画图,编写程序下载或者显示e-mail。你甚至可以完成网络相关的功能。最好的是,你可以选择你的PHP安装版本需要哪些功能。引用Nissan的Xterra的话来说就是PHP可以做到你想让它做到的一切而且无所不能! 1.3 竞争对手:ASP,mod_perl,JSP 我当然不清楚ASP/JSP能做些什么。不过明确的是编写那样的代码有多简单,购买它们会有多昂贵以及它们需要多么昂贵和强大的硬件。如果你有什么中立的观点(比如说没有被SUN和Microsoft的百万美金所影响),请顺便通知我。 据我所知,JSP基于Java,因此Java程序员可以轻松开始编码。ASP只是一个一般的引擎,具有支持多种语言的能力,不过默认的并且是最常用的还是VBScript。 mod_perl与Perl一样强大,只是更快一些。 二、PHP入门 PHP站点的在线教程已经很棒了。在那里还有一些其他教程的链接。而本文的该部分将让你对PHP熟悉一点。我不可能做到没有任何遗漏,我的目的只在于能让你迅速开始你的PHP编程。 2.1 首要条件 你首先必须要有一个正在工作着的支持PHP的web服务器。我假定在你的服务器上所有PHP文件的扩展名为.php3。 2.2 PHP的安装 生成一个名为test.php3的文件,含有以下内容: 然后在你的浏览器中打开此文件。看看这个页面你就知道你的PHP安装使用的选项了。 2.3 语法 就像前面提到的一样,你可以混合编写你的PHP代码和HTML代码。因此你必须有办法将两者区别开来。以下就是你可以采用的几种方法。你可以选用其中一种你最适应的并且就这样坚持这种方法! 从HTML中分离 以下是可以使用的方法: . . . 语句 与Perl和C一样,在PHP中用(;)来分隔语句。那些从HTML中分离出来的标志也表示语句的结束。 注释 PHP支持C,C++和Unix风格的注释方式: /* C,C++风格多行注释 */ // C++风格单行注释 # Unix风格单行注释 Hello,World! 通过我们已经学过的知识,你可以编写一个最简单的程序输出一个也许是程序世界中最有名的词语: First PHP page 2.4 数据类型 PHP支持整数、浮点数、字符串、数组和对象。变量类型通常不由程序员决定而由PHP运行过程决定(真是好的解脱!)。但是类型也可以被函数cast或者settype()明确的设定。 数值 数值类型可以是整数或是浮点数。你可以用以下的语句来为一个数值赋值: $a = 1234; # 十进制数 $a = -123; # 负数 $a = 0123; # 八进制数 (等于十进制数的83) $a = 0x12; # 十六进制数(等于十进制数的18) $a = 1.234; # 浮点数"双精度数" $a = 1.2e3; # 双精度数的指数形式 字符串 字符串可以由单引号或双引号引出的字段定义。注意不同的是被单引号引出的字符串是以字面定义的,而双引号引出的字符串可以被扩展。反斜杠(\)可以被用来分割某些特殊字符。举例如下: $first = 'Hello'; $second = "World"; $full1 = "$first $second"; # 产生 Hello World $full2 = '$first $second';# 产生 $first $second 可以将字符和数字利用运算符号连接起来。字符被转化成数字,利用其最初位置。在PHP手册中有详细的例子。 数组与哈希表 数组与哈希表以同样的方法被支持。怎样运用取决于你怎样定义它们。你可以用list()或者array()来定义它们,也可以直接为数组赋值。数组的索引从0开始。虽然我在这里没有说明,但是你一样可以轻易的使用多维数组。 // 一个包含两个元素的数组 $a[0] = "first"; $a[1] = "second"; $a[] = "third"; // 添加数组元素的简单方法 // 现在$a[2]被赋值为"third" echo count($a); // 打印出3,因为该是数组有3个元素 // 用一个语句定义一个数组并赋值 $myphonebook = array ( "sbabu" => "5348", "keith" => "4829", "carole" => "4533" ); // 噢,忘了教长吧,让我们添加一个元素 $myphonebook["dean"] = "5397"; // 你定义的carale元素错了,让我们更正它 $myphonebook["carole"] => "4522" // 我还没有告诉你怎样使用数组的相似支持方式吗?让我们看一看 echo "$myphonebook[0]"; // sbabu echo "$myphonebook[1]"; // 5348 其他一些对数组或哈希表有用的函数包括sort(),next(),prev()和each()。 对象 使用new语句产生一个对象: class foo { function do_foo () { echo "Doing foo."; } } $bar = new foo; $bar->do_foo(); 改变变量类型 在PHP手册中提到:"PHP不支持(也不需要)直接在声明变量时定义变量类型;变量类型将根据其被应用的情况决定。如果你为变量var赋值为一个字符串,那么它变成了一个字符串。如果你又为它赋了整数值,那么它就变成了整数。" $foo = "0"; // $foo是字符串(ASCII 48) $foo++; // $foo是字符串"1" (ASCII 49) $foo += 1; // $foo现在是整数(2) $foo = $foo + 1.3; // $foo是一个双精度数(3.3) $foo = 5 + "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo是一个整数(15) $foo = 5 + "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo是一个整数(15) 如果想要强行转换变量类型,可以使用与C语言相同的函数settype()。 2.5 变量与常量 可能你已经注意到,变量都有一个美元符号($)的前缀。所有变量都是局部变量,为了使得定义的函数中可以使用外部变量,使用global语句。而你要将该变量的作用范围限制在该函数之内,使用static语句。 $g_var = 1 ; // 全局范围 function test() { global $g_var; // 这样就可以声明全局变量了 } 更先进一些的是变量的变量表示。请参考PHP手册。这在有时会显得很有用。 PHP内置了许多已定义的变量。你也可以用define函数定义你自己的常量,比如define("CONSTANT","value")。 2.6 运算符 PHP具有C,C++和Java中的通常见到的运算符。这些运算符的优先权也是一致的。赋值同样使用"="。 算术和字符 以下只有一种运算符是有关字符的: $a + $b :加 $a - $b :减 $a * $b :乘 $a / $b :除 $a % $b :取模(余数) $a . $b :字符串连接 逻辑和比较 逻辑运算符有: $a || $b :或 $a or $b :或 $a && $b :与 $a and $b :与 $a xor $b :异或 (当$a或$b为true时为true,两者一样时为false) ! $a :非 比较运算符有: $a == $b :相等 $a != $b :不等 $a < $b :小于 $a $b :大于 $a >= $b :大于等于 与C一样PHP也有三重运算符(?:)。位操作符在PHP同样存在。 优先权 就和C以及Java一样! 2.7 控制流程结构 PHP有着与C一样的流程控制。我将在下面大概介绍。 if, else, elseif, if(): endif if (表达式一) { . . . } elseif (表达式二) { . . . } else { . . . } // 或者像Python一样 if (表达式一) : . . . . . . elseif (表达式二) : . . . else : . . . endif ; Loops. while, do..while, for while (表达式) { . . . } do { . . . } while (表达式); for (表达式一; 表达式二; 表达式三) { . . . } //或者像Python一样 while (expr) : . . . endwhile ; switch switch是对多重if-elseif-else结构的最好的替换: switch ($i) { case 0: print "i equals 0"; case 1: print "i equals 1"; case 2: print "i equals 2"; } break, continue break中断当前的循环控制结构。 continue被用来跳出剩下的当前循环并继续执行下一次循环。 require, include 就像C中的#include预处理一样。你在require中指定的那个文件将替代其在主文件中的位置。在有条件的引用文件时,可以使用include()。这样就使得你可以将复杂的PHP文件分割成多个文件并且在不同需要时分别引用它们。 2.8 函数 你可以像以下的例子一样定义自己的函数。函数的返回值可以是任何数据类型: function foo (变量名一, 变量名二, . . . , 变量名n) { echo "Example function.\n"; return $retval; } 所有PHP代码都可以出现在函数定义中,甚至包括对其他函数和类的定义。函数必须在引用之前定义。 2.9 类 利用类模型建立类。可以参考PHP手册中对类的详细解释。 class Employee { var $empno; // 员工人数 var $empnm; // 员工姓名 function add_employee($in_num, $in_name) { $this->empno = $in_num; $this->empnm = $in_name; } function show() { echo "$this->empno, $this->empnm"; return; } function changenm($in_name) { $this->empnm = $in_name; } } $sbabu = new Employee; $sbabu->add_employee(10,"sbabu"); $sbabu->changenm("babu"); $sbabu->show(); 三、从实例入手  PHP的许多特点与其他软件或者工具有关。利用迄今为止我们所学到的PHP知识,我们可以试着建立一个简单交互的网站。利用这一过程我们又可以学到不少东西。好吧,我们现在开始专注于一个典型个人网站的建设。 3.1 计划一个站点 一般一个个人站点包括一个欢迎页面、一个留言本页面、一个书签链接页面、一个计数器、联系信息,甚至还有照片集和一些音乐文件等等。让我们从一个标题页面、一个联系信息页面和一个简历页面开始。我们同样需要标准的通用的页面头部和底部。 标题页面--front.html 这里我们有一个非常简单的html文件: 我的个人主页--欢迎 我的个人主页 欢迎 欢迎来我的寒舍,虽然这里现在暂时还没有什么。 不过我希望马上就可以多起来。 Copyright ? 我自己,1999 联系信息页面--count.html 同样我们又有了一个简单页面: 我的个人主页--联系信息 我的个人主页 联系信息 你可以通过1-800-PHP-INFO联系我 Copyright ? 我自己,1999 3.2 HTML到PHP 从上面你可以看出,每个页面有相同的头部和底部。像上面那样每个页面都写入相同的信息在工作量少的时候还可以,但是想象一下当有100多页面且你需要全部更改其头部或底部时你要花费多大精力?一页一页的手工更改是一件多么冗长无趣的事情啊!所以我们应该为这些页面编写PHP的头部和底部文件,之后我们只要在每个HTML页面中引用它们就行了。我们将把这些include文件放在一个叫include的子目录下。下面我们就把这些站点的通用内容写进文件中。 全站通用变量设定:common.inc 通用页面头部:header.inc 通用页面底部:footer.inc Copyright ? by , 1999 新的页面front.php3: 欢迎来我的寒舍,虽然这里现在暂时还没有什么。 不过我希望马上就可以多起来。 新的cont.php3: 你可以通过1-800-PHP-INFO联系我 现在你就可以猜出这样安排的好处了。如果你想改动页面的头部或者底部,你只需要改动相应的文件就可以了。如果你要修改你的e-mail地址甚至你的名字,只要修改common.inc文件就行了。另外值得注意的是你可以把具有任何文件名或者文件扩展名的文件包含进你的文件中,你甚至可以包含其他站点上的文件。 3.3 计数器 让我们在首页上加上一个计数器。这个例子已经被讲过多次了,但是还是有利于演示怎样读写文件以及创建自己的函数。counter.inc包含以下代码: 然后我们更改front.php3文件以显示这个计数器: 看看我们的新front.php3 3.4 反馈表单 让我们再添加一个反馈表单以便你的浏览者填写并e-mail给你。举例来说我们用一种很简单的方法实现它,我们只需要两个页面:一个为浏览者提供输入表单;一个获得表单数据并处理、mail给你。 PHP中获取表单数据是很简单的。当一个表单被发送后,表单中所包含的各个元素被赋上了相应的值,而这样就可以像引用一般变量一样使用了。 在process_form.php3中,变量$mytext就被赋予了输入的值--非常简单!同样的,你可以从列表框、多选框、单选框、按钮等表单元素中取得变量值。你唯一要做的就是为表单中的每一个元素取名以便将来可以引用。 根据这个方法,我们可以生成一个简单的包含三个元素的表单:姓名、e-mail地址和留言。当浏览者发送表单后,处理该表单的PHP页面(sendfdbk.php3)读取数据,检查姓名是否为空,最后将数据mail给你。 表单:form.php3 Your feedback on my home page. 处理表单:sendfdbk.php3 3.5 简单的站内搜索引擎 PHP可以调用外部程序。在Unix环境下我们可以利用程序grep实现一个简单的搜索引擎。我们可以做的稍微复杂一些:使用一个页面既输出一个表单供用户输入搜索字串又输出查询结果。
注释: PHP_SELF是PHP内建的变量。包含当前文件名。 fgets()按行读取文件,最多4096(指定)字符长度。 fgetss()与fgets()相似,只是解析输出的HTML标记。 split()有一个参数是2,因为我们只需要把输出分成两部分。另外需要省略":"。 each()是一个数组操作函数,用来更方便的遍历整个数组。 popen()、pclose()与fopen()、fclose()的功能很相似,只是增加了管道处理。 请注意以上的代码并不是实现一个搜索引擎的好办法。这只是有助于我们更好学习PHP而举出的一个例子而已。理想的情况是你应该建立一个包含关键字的数据库然后进行搜索 四、与数据库链接 通过PHP你可以轻松的连接到数据库,请求数据并将其显示在你的web站点中,甚至修改数据库中的数据。MySQL是一种很流行的数据库,并且在互联网中有许多有关PHP与MySQL的教程。MySQL是免费的,这一点也许就吸引了不少人。由于其广泛应用,我就不想在这里赘述MySQL的使用方法了。Oracle被大量在企业应用中采用,因此我们就利用Oracle来介绍PHP与数据库的连接。我们当然不会提及Oracle数据库的设计原理,原因是这已经超出了我们的讨论范围。 PHP提供了两套函数与Oracle连接,分别是ORA_和OCI函数。其中ORA_函数略显陈旧。OCI函数更新据说更好一些。两者的使用语法几乎相差无几。如前所述,你的PHP安装选项应该可以支持两者的使用。 想获得更多有关在Microsoft Windows平台上安装支持PHP3的Apache服务器的知识以及更多有关Oracle数据库的知识,请查阅以下URL:www.csoft.net/~vsbabu/articles/oraphp.html。 4.1 连接 user@TNSNAME","password")) { echo "SUCCESS ! Connected to database\n"; } else { echo "Failed :-( Could not connect to database\n"; } Ora_Logoff($conn); phpinfo(); ?> 以上代码使用TNSNAME(在你的tnsnames.ora文件中指明)定义的Oracle数据库名称、用户名称和密码连接数据库。在成功连接的基础上,ora_logon函数返回一个非零的连接ID并储存在变量$conn中。 4.2 查询 假设与数据库已经连接就绪,下面我们就来实际的应用对数据库的查询。下面的代码演示了一个连接并查询的典型例子: user@TNSNAME","password"))) { echo "Connection to database failed\n"; exit; } echo "Connected as connection - $conn\n"; echo "Opening cursor ...\n"; $cursor=ora_open($conn); printoraerr($cursor); echo "Opened cursor - $cursor\n"; $qry="select user,sysdate from dual"; echo "Parsing the query $qry ...\n"; ora_parse($cursor,$qry,0); printoraerr($cursor); echo "Query parsed \n"; echo "Executing cursor ...\n"; ora_exec($cursor); printoraerr($cursor); echo "Executed cursor\n"; echo "Fetching cursor ...\n"; while(ora_fetch($cursor)) { $user=ora_getcolumn($cursor,0); printoraerr($cursor); $sysdate=ora_getcolumn($cursor,1); printoraerr($cursor); echo " row = $user, $sysdate \n"; } echo "Fetched all records\n"; echo "Closing cursor ...\n"; ora_close($cursor); echo "Closed cursor\n"; echo "Logging off from oracle... \n"; ora_logoff($conn); echo "Logged off from oracle \n"; ?> (译者注:以上代码段缺少注释,请读者参考PHP Manual的Oracle数据库函数部分) 4.3 显示结果 以下代码演示了怎样查询数据库并将结果输出: user@SID","password"))) { echo "Error: Cannot connect to database\n"; exit; } $qry="SELECT deptno \"Dept\" ,empno \"Emp\" ,empnm \"Name\" ,salary \"Salary\" FROM employee ORDER BY 1,2"; exequery($qry); ora_logoff($conn); ?> (译者注:以上代码段缺少注释,请读者参考PHP Manual的Oracle数据库函数部分) 4.4 基于HTTP的Oracle登录 将以下代码加在PHP页面代码之前以确认Oracle登录。注意你必须正确设定$ SID。 USER)) { Header("WWW-authenticate: basic realm=\"$SID\""); Header("HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized"); $title="Login Instructions"; echo " You are not authorized to enter the site \n"; exit; } else { if (!($conn=ora_logon("$PHP_AUTH_USER@$SID",$PHP_AUTH_PW))) { Header("WWW-authenticate: basic realm=\"$SID\""); Header("HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized"); $title="Login Instructions"; echo " You are not authorised to enter the site \n"; exit; } } ?> 五、其它功能 5.1 生成图像 PHP可以操作处理图像。如果你已经安装了GD库,你甚至可以利用PHP生成图像。 (译者注:以上代码段缺少注释,请读者参考PHP Manual的图像处理函数部分) 这段代码在其他页面中通过以下标记调用,然后以上的那段button.php3代码取得text值并在另外取得的图像文件中加上该值--在以上的代码中该图像文件是images/button1.gif--最后输出到浏览器。假如你想在表单域中使用图像按钮,但是又不希望在每次按钮上的文字改变后不得不重新生成新的图像,就可以利用这样简单的方法动态生成图像文件。 5.2 Cookies PHP支持基于HTTP的cookies。在需要时你可以像使用一般变量一样方便的使用cookieCookies是浏览器保存于客户端的一些信息片段,由此你可以知道是否一台特定PC上的任何人都访问过你的站点,浏览者者在你的站点上的踪迹等等。使用cookies的典型例子就是对浏览者偏好的甄别。Cookies由函数setcookie()设定。与输出HTTP标头的函数header()一样,setcookie()必须在任何实际内容杯输出到浏览器之前调用。以下是一个简单例子: cookie,为cookie赋上当前时间值 // 函数中的最后一个参数声明了该cookie保存的时间 // 在这个例子中是1年 // time()函数返回自1970年1月1日以来的以秒数计的时间 SetCookie("VisitedBefore",time(), time()+(60*60*24*365)); } else { // 欢迎浏览者再次光临 echo "Hello there, welcome back"; // 读取cookie并判断 if ( (time() - $VisitedBefore) >= "(60*60*24*7)" ) echo "Why did you take a week to come back. You should be here more often!? "; } ?> 5.3 基于HTTP验证 基于HTTP验证当PHP以CGI模式运行时不能实现。我们可以使用函数header()发送HTTP标头强制验证,客户端浏览器则弹出供输入用户名和密码的对话框。这两个变量被储存在$PHP_AUTH_USER和$PHP_AUTH_PW中,你可以使用这两个变量验证合法并允许进入。以下的例子通过用户名称/密码对为tnc/nature的验证一名用户的登录: 事实上再实际引用中不大可能如上面使用代码段明显的用户名称/密码对,而是利用数据库或者加密的密码文件存取它们。 5.4 文件上传 你可以利用PHP实现文件的功能,注意客户端的浏览器应该是Netscape3以上或者IE3以上。以下就是该功能的简单演示: ( upload.html ): Upload Your File (You may notice a slight delay while we upload your file.) 下面是处理上传的文件: ( receiver.php3 ): 2000000 ) { $error_msg = "Sorry, your file is too large."; return; } $the_time = time (); // 你需要对以下目录有写权限 $upload_dir = "/local/uploads"; $local_file = "$upload_dir/$the_time"; if ( file_exists ( '$local_file' ) ) { $seq = 1; while ( file_exists ( "$upload_dir/$the_time$seq" ) ) { $seq++; } $local_file = "$upload_dir/$the_time$seq"; }; rename ( $uploadfile, $local_file ); display_page (); } function display_page () { // 这里是你的页面内容 } php3 Receiving Script 5.5 常用函数 我们简单来看看一些常用的函数。 数组 array - 生成数组 count - 数组元素个数 sort - 数组排序,另有其他几种排序函数可供使用 list - 列出数组元素 each - 返回下一个key/value对 current - 返回当前数组元素 next,prev - 传回当前数组元素前后指针 日期和时间 checkdate - 验证日期/时间格式 date - 生成日期/时间格式 time - 当前时间信息 strftime - 格式化日期/时间 目录、文件系统 chdir - 改变目录 dir - 目录类别 opendir, readdir, closedir - 开启、读取、关闭目录 fopen, fclose - 开启、关闭文件 fgets, fgetss - 逐行读取内容 file - 将整个文件读入一个数组变量中 正则表达式 ereg - 匹配正则表达式 eregi - 大小写非敏感匹配正则表达式 ereg_replace -匹配正则表达式并替换 eregi_replace -大小写非敏感匹配正则表达式并替换 split - 依规则切开字符串并以数组形势存储 字符串 AddSlashes - 加上斜杠后使用字符串 echo - 输出一个或多个字符串 join, implode - 将数组元素合并为字符串 htmlentities, htmlspecialchars - 将HTML特殊字符转换为HTML标记形式 split - 依规则切开字符串并以数组形势存储 5.6 扩展我们的范例主页 我们将使用以上提到的一些函数和思想为我们的范例主页添加更多的动态内容。我们可以在每个页面的顶部加上导航栏,同时使得当前页自动的不被链接显示;同时还可以添加一个用户验证表单以便上传音乐、图像等文件并自动更新页面。 导航栏 实际上就是在footer.inc文件中加上一段代码。假设你的web站点中所有后缀为.php3的文件都会出现在导航栏中,以下就是被存为include/navbar.inc的代码: read()) { // 忽略无文件情况 if ( !is_file($entry) ) continue; /* 将文件名与扩展名分开。由于.是正则表达式特殊字符,应该用\引出 */ list($filenm, $fileext) = split("\.",$entry, 2); // 忽略非.php3文件情况 if( $fileext != "php3" ) continue; /* 现在我们已经把.php3文件都选出,下面搜寻文件中的第一行(标题) 类似$title="something"; 并将以上标题内容分开,用作链接文字 */ $linknm = ""; $fp=fopen($entry,"r"); while($buffer=fgets($fp, 4096)) { $buffer = trim($buffer); // 我们已经把每个文件的标题放在文件的第一行以便搜索 // 但是当你改变变量名称时可能会带来大麻烦 if (ereg("title *= *\"", $buffer)) { /* 我们已经取得了标题内容并可以在此基础上 进行去除空格等处理。 必须以PHP代码方式处理,比如$title = "blah blah" */ eval($buffer); // 然后将链接文字显示为标题文字 $linknm = $title; break; } } fclose($fp); if ( $entry == basename($PHP_SELF) ) echo "$linknm"; else echo "$linknm"; echo " | "; } $d->close(); echo " \n"; ?> 照片收藏夹 我们将引用基于HTTP的验证、文件系统函数和文件上传功能维护放置图像文件的目录。 同时我们需要建立一个可以列出在该目录下所有照片的页面。 文件上传 USER)) { Header("WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"$MySiteName\""); Header("HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized"); echo "Sorry, you are not authorized to upload files\n"; exit; } else { if ( !($PHP_AUTH_USER==$MyName && $PHP_AUTH_PW==$MyPassword ) ) { // 如果是错误的用户名称/密码对,强制再次认证 Header("WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"My Realm\""); Header("HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized"); echo "ERROR : $PHP_AUTH_USER/$PHP_AUTH_PW is invalid."; exit; } } if ( $cancelit ) { // 当浏览者按下"取消"按钮则转向首页面 header ( "Location: front_2.php3" ); exit; } function do_upload () { global $userfile, $userfile_size, $userfile_name, $userfile_type; global $local_file, $error_msg; global $HTTP_REFERER; if ( $userfile == "none" ) { $error_msg = "You did not specify a file for uploading."; return; } if ( $userfile_size > 2000000 ) { $error_msg = "Sorry, your file is too large."; return; } // Wherever you have write permission below... $upload_dir = "photos"; $local_file = "$upload_dir/$userfile_name"; if ( file_exists ( $local_file ) ) { $error_msg = "Sorry, a file with that name already exists"; return; }; // 你还可以由此检查文件名称/类型对以确定是何种文件:gif,jpg,mp3… rename($userfile, $local_file); echo "The file is uploaded\n"; echo "Go Back\n"; } $title = "Upload File"; include("include/header.inc"); if (empty($userfile) || $userfile=="none") { // 输出以下表单 ?> (You may notice a slight delay while we upload your file.) 照片图库 Here are some of our family photos. This PHP script can really be made better, by splitting into multiple pages. read()) { if (is_file("photos/$entry")) echo "\n"; } $d->close(); ?> 另外,你可以在文件上传的表单中加上一个输入元素去描述该上传的文件。这个元素将被存储在文件中,然后被以上的照片图库的那段代码所读出并显示出来。 六、网络资源 你可以通过web上的众多资源更多的了解PHP3。许多邮件列表和书籍对你都非常有用。 6.1 站点 PHP的爆炸性流行使得一夜之间出现了很多基于PHP的站点,其中不少站点有在线教程、范例代码、技巧和提示等内容。 国内 http://www.phpuser.com - PHP中文用户,也就是这里了 http://www.phpx.com - 中国PHP联盟 http://www.phpsite.net - PHP专门站 http://www.phpchina.com - PHP CHINA http://www.cpcw.com/netschool/homepage/cgi/ - 电脑报网页陶吧 国外 http://www.php.net/ - PHP官方站点 http://www.devshed.com/ - 极好的教程 http://px.sklar.com - 代码交换 http://www.phpbuilder.com/ - 教程、专栏和邮件列表档案 http://www.weberdev.com/ - 文章和代码 http://www.phpwizard.net/ - 提示与技巧 http://www.iometrics.com/php/phplist.php3/ - IOMetrics scripts的档案 http://www.e-gineer.com/phpkb/ - PHP知识库 6.2 邮件列表 你可以在PHP官方站点的"支持"栏目内登记获得以下的邮件列表。值得注意的是这些都是高流量流表,一般每天会有100份e-mail。 php3@lists.php.net - 主要的列表 php-dev@lists.php.net - 主要针对开发者 php-list@exp.com.cn - 本站的邮件列表,与论坛相通 6.3 引人注目的工程 一些基于PHP的工程已经发展得比较完善。其中一些更出色更引人注目的是: http:// phplib.netuse.de - PHPLib,一整套PHP函数库 http://www.phorum.org - Phorum是一个很完善的BBS系统 http://www.fishcartsql.org - FishCartSQL是一个电子商务解决方案 http://www.midgard-project.org - Midgard是一个网络应用开发平台 Generated by Bo-blog 2.0.2 sp2
Bulletproof SSL and TLS by Ivan Ristić Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Scope and Audience xvi Contents xvii SSL versus TLS xix SSL Labs xix Online Resources xx Feedback xxi About the Author xxi Acknowledgments xxi 1. SSL, TLS, and Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Transport Layer Security 1 Networking Layers 2 Protocol History 3 Cryptography 4 Building Blocks 5 Protocols 15 Attacking Cryptography 16 Measuring Strength 17 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 18 2. Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Record Protocol 24 Handshake Protocol 25 Full Handshake 26 Client Authentication 32 Session Resumption 34 Key Exchange 35 RSA Key Exchange 38 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 38 Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 40 iii Authentication 41 Encryption 42 Stream Encryption 42 Block Encryption 43 Authenticated Encryption 44 Renegotiation 45 Application Data Protocol 47 Alert Protocol 47 Connection Closure 47 Cryptographic Operations 48 Pseudorandom Function 48 Master Secret 48 Key Generation 49 Cipher Suites 49 Extensions 52 Application Layer Protocol Negotiation 53 Certificate Transparency 53 Elliptic Curve Capabilities 54 Heartbeat 55 Next Protocol Negotiation 56 Secure Renegotiation 57 Server Name Indication 57 Session Tickets 58 Signature Algorithms 59 OCSP Stapling 59 Protocol Limitations 60 Differences between Protocol Versions 60 SSL 3 60 TLS 1.0 61 TLS 1.1 61 TLS 1.2 61 3. Public-Key Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Internet PKI 63 Standards 65 Certificates 66 Certificate Fields 67 Certificate Extensions 68 Certificate Chains 71 Relying Parties 72 iv Certification Authorities 74 Certificate Lifecycle 74 Revocation 76 Weaknesses 76 Root Key Compromise 79 Ecosystem Measurements 80 Improvements 82 4. Attacks against PKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 VeriSign Microsoft Code-Signing Certificate 87 Thawte login.live.com 88 StartCom Breach (2008) 89 CertStar (Comodo) Mozilla Certificate 89 RapidSSL Rogue CA Certificate 90 Chosen-Prefix Collision Attack 92 Construction of Colliding Certificates 92 Predicting the Prefix 94 What Happened Next 96 Comodo Resellers Breaches 96 StartCom Breach (2011) 98 DigiNotar 99 Public Discovery 99 Fall of a Certification Authority 99 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks 102 ComodoHacker Claims Responsibility 103 DigiCert Sdn. Bhd. 104 Flame 105 Flame against Windows Update 106 Flame against Windows Terminal Services 107 Flame against MD5 107 TURKTRUST 109 ANSSI 110 5. HTTP and Browser Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Sidejacking 113 Cookie Stealing 115 Cookie Manipulation 116 Understanding HTTP Cookies 117 Cookie Manipulation Attacks 118 Impact 122 Mitigation 122 v SSL Stripping 123 MITM Certificates 125 Certificate Warnings 126 Why So Many Invalid Certificates? 127 Effectiveness of Certificate Warnings 129 Click-Through Warnings versus Exceptions 130 Mitigation 131 Security Indicators 131 Mixed Content 133 Root Causes 134 Impact 136 Browser Treatment 136 Prevalence of Mixed Content 138 Mitigation 139 Extended Validation Certificates 140 Certificate Revocation 141 Inadequate Client-Side Support 141 Key Issues with Revocation-Checking Standards 142 Certificate Revocation Lists 143 Online Certificate Status Protocol 146 6. Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Certificate Validation Flaws 152 Library and Platform Validation Failures 152 Application Validation Failures 155 Hostname Validation Issues 156 Random Number Generation 158 Netscape Navigator (1994) 158 Debian (2006) 159 Insufficient Entropy on Embedded Devices 160 Heartbleed 162 Impact 163 Mitigation 164 Protocol Downgrade Attacks 165 Rollback Protection in SSL 3 165 Interoperability Problems 167 Voluntary Protocol Downgrade 169 Rollback Protection in TLS 1.0 and Better 171 Attacking Voluntary Protocol Downgrade 172 Modern Rollback Defenses 172 vi Truncation Attacks 173 Truncation Attack History 175 Cookie Cutting 175 Deployment Weaknesses 177 Virtual Host Confusion 177 TLS Session Cache Sharing 178 7. Protocol Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Insecure Renegotiation 181 Why Was Renegotiation Insecure? 182 Triggering the Weakness 183 Attacks against HTTP 184 Attacks against Other Protocols 187 Insecure Renegotiation Issues Introduced by Architecture 188 Impact 188 Mitigation 188 Discovery and Remediation Timeline 189 BEAST 191 How the Attack Works 191 Client-Side Mitigation 195 Server-Side Mitigation 197 History 198 Impact 199 Compression Side Channel Attacks 201 How the Compression Oracle Works 201 History of Attacks 203 CRIME 204 Mitigation of Attacks against TLS and SPDY 212 Mitigation of Attacks against HTTP Compression 213 Padding Oracle Attacks 214 What Is a Padding Oracle? 214 Attacks against TLS 215 Impact 216 Mitigation 217 RC4 Weaknesses 218 Key Scheduling Weaknesses 218 Early Single-Byte Biases 219 Biases across the First 256 Bytes 220 Double-Byte Biases 222 Mitigation: RC4 versus BEAST and Lucky 13 222 vii Triple Handshake Attack 224 The Attack 224 Impact 229 Prerequisites 230 Mitigation 231 Bullrun 232 Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator 232 8. Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Key 235 Key Algorithm 235 Key Size 236 Key Management 237 Certificate 238 Certificate Type 238 Certificate Hostnames 239 Certificate Sharing 239 Signature Algorithm 240 Certificate Chain 240 Revocation 241 Choosing the Right Certificate Authority 241 Protocol Configuration 243 Cipher Suite Configuration 244 Server cipher suite preference 244 Cipher Strength 244 Forward Secrecy 244 Performance 245 Interoperability 246 Server Configuration and Architecture 246 Shared Environments 246 Virtual Secure Hosting 247 Session Caching 247 Complex Architectures 248 Issue Mitigation 249 Renegotiation 249 BEAST (HTTP) 249 CRIME (HTTP) 250 Lucky 13 250 RC4 250 TIME and BREACH (HTTP) 251 viii Triple Handshake Attack 252 Heartbleed 252 Pinning 253 HTTP 253 Making Full Use of Encryption 253 Cookie Security 254 Backend Certificate and Hostname Validation 254 HTTP Strict Transport Security 254 Content Security Policy 255 Protocol Downgrade Protection 255 9. Performance Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Latency and Connection Management 258 TCP Optimization 259 Connection Persistence 260 SPDY, HTTP 2.0, and Beyond 262 Content Delivery Networks 263 TLS Protocol Optimization 265 Key Exchange 265 Certificates 270 Revocation Checking 271 Session Resumption 272 Transport Overhead 273 Symmetric Encryption 275 TLS Record Buffering Latency 277 Interoperability 279 Hardware Acceleration 279 Denial of Service Attacks 280 Key Exchange and Encryption CPU Costs 281 Client-Initiated Renegotiation 282 Optimized TLS Denial of Service Attacks 282 10. HSTS, CSP, and Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 HTTP Strict Transport Security 285 Configuring HSTS 286 Ensuring Hostname Coverage 287 Cookie Security 288 Attack Vectors 289 Robust Deployment Checklist 290 Browser Support 291 Privacy Implications 293 ix Content Security Policy 293 Preventing Mixed Content Issues 294 Policy Testing 295 Reporting 295 Browser Support 296 Pinning 296 What to Pin? 297 Where to Pin? 299 Should You Use Pinning? 300 Pinning in Native Applications 300 Chrome Public Key Pinning 301 Microsoft Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit 303 Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP 303 DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) 305 Trust Assertions for Certificate Keys (TACK) 309 Certification Authority Authorization 310 11. OpenSSL Cookbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Getting Started 314 Determine OpenSSL Version and Configuration 314 Building OpenSSL 315 Examine Available Commands 316 Building a Trust Store 318 Key and Certificate Management 319 Key Generation 320 Creating Certificate Signing Requests 323 Creating CSRs from Existing Certificates 325 Unattended CSR Generation 325 Signing Your Own Certificates 326 Creating Certificates Valid for Multiple Hostnames 326 Examining Certificates 327 Key and Certificate Conversion 330 Configuration 333 Cipher Suite Selection 333 Performance 345 Creating a Private Certification Authority 348 Features and Limitations 348 Creating a Root CA 349 Creating a Subordinate CA 355 12. Testing with OpenSSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 x Connecting to SSL Services 359 Testing Protocols that Upgrade to SSL 363 Using Different Handshake Formats 363 Extracting Remote Certificates 364 Testing Protocol Support 365 Testing Cipher Suite Support 366 Testing Servers that Require SNI 366 Testing Session Reuse 367 Checking OCSP Revocation 368 Testing OCSP Stapling 371 Checking CRL Revocation 371 Testing Renegotiation 373 Testing for the BEAST Vulnerability 375 Testing for Heartbleed 376 13. Configuring Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Installing Apache with Static OpenSSL 382 Enabling TLS 383 Configuring TLS Protocol 384 Configuring Keys and Certificates 385 Configuring Multiple Keys 386 Wildcard and Multisite Certificates 387 Virtual Secure Hosting 388 Reserving Default Sites for Error Messages 390 Forward Secrecy 391 OCSP Stapling 392 Configuring OCSP Stapling 392 Handling Errors 393 Using a Custom OCSP Responder 394 Configuring Ephemeral DH Key Exchange 394 TLS Session Management 395 Standalone Session Cache 395 Standalone Session Tickets 396 Distributed Session Caching 396 Distributed Session Tickets 398 Disabling Session Tickets 399 Client Authentication 400 Mitigating Protocol Issues 401 Insecure Renegotiation 402 BEAST 402 xi CRIME 402 Deploying HTTP Strict Transport Security 403 Monitoring Session Cache Status 403 Logging Negotiated TLS Parameters 404 Advanced Logging with mod_sslhaf 406 14. Configuring Java and Tomcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Java Cryptography Components 409 Strong and Unlimited Encryption 410 Provider Configuration 411 Features Overview 411 Protocol Vulnerabilities 412 Interoperability Issues 413 Tuning via Properties 414 Common Error Messages 417 Securing Java Web Applications 420 Common Keystore Operations 425 Tomcat 430 Configuring TLS Handling 434 JSSE Configuration 436 APR and OpenSSL Configuration 439 15. Configuring Microsoft Windows and IIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Schannel 443 Features Overview 443 Protocol Vulnerabilities 445 Interoperability Issues 446 Microsoft Root Certificate Program 448 Managing System Trust Stores 448 Importing a Trusted Certificate 449 Blacklisting Trusted Certificates 449 Disabling the Auto-Update of Root Certificates 449 Configuration 450 Schannel Configuration 450 Cipher Suite Configuration 452 Key and Signature Restrictions 454 Configuring Renegotiation 460 Configuring Session Caching 461 Monitoring Session Caching 462 FIPS 140-2 463 Third-Party Utilities 465 xii Securing ASP.NET Web Applications 466 Enforcing SSL Usage 466 Securing Cookies 467 Securing Session Cookies and Forms Authentication 467 Deploying HTTP Strict Transport Security 468 Internet Information Server 469 Managing Keys and Certificates 470 16. Configuring Nginx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Installing Nginx with Static OpenSSL 478 Enabling TLS 478 Configuring TLS Protocol 479 Configuring Keys and Certificates 479 Configuring Multiple Keys 480 Wildcard and Multisite Certificates 480 Virtual Secure Hosting 481 Reserving Default Sites for Error Messages 482 Forward Secrecy 483 OCSP Stapling 483 Configuring OCSP Stapling 484 Using a Custom OCSP Responder 485 Manual Configuration of OCSP Responses 485 Configuring Ephemeral DH Key Exchange 486 Configuring Ephemeral ECDH Key Exchange 487 TLS Session Management 488 Standalone Session Cache 488 Standalone Session Tickets 488 Distributed Session Cache 489 Distributed Session Tickets 489 Disabling Session Tickets 491 Client Authentication 491 Mitigating Protocol Issues 492 Insecure Renegotiation 492 BEAST 492 CRIME 493 Deploying HTTP Strict Transport Security 493 Tuning TLS Buffers 494 Logging 494 17. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

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