man select 结果返回 No manual entry for select

liqihaoshuai 2007-05-11 11:29:59
这是怎么回事啊,以前用别人的Ubuntu6.06就可以查到select函数,但我这里就查不到,难道是少安装了什么东西?查不了man手册很不方便啊~~~~~~~~
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madahah 2007-05-12
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你没有装man开发手册，sudo apt-get install manpages-dev
liqihaoshuai 2007-05-12
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Thanks ,一语惊醒梦中人啊，找了半天~~~~~~~~
Bochs - The cross platform IA-32 (x86) emulator
Changes in 2.4.6 (February 22, 2011): Brief summary : - Support more host OS to run on: - Include win64 native binary in the release. - Fixed failures on big endian hosts. - BIOS: Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images. - GUI: select mouse capture toggle method in .bochsrc. - Ported most of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver (except runtime write support, but plus FAT32 suppport) - Added write protect option for floppy drives. - Bugfixes / improved internal debugger + instrumentation. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Implemented Process Context ID (PCID) feature - Implemented FS/GS BASE access instructions support (according to document from http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/) - Rewritten from scratch SMC detection algorithm - Implemented fine-grained SMC detection (on 128 byte granularity) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Fixed failures on Big Endian hosts ! - Print detailed page walk information and attributes in internal debugger 'page' command - Updated/Fixed instrumentation callbacks - Configure and compile - Bochs now can be compiled as native Windows x86-64 application (tested with Mingw gcc 4.5.1 and Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2010) - Added ability to configure CPUID stepping through .bochsrc. The default stepping value is 3. - Added ability to disable MONITOR/MWAIT support through .bochsrc CPUID option. The option is available only if compiled with --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Determine and select max physical address size automatically at configure time: - 32-bit physical address for 386/486 guests - 36-bit physical address for PSE-36 enabled Pentium guest - 40-bit physical address for PAE enabled P6 or later guests - Update config.guess/config.sub scripts to May 2010 revisions. - Update Visual Studio 2008 project files in build/win32/vs2008ex-workspace.zip - Added Bochs compilation timestamp after Bochs version string. - GUI and display libraries (Volker) - Added new .bochsrc option to select mouse capture toggle method. In addition to the default Bochs method using the CTRL key and the middle mouse button there are now the choices: - CTRL+F10 (like DOSBox) - CTRL+ALT (like QEMU) - F12 (replaces win32 'legacyF12' option) - display library 'x' now uses the desktop size for the maximum guest resolution - ROM BIOS - Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images - I/O Devices - 3 new 'pseudo device' plugins created by plugin separation (see below) - Fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet (patch from @SF tracker) - Added support for VGA graphics mode with 400 lines (partial fix for SF bug #2948724) - NE2K: Fixed "send buffer" command issue on big endian hosts - USB - converted common USB code plus devices to the new 'usb_common' plugin Now the USB device classes no longer exist twice if both HC plugins are loaded. - added 'pseudo device' in common USB code for the device creation. This makes the HCs independent from the device specific code. - USB MSD: added support for disk image modes (like ATA disks) - USB printer: output file creation failure now causes a disconnect - re-implemented "options" parameter for additional options of connected devices (currently only used to set the speed reported by device and to specify an alternative redolog file of USB MSD disk image modes) - hard drive - new disk image mode 'vvfat' - ported the read-only part of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver - additions: configurable disk geometry, FAT32 support, read MBR and/or boot sector from file, volatile write support using hdimage redolog_t class, optional commit support on Bochs exit, save/restore file attributes, 1.44 MB floppy support, set file modification date/time - converted the complete hdimage stuff to the new 'hdimage' plugin - new hdimage method get_capabilities() that can return special flags - vmware3, vmware4 and vvfat classes now return HDIMAGE_HAS_GEOMETRY flag - other disk image modes by default return HDIMAGE_AUTO_GEOMETRY if cylinder value is set to 0 - multiple sector read/write support for some image modes - new log prefix "IMG" for hdimage messages - floppy - added write protect option for floppy drives (based on @SF patch by Ben Lunt) - vvfat support - bugfix: close images on exit - SB16 - converted the sound output module stuff to the new 'soundmod' plugin - SF patches applied [3164945] hack to compile under WIN64 by Darek Mihocka and Stanislav [3164073] Fine grain SMC invalidation by Stanislav [1539417] write protect for floppy drives by Ben Lunt [2862322] fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2588085] Mouse capture [3140332] typo in mf3/ps2 mapping of BX_KEY_CTRL_R [3111577] No "back" option in log settings [3108422] Timing window in NE2K emulation [3084390] Bochs won't load floppy plugin right on startup [3043174] Docbook use of '_' build failure [3085140] Ia_arpl_Ew_Rw definition of error [3078995] ROL/ROR/SHL/SHR modeling wrong when dest reg is 32 bit [2864794] BX_INSTR_OPCODE in "cpu_loop" causes crash in x86_64 host [2884071] [AIX host] prefetch: EIP [00010000] > CS.limit [0000ffff] [3053542] 64 bit mode: far-jmp instruction is error [3011112] error compile vs2008/2010 with X2APIC [3002017] compile error with vs 2010 [3009767] guest RFLAGS.IF blocks externel interrupt in VMX guest mode [2964655] VMX not enabled in MSR IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL [3005865] IDT show bug [3001637] CMOS MAP register meaning error [2994370] Cannot build with 3DNow support - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [1510142] Native Windows XP x64 Edition binary [1062553] select mouse (de)activation in bochsrc [2930633] legacy mouse capture key : not specific enough [2930679] Let user change mouse capture control key [2803538] Show flags for pages when using "info tab" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.5 (April 25, 2010): Brief summary : - Major configure/cpu rework allowing to enable/disable CPU options at runtime through .bochsrc (Stanislav) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Implemented X2APIC extensions (Stanislav) - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions (Stanislav) - Extended VMX capability MSRs, APIC Virtualization, X2APIC Virtualization, Extended Page Tables (EPT), VPID, Unrestricted Guests, new VMX controls. - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Extended Bochs internal debugger functionality - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) Detailed change log : - Configure rework - Deprecate --enable-popcnt configure option. POPCNT instruction will be enabled automatically iff SSE4_2 is supported (like in hardware). - Make --ignore-bad-msrs runtime option in .bochsrc. Old --ignore-bad-msrs configure option is deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Enable changing part of CPU functionality at runtime through .bochsrc. - Now you could enable/disable any of SSEx/AES/MOVBE/SYSENTER_SYSEXIT/XSAVE instruction sets using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. - When x86-64 support is compiled in, you could enable/disable long mode 1G pages support without recompile using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. Configure options: --enable-mmx, --enable-sse, --enable-movbe, --enable-xsave, --enable-sep, --enable-aes, --enable-1g-pages are deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Local APIC configure option --enable-apic is deprecated and should not be used anymore. The LAPIC option now automatically determined from other configure options. XAPIC functionality could be enabled using new CPUID .bochsrc option. - Changed default CPU configuration (generated by configure script with default options) to BX_CPU_LEVEL=6 with SSE2 enabled. - CPU - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Implemented X2APIC extensions / enable extended topology CPUID leaf (0xb), in order to enable X2APIC configure with --enable-x2apic - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions: - Enabled extended VMX capability MSRs - Implemented VMX controls for loading/storing of MSR_PAT and MSR_EFER - Enabled/Implemented secondary proc-based vmexec controls: - Implemented APIC virtualization - Implemented Extended Page Tables (EPT) mode - Implemented Descriptor Table Access VMEXIT control - Implemented RDTSCP VMEXIT control - Implemented Virtualize X2APIC mode control - Implemented Virtual Process ID (VPID) - Implemented WBINVD VMEXIT control - Implemented Unrestricted Guest mode In order to enable emulation of VMXx2 extensions configure with --enable-vmx=2 option (x86-64 must be enabled) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness - Fixed Bochs crash when accessing the first byte above emulated memory size - Internal Debugger - Introduced range read/write physical watchpoints - Allow reloading of segment registers from internal debugger - Improved verbose physical memory access tracing - BIOS - Fix MTRR configuration (prevented boot of modern Linux kernels) - Fix interrupt vectors for INT 60h-66h (reserved for user interrupt) by setting them to zero - Fix BIOS INT13 function 08 when the number of cylinders on the disk = 1 - I/O Devices - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) - Misc - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.5 - SF patches applied [2864402] outstanding x2apic patches by Stanislav [2960379] Fix build with -Wformat -Werror=format-security by Per Oyvind Karlsen [2938273] allow instrumentation to change execute by Konrad Grochowski [2926072] Indirection operators in expressions by Derek Peschel [2914433] makesym.perl misses symbols by John R. Jackson [2908481] USB Printer by Ben Lunt - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2861662] dbg_xlate_linear2phy needs to be updated [2956217] INT13 AH=8 returns wrong values when cylinders=1 [2981161] Allow DMA transfers to continue when CPU is in HALT state [2795115] NX fault could be missed [2964824] bad newline sequence in aspi-win32.h [913419] configure options and build process needs some work [2938398] gdbstub compile error with x86_64 enabled [2734455] shutdown/reset type 05 should reinit the PICs [1921294] extended memory less than 1M wrong size [1947249] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and MP table placement [1933859] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and memory overlapping [2923680] "help dregs" is a syntax error [2919661] CPU may fail to do 16bit near call [2790768] Memory corruption with SMP > 32, Panic BIOS Keyboard Error [2902118] interrupts vectors 0x60 to 67 should be NULL ! [2912502] Instruction Pointer behaving erratically [2901047] Bochs crashed, closed by guest os [2905385] Bochs crash [2901481] Instruction SYSRET and SS(PL) [2900632] Broken long mode RETF to outer priviledge with null SS [1429011] Use bx_phyaddr_t for physaddr vars and bx_adress for lin adr - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2955911] RPM preuninstall scriptlet removes /core [2947863] don't abort on unrecognised options [2878861] numerics in the disassembler output [2900619] make more CPU state changeable ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.2 (November 12, 2009): - CPU and internal debugger - VMX: Implemented TPR shadow VMEXIT - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (mostly for VMX support). - Bugfixes and updates for Bochs internal debugger - On SMP system stepN command now affects only current processor - Memory - Bugfixes for > 32-bit physical address space. - Allow to emulate more physical memory than host actually could or would like to allocate. For more details look for new .bochsrc 'memory' option. - Cleanup configure options - All paging related options now will be automatically determined according to --enable-cpu-level option. Related configure options --enable-global-pages, --enable-large-pages, --enable-pae, --enable-mtrr are deprecated now. Only 1G paging option still remaining unchanged. - Deprecate --enable-daz configure option. Denormals-are-zeros MXCSR control will be enabled automatically iff SSE2 is supported (like in hardware). - Deprecate --enable-vme configure option, now it will be supported iff CPU_LEVEL >= 5 (like in hardware). - I/O Devices - Bugfixes for 8254 PIT, VGA, Cirrus-Logic SVGA, USB UCHI - SF patches applied [2817840] Make old_callback static by Mark Marshall [2874004] fix for VMWRITE instruction by Roberto Paleari [2873999] fix CS segment type during fast syscall invocation by Roberto Paleari [2864389] Debugger gui maximize on startup by Thomas Nilsen [2817868] Rework loops in the memory code by Mark Marshall [2812948] PIT bug by Derek - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2833504] GUI debugger bug-about GDT display [2872244] BIOS writes not allowed value to MTRR MSR causing #GP [2885383] SDL GUI memory leak [2872290] compilation in AIX5.3 ML10 failes [2867904] crash with cirrus bx_vga_c::mem_write [2851495] BIOS PCI returns with INT flag = 0 [2860333] vista 64 guest STOP 109 (GDT modification) [2849745] disassembler bug for 3DNow and SSE opcodes [1066748] Wrong registers values after #RESET, #INIT [2836893] Regression: Windows XP installer unable to format harddrive [2812239] VMX: VM-Exit: Incorrect instruction length on software int [2814130] bx_debug lex/yacc files incorrectly generated [2813199] MP Tables Missing From BIOS [2824093] VMX exception bug [2811909] VMX : CS Access-rights Type.Accessed stays 0 [2810571] Compile Errors on OSX [2823749] GCC regression or VM_EXIT RDMSR/WRMSR bug [2815929] Vista/XP64 unnecessary panic [2803519] Wrong example in man page bochsrc - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [422766] Large Memory configurations [1311287] Idea for a better GUI [455971] USB support [615363] debugger shortcut for repeat last cmd ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.1 (June 7, 2009): - Fixed bunch of CPUID issues - Bochs is now able to install and boot 64-bit Windows images! (special thanks to Mark Ebersole for his patch) - Several bugfixes in CPU emulation (mostly for x87 instructions) - Fixed two critical deadlock bugs in the Win32 gui (patches from @SF tracker) - Fixes related to the 'show ips' feature - removed conflicting win32-specific alarm() functions ('win32' and 'sdl' gui) - feature now works in wx on win32 - Added support for gdb stub on big endian machine (patch by Godmar Back) - Rewritten obsolete hash_map code in dbg symbols module (patch from @SF) - BIOS: implemented missing INT 15h/89h (patch by Sebastian Herbszt) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4 (May 3, 2009): Brief summary : - Added graphical Bochs debugger frontend for most of the supported platforms. - Thanks for Chourdakis Michael and Bruce Ewing. - Many new CPU features in emulation - Support for > 32 bit physical address space and configurable MSRs - VMX, 1G pages in long mode, MOVBE instruction - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness, debugger and CPU instrumentation. - New config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu - USB: added OHCI support, external hub and cdrom - Added user plugin interface support. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Support for VMX hardware emulation in Bochs CPU, to enable configure with --enable-vmx option Nearly complete VMX implementation, with few exceptions: - Dual-monitor treatment of SMIs and SMM not implemented yet - NMI virtualization, APIC virtualization not implemented yet - VMENTER to not-active state not supported yet - No advanced features like Extended Page Tables or VPID - Support for configurable MSR registers emulation, to enable configure with --enable-configurable-msrs option Look for configuration example in .bochsrc and msrs.def - Support new Intel Atom(R) MOVBE instruction, to enable configure with --enable-movbe option - Support for 1G pages in long mode, to enable configure with --enable-1g-pages option - Support for > 32 bit physical address space in CPU. Up to 36 bit could be seen in legacy mode (PAE) and up to 40 bit in x86-64 mode. Still support the same amount of the physical memory in the memory object, so system with > 4Gb of RAM yet cannot be emulated. To enable configure with --enable-long-phy-address option. - Implemented modern BIOSes mode limiting max reported CPUID function to 3 using .bochsrc CPU option. The mode is required in order to correctly install and boot WinNT. - Added ability to configure CPUID vendor/brand strings through .bochsrc (patch from @SF by Doug Reed). - Many bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64). - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks. - Fixed Bochs internal debugger breakpoints/watchpoints handling. - Configure and compile - Added ability to choose Bochs log file name and Bochs debugger log file name from Bochs command line (using new -log and -dbglog options) - Removed Peter Tattam's closed source external debugger interface from the code. - Removed --enable-guest2host-tlb configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. - Removed --enable-icache configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. Trace cache support still remains optional and could be configured off. - Added configure option to compile in GUI frontend for Bochs debugger, to enable configure with --enable-debugger-gui option. The GUI debugger frontend is enabled by default with Bochs debugger. - Removed --enable-port-e9-hack configure option. The feature now could be configured at runtime through .bochsrc. - Added configure option to enable/disable A20 pin support. Disabling the A20 pin support slightly speeds up the emulation. - reduced dependencies between source files for faster code generation - BIOS - Added S3 (suspend to RAM) ACPI state to BIOS (patch by Gleb Natapov) - Implemented MTRR support in the bios (patches by Avi Kivity and Alex Williamsion with additions by Sebastian Herbszt) - Bug fixes - I/O Devices - Added user plugin support - remaining devices converted to plugins: pit, ioapic, iodebug - added 'plugin_ctrl' bochsrc option to control the presence of optional device plugins without a separate option. By default all plugins are enabled. - added register mechanism for removable mouse and keyboard devices - Hard drive / cdrom - PACKET-DMA feature now supported by all ATAPI commands - ATAPI command 0x1A added (based on the Qemu implementation) - sb16 - Added ALSA sound support on Linux (PCM/MIDI output) - FM synthesizer now usable with MIDI output (simple piano only) - Fixed OPL frequency to MIDI note translation - Fixed MIDI output command - keyboard - added keyboard controller commands 0xCA and 0xCB - USB - USB code reorganized to support more HC types and devices - added USB OHCI support written by Ben Lunt - added external USB hub support (initial code ported from Qemu) - added USB cdrom support (SCSI layer ported from Qemu) - added status bar indicators to show data transfer - VGA - VBE video memory increased to 16 MB - implemented changeable VBE LFB base address (PCI only, requires latest BIOS and VGABIOS images) - I/O APIC - implemented I/O APIC device hardware reset - Config interface - new config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu is now the default on Windows ('textconfig' is still available) - win32 device config dialogs are now created dynamicly from a parameter list (works like the wx ParamDialog) - changes in textcofig and the wx ParamDialog for compatibility with the new win32 dialog behaviour - Bochs param tree index keys are case independent now - some other additions / bugfixes in the simulator interface code - Misc - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6c - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.4 - SF patches applied [2784858] IO Handler names are not compared properly [2712569] Legacy bios serial data buffer timeout bug by grybranix [2655090] 64 bit BSWAP with REX.W broken by M. Eby [2645919] CR8 bug when reading by M. Eby [1895665] kvm: bios: add support to memory above the pci hole by Izik Eidus [2403372] rombios: check for valid cdrom before using it by Sebastian [2307269] acpi: handle S3 by Sebastian [2354134] TAP networking on Solaris/Sparc repaired [2144692] The scsi device can not complete its writing data command by naiyue [1827082] [PATCH] Configurable CPU vendor by Marcel Sondaar [2217229] Panic on EBDA overflow in rombios32 by Sebastian [2210194] Log pci class code by Sebastian [1984662] red led for disk write and titlebar mod by ggbsf [2142955] Fix for monitor/mwait by Doug Gibson [2137774] Patch to fix bug: cdrom: read_block: lseek returned error by Gabor Olah [2134642] Fix scan_to_scanascii table for F11 and F12 by Ben Guthro & Steve Ofsthun [2123036] sdl fullscreen fix by ggbsf [2073039] Remove CMOS accsess from AML code by Gleb Natapov [2072168] smbios: add L1-L3 cache handle to processor information by Sebastian [2055416] bochsrc cpu options for cpuid vendor and brand string by Doug Reed [2035278] rombios: Fix return from BEV via retf by Sebastian [2035260] rombios: El Torito load segment fix by Sebastian [2031978] Fix VMware backdoor command 0Ah by Jamie Lokier [2015277] Remove obsolete comment about DATA_SEG_DEFS_HERE hack by Sebastian [2011268] Set new default format and unit only if both are supported by Sebastian [2001919] gdbstub: fix qSupported reply by Sebastian [2001912] gdbstub: enclose packet data by apostrophes by Sebastian [1998071] fix missing SIGHUP and SIGQUIT with term ui on mingw by Sebastian [1998063] fix wrong colors with term ui by Sebastian [1995064] Compile fix needed for --enable-debugger and gcc 4.3 by Hans de Goede [1994564] Fix typo in RDMSR BX_MSR_MTRRFIX16K_A0000 by Sebastian [1994396] Change hard_drive_post #if by Sebastian [1993235] TESTFORM email address update by Sebastian [1992322] PATCH: fix compilation of bochs 2.3.7 on bigendian machines by Hans de Goede [1991280] Shutdown status code 0Ch handler by Sebastian [1990108] Shutdown status code 0Bh handler by Sebastian [1988907] Shutdown status code 0Ah handler by Sebastian [1984467] two typos in a release! (2.3.7) [1981505] Init PIIX4 PCI to ISA bridge and IDE by Sebastian - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2784148] an integer overflow BUG of Bochs-2.3.7 source code [2695273] MSVC cpu.dsp failure in 2.3.7.zip [616114] Snapshot/Copy crash on Win2K [2628318] 'VGABIOS-latest' bug [1945055] can't 'make install' lastest bochs on loepard [2031993] Mac OS X Makefile bug [1843199] install error on mac osx [2710931] Problem compiling both instrumentation and debugger [2617003] ExceptionInfo conflicts with OS X api [2609432] stepping causes segfault (CVS) [2605861] compile error with --enable-smp [1757068] current cvs(Jul19, 07) failed to boot smp [2426271] cannot get correct symbol entry [2471982] VGA character height glitches [1659659] wrong behaviour a20 at boot [1998027] minwg + --with-term + --with-out-win32 = link failure [1871936] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on wx.cc [1684666] info idt for long mode [2105989] could not read() hard drive image file at byte 269824 [1173093] Debugger totally not supports x86-64 [1803018] new win32debug dialog problems [2141679] windows vcc build broken [2162824] latest cvs fails to compile [2164506] latest bochs fails to start [2129223] MOV reg16, SS not working in real mode due to dead code [2106514] RIS / startrom.com install ALMOST works [2123358] SMP (HTT): wbinvd executed by CPU1 crashes CPU0 [2002758] Arch Linux: >>PANIC<< ATAPI command with zero byte count [2026501] El Torito incorrect boot segment:offset [2029758] BEV can return via retf instead of int 18h [2010173] x command breaks after one error about x/s or x/i [1830665] harddrv PANIC: ATAPI command with zero byte count [1985387] fail to make using gcc4 with --enable-debugger [1990187] testform feedback [1992138] Misspell in cpu/ia_opcodes.h - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2175153] Update MSVC project files [658800] front end program and bios [1883370] Make cd and floppy images more usable [422783] change floppy size without restarting [2552685] param tree names should be case insensitive [1214659] PC Speaker emu turnoff. Plugin Controll. [1977045] support 40 bit physical address [1506385] Intel Core Duo VT features [1429015] Support for user plugins [1488136] debugger access to floppy controller [1363136] Full debugger SMP and 64 bit support [2068304] Support for ACPI [431032] debugger "x" command [423420] profiling ideas (SMF) [445342] Add FM support? [928439] alsa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.7 (June 3, 2008): Brief summary : + More optimizations in CPU code - Bochs 2.3.7 is more than 2x faster than Bochs 2.3.5 build ! - Implemented LBA48 support in BIOS - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger - Implemented Intel(R) XSAVE/XRSTOR and AES instruction set extensions - Many fixes in CPU emulation and internal debugger - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6b Detailed change log : - CPU - Support of XSAVE/XRSTOR CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-xsave option - Support of AES CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-aes option - Fixed Bochs failure on RISC host machines with BxRepeatSpeedups optimization enabled - Implemented SYSENTER/SYSEXIT instructions in long mode - More than 100 bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64) - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger, enable by typing 'trace-mem on' in debugger command line - Many bug fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - System BIOS (Volker) - Implemented LBA48 support - Added generation of SSDT ACPI table that contains definitions for available processors - Added RTC device to ACPI DSDT table - Added implementation of SMBIOS - I/O devices (Volker) - VGA - Implemented screen disable bit in sequencer register #1 - Implemented text mode cursor blinking - Serial - new serial modes 'pipe-server' and 'pipe-client' for win32 - new serial mode 'socket-server' - Configure and compile - Fixed configure bug with enabling of POPCNT instruction, POPCNT instruction should be enabled by default when SSE4.2 is enabled. - Removed --enable-magic-breakpoint configure option. The option is automatically enabled if Bochs internal debugger is compiled in. It is still possible to turn on/off the feature through .bochsrc. - Allow boot from network option in .bochsrc - Added Bochs version info for Win32 - Display libraries - implemented text mode character blinking in some guis - improved 'X' gui runtime dialogs - SF patches applied [1980833] Fix shutdown status code 5h handler by Kevin O'Connor [1928848] "pipe" mode for serial port (win32 only) by Eugene Toder [1956843] Set the compatible pci interrupt router back to PIIX by Sebastian [1956366] Do not announce C2 & C3 cpu power state support by Igor Lvovsky [1921733] support for LBA48 by Robert Millan [1938185] Fix link problem with --enable-debugger by Sebastian [1938182] Makefile.in - use @IODEV_LIB_VAR@ by Sebastian [1928945] fix for legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE by Sebastian [1925578] rombios32.c - fix ram_size in ram_probe for low memory setup by Sebastian [1908921] rombios32.c - move uuid_probe() call by Sebastian [1928902] improvements to load-symbols by Eugene Toder [1925568] PATCH: msvc compilation by Eugene Toder [1913150] rombios.c - e820 cover full size if memory <= 16 mb by Alexander van Heukelum [1919804] rombios.c - fix and add #ifdef comments by Sebastian [1909782] rombios.c - remove segment values from comment by Sebastian [1908918] SMBIOS - BIOS characteristics fix by Sebastian [1901027] BIOS boot menu support (take 3) [1902579] rombios32.c - define pci ids by Sebastian [1859447] Pass segment:offset to put_str and introduce %S by Sebastian [1889057] rombios.c - boot failure message by Sebastian [1891469] rombios.c - print BEV product string by Sebastian [1889851] Win32 version information FILEVERSION for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1889042] rombios.c - fix comment by Sebastian [1881500] bochsrc, allow boot: network by Sebastian [1880755] Win32 version information for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1880471] SMBIOS fix type 0 by Sebastian [1878558] SMBIOS fixes by Sebastian [1864692] SMBIOS support by Filip Navara [1865105] Move bios_table_area_end to 0xcc00 by Sebastian [1875414] Makefile.in - change make use by Sebastian [1874276] Added instrumentation for sysenter/sysexit by Lluis [1873221] TLB page flush: add logical address to instrumentation by Lluis [1830626] lba32 support by Samuel Thibault [1861839] Move option rom scan after floppy and hard drive post by Sebastian [1838283] Early vga bios init by Sebastian [1838272] rom_scan range parameter by Sebastian [1864680] Save CPUID signature by Filip Navara - these S.F. bugs were closed [1976171] Keyboard missing break code for enter (0x9C) [666433] physical read/write breakpoint sometimes fails [1744820] info gdt and info idt shows the entire tables [1755652] graphics: MenuetOS64 shows black screen [1782207] Windows Installer malfunction, Host=Linux, Guest=Win98SE [1697762] OS/2 Warp Install Failed [1952548] String to char * warnings [1940714] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT doesn't work in long mode [1422342] SYSRET errors [1923803] legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE [1936132] Link problem with --enable-debugger & --enable-disasm [1934477] Linear address wrap is not working [1424984] virtual machine freezes in Bochs 2.2.6 [1902928] with debugger cpu_loop leaves CPU with unstable state [1898929] Bochs VESA BIOS violates specs (banks == 1) [1569256] bug in datasegment change in long mode [1830662] ACPI: no DMI BIOS year, acpi=force is required [1868806] VGA blink enable & screen disable [1875721] Bit "Accessed" in LDT/GDT descriptors & #PF [1874124] bx_Instruction_c::ilen() const [1873488] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on dbg_main.cc - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1422769] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support in x86-64 mode [1847955] Version information for bochs(dbg).exe [939797] SMBIOS support ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.6 (December 24, 2007): Brief summary : + More than 25% emulation speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release! - Thanks to Darek Mihocka (http://www.emulators.com) for providing patches and ideas that made the speedup possible! + Up to 40% speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release with trace cache optimization! - Lots of bugfixes in CPU emulation - Bochs benchmarking support - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.2 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Added emulation of SSE4.2 instruction set, to enable use --enable-sse=4 --enable-sse-extension configure options to enable POPCNT instruction only use configure option --enable-popcnt - Implemented MTRR emulation, to enable use --enable-mtrr configure option. MTRRs is enabled by default when cpu-level >= 6. - Implemented experimental MONITOR/MWAIT support including optimized MWAIT CPU state and hardware monitoring of physical address range, to enable use --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Removed hostasm optimizations, after Bochs rebenchmarking it was found that the feature bringing no speedup or even sometimes slows down emulation! - Merged trace cache optimization patch, the trace cache optimization is enabled by default when configure with --enable-all-optimizations option, to disable trace cache optimization configure with --disable-trace-cache - Many minor bugfixes in CPU emulation (both ia32 and x86-64) - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler, some debugger interfaces significantly changed due transition to the param tree architecture - Added support for restoring of the CPU state from external file directly from Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - Renamed configure option --enable-4meg-pages to --enable-large-pages. The option enables page size extensions (PSE) which refers to 2M pages as well. - Removed --enable-save-restore configure option, save/restore feature changed to be one of the basic Bochs features and compiled by default for all configurations. - Added new Bochs benchmark mode. To run Bochs in benchmark mode execute it with new command line option 'bochs -benchmark time'. The emulation will be automatically stopped after 'time' millions of emulation cycles executed. - Another very useful option for benchmarking of Bochs could be enabled using new 'print_timestamps' directive from .bochsrc: print_timestamps: enable=1 - Added --enable-show-ips option to all configuration scripts used to build release binaries, so all future releases will enjoy IPS display. - Enable alignment check in the CPU and #AC exception by default for --cpu-level >= 4 (like in real hardware) - SF patches applied [1491207] Trace Cache Speedup patch by Stanislav [1857149] Define some IPL values by Sebastian [1850183] Get memory access mode in BX_INSTR_LIN_READ by Lluis Vilanova [1841421] pic: keep slave_pic.INT and master_pic.IRQ_in bit 2 in sync by Russ Cox [1841420] give segment numbers in exception logs by Russ Cox [1801696] Allow Intel builds on Mac OS X [1830658] Fix >32GB disk banner by Samuel Thibault [1813314] Move #define IPL_* and typedef ipl_entry by Sebastian [1809001] Save PnP Option ROM Product Name string in IPL Boot Table by Sebastian [1821242] Fix for #1801285, Niclist.exe broken by Sebastian [1819567] Code warning cleanup [1816162] Update comment on bios_printf() by Sebastian [1811139] Trivial Fix when BX_PCIBIOS and BX_ROMBIOS32 not defined by Myles Watson [1811190] Improve HD recognition and CD boot by Myles Watson [1811860] Implement %X in bios_printf by Sebastian [1809649] printf %lx %ld %lu by Myles Watson [1809651] move BX_SUPPORT_FLOPPY by Myles Watson [1809652] dpte and Int13DPT fixes by Myles Watson [1809669] clip cylinders to 16383 in hard drive by Myles Watson [1799903] Build BIOS on amd64 by Robert Millan [1799877] Fix for parallel build (make -j2) by Robert Millan - these S.F. bugs were closed [1837354] website bug: View the Source link broken [1801268] Reset from real mode no longer working [1843250] Using forward slashes gives invalid filename [1823446] BIOS bug, local APIC #0 not detected [1801285] Niclist.exe broken [1364472] breakpoints sometimes don't work [994451] breakpoint bug [1801295] NSIS installer vs Windows Notepad [1715328] Unreal mode quirk [1503972] debugger doesn't debug first instruction on exception [1069071] div al, byte ptr [ds:0x7c18] fails to execute [1800080] Wrong "BX_MAX_SMP_THREADS_SUPPORTED" assertion - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1662687] Download for Win32-exe with x64 Mode and debugging [604221] Debugger command: query lin->phys mapping ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.5 (September 16, 2007): Brief summary : - Critical problems fixed for x86-64 support in CPU and Bochs internal debugger - ACPI support - The release compiled with x86-64 and ACPI - Hard disk emulation supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.1 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Fixed critical bug with 0x90 opcode (NOP) handling in x86-64 mode - implied stack references where the stack address is not in canonical form should causes a stack exception (#SS) - Added emulation of SSE4.1 instruction set (Stanislav) - Do not save and restore XMM8-XMM15 registers when not in x86-64 mode - Fixed zero upper 32-bit part of GPR in x86-64 mode - CMOV_GdEd should zero upper 32-bit part of GPR register even if the 'cmov' condition was false ! - Implemented CLFLUSH instruction, report non-zero cache size in CPUID - Fixed PUSHA/POPA instructions behavior in real mode - Fixed detection of inexact result by FPU - Fixed denormals-are-zero (DAZ) handling by SSE convert instructions - Implemented Misaligned Exception Mask support for SSE (MXCSR[17]) - Implemented Alignment Check in the CPU and #AC exception, to enable use --enable-alignment-check configure option - General - 2nd simulation support in wxBochs now almost usable (simulation cleanup code added and memory leaks fixed) - Configure and compile - several fixes for MacOSX, OpenBSD and Solaris 10 - enable save/restore feature by default for all configurations - reorganized SSE configure options to match Intel(R) Programming Reference Manual, new option introduced for SSE extensions enabling. To enable Intel Core Duo 2 new instructions use --enable-sse=3 --enable-sse-extension enabling of SSE4.1 (--enable-sse=4) will enable SSE3 extensions as well - removed old PIT, always use new PIT written by Greg Alexander, removed configure option --enable-new-pit - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial non-DMA mode support (patch by John Comeau) - Hard drive / cdrom - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - VMWare version 4 disk image support added (patch by Sharvil Nanavati) - PCI - initial support for the PIIX4 ACPI controller - Serial - added support for 3-button mouse with Mousesystems protocol - USB - experimental USB device change support added - rewrite of the existing USB devices code - new USB devices 'disk' and 'tablet' (ported from the Qemu project) - Bochs internal debugger - fixed broken debugger "rc file" option (execute debugger command from file) - implementation of a gui frontend ("windebug") for win32 started - gdbstub now accepts connection from any host - several documentation updates - a lot of disasm and internal debugger x86_64 support fixes - Configuration interface - fixes and improvements to the save state dialog handling - Display libraries - text mode color handling improved in some guis - win32 fullscreen mode (patch by John Comeau) - System BIOS (Volker) - 32-bit PM BIOS init code for ACPI, PCI, SMP and SMM (initial patches by Fabrice Bellard) - PCI BIOS function "find class code" implemented - SF patches applied [1791000] 15h 8600h is reading the wrong stack frame by Sebastian [1791016] rombios32.c, ram_probe(), BX_INFO missing value by Sebastian [1786429] typo in bochsrc.5 by Sebastian [1785204] Extend acpi_build_table_header to accept a revision number by Sebastian [1766536] Partial Patch for Bug Report 1549873 by Ben Lunt [1763578] ACPI Table Revision 0 -> 1 [1642490] implement alignment check and #AC exception by Stanislav Shwartsman [1695652] [PATCH] .pcap pktlog and vnet PXE boot by Duane Voth [1741153] Add expansion-ROM boot support to the ROMBIOS [1734159] Implemented INT15h, fn 0xC2 (mouse), subfn 3, set resolution [1712970] bios_printf %s fix [1573297] PUSHA/POPA real mode fix by Stanislav Shwartsman [1641816] partial support for non-DMA access to floppy by John Comeau [1624032] shows where write outside of memory occurred by John Comeau [1607793] allow fullscreen when app requests it by John Comeau [1603013] Bugfix for major NOP problem on x64 by mvysin [1600178] Make tap and tuntap compile on OpenBSD by Jonathan Gray [1149659] improve gdbstub network efficiency by Avi Kivity [1554502] Trivial FPU exception handling fix - these S.F. bugs were closed [1316008] Double faults when it shouldn't - gcc 4.0.2 [1787289] broken ABI for redolog class when enable-compressed-hd [1787500] tftp_send_optack not 64bit clean [1264540] Security issue with Bochs website [1767217] Debugger Faults including ud2 [1729822] Various security issues in io device emulation [1675202] mptable hosed (bad entry count in header) [1197141] 'make install' installs to bad location [1157623] x86Solaris10 cannot recoginize ACPI RSD PTR [1768254] large HDD in Bochs/bximage [1496157] Windows Vista Beta2 dosn't boot [1755915] Illegal Hard Disk Signature Output [1717790] info gdt and info idt scrolls away, too long result [1726640] Debugger displays incorrect segment for mov instruction [1719156] Typo in misc_mem.cpp [1715270] Debugger broken in/beyond 2.3 [1689107] v8086 mode priviledge check failed [1704484] A few checks when CPU_LEVEL < 4 [1678395] Problem with zero sector... [876990] SA-RTL OS fails on PIC configuration [1673582] save/restore didn't restore simulation correctly [1586662] EDD int 13h bug, modify eax [666618] POP_A Panic in DOS EMU [1001485] panic: not enough bytes on stack [1667336] delay times an order of magnitude slow [1665601] crash disassembling bootcode [1657065] CVS sources won't compile [1653805] bochs's gdbstub uses incorrect protocol [1640737] ASM sti command frezzes guest OS [1636439] latest CVS sources don't compile under Cygwin [1634357] disasm incorrect (no sign ext) displacement in 64-bit mode [1376453] pcidev segfaults bochs [1180890] IOAPIC in BOCHS - WinXP 64 in MP version [1597528] 2.3 fails to compile on amd64 [1526255] FLD1 broken when compaling with gcc 4.0.x [1597451] eth_fbsd is broken under FreeBSD [1571949] Bochs will not compile under Solaris [1500216] Bochs fails to boot BeOs CD [1458339] bochs-2.2.6 WinXP Binary ACPI error installing FreeBSD 6.0 [1440011] patches needed for FreeBSD 6.0 to compile Bochs [431674] some devices don't have a prefix [458150] QNX demo disk crashes with new pit [818322] Bochs 2.1 cvs: OS/2 - read verify on non disk [906840] KBD: bogus scan codes generated in set 3 [1005053] No keyboard codes translation [1109374] Problem with Scancodeset 2 [1572345] Bochs won't continue [1568153] Bochs looks for (and loads?) unspecified display libraries [1563462] Errors in /iodev/harddrv.h [1562172] TLB_init() fails to initialize priv_check array if USE_TLB 0 [1385303] debugger crashes after panic [1438227] crc.cpp missing in bx_debug version 2.2.6 [1501825] debugger crashes on to high input [1420959] Memory leak + buffer overflow in Bochs debugger [1553289] Error in Dis-assembler [542464] I cannot use FLAT [1548270] Bochs won't die with its pseudo terminal [1545588] roundAndPackFloatx80 does not detect round up correctly ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3 (August 27, 2006): Brief summary : - limited save/restore support added (config + log options, hardware state) - configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree - lots of cpu and internal debugger fixes - hard disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-3 (multiple sector transfers) - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VGA/VBE fixes - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger fixes - Fixed bug in FSTENV instruction (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Recognize #XF exception (19) when SSE is enabled - Fixed bug in PSRAW/PSRAD MMX and SSE instructions - Save and restore RIP/RSP only for FAULT-type exceptions, not for traps - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute multi-byte NOP '0F F1' opcode - Raise A20 line after system reset (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Implemented SMI and NMI delivery (APIC) and handling in CPU (Stanislav) - Experimental implementation of System Management Mode (Stanislav) - Added emulation of SSE3E instructions (Stanislav Shwarstman) - Save and restore FPU opcode, FIP and FDP in FXSAVE/FRSTOR instructions - Fixed bug in MOVD_EdVd opcode (always generated #UD exception) - Fixed critical issue, Bochs was not supporting > 16 bit LDT.LIMIT values - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - CPU x86-64 fixes - Fixed SYSRET instruction implementation - Fixed bug in CALL/JMP far through 64-bit callgate in x86-64 mode - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute 'XCHG R8, rAX' instruction - Correctly decode and execute 'BSWAP R8-R15' instructions - Fixed ENTER and LEAVE instructions in x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - Fixed CR4 exception condition (No Name) - Fixed x86 debugger to support x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - APIC and SMP - Support for Dual Core and Intel(R) HyperThreading Technology. Now you could choose amount of cores per processor and amount of HT threads per core from .bochsrc for SMP simulation (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Allow to control SMP quantum value through .bochsrc CPU option parameter. Previous Bochs versions used hardcoded quantum=5 value. - Fixed interrupt priority bug in service_local_apic() - Fixed again reading of APIC IRR/ISR/TMR registers. Finally it becomes fully correct :-) - Configure and compile - Moved configure time --enable-reset-on-triple-fault option to runtime, the 'cpu' option in .bochsrc is extended and the old configure option is deprecated (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Removed --enable-pni configure option, to compile with PNI use --enable-sse=3 instead (Stanislav Shwartsman) - enable SEP (SYSENTER/SYSEXIT) support by default for Penitum II+ processor emulation (i.e. if cpu-level >= 6 and MMX is enabled) - general - Limited save/restore support added. The state of CPU, memory and all devices can be saved now (state of harddisk images not handled yet). - Fixed several memory leaks - configuration interface - Configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree. This is required for dynamic menus/dialogs, user-defined options and save/restore. - Support for user-defined bochsrc options added - help support at the parameter prompt in textconfig added - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial sector transfers fixed - Hard drive / cdrom - several fixes to the IDE register behaviour (e.g. in case of a channel with only one drive connected) - fixed data alignment of 'growing' hard drive images (sharing images between Windows and Linux now possible) - disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types (unsupported: external, dll and compressed modes) - multi sector read/write commands implemented - hard disk now reporting ATA-3 supported - ATAPI 'inquiry' now returns a unique device name - Keyboard - reset sent to keyboard has no effect on the 8042 (scancode translation) - PCI - forward PIRQ register changes to the I/O APIC (if present) - attempt to fix and update the emulation part of 'pcidev' (untested) - VGA - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VBE fixes - VGA memory read access fixed (bit plane access and read mode) - VGA memory is now a part of the common video memory - System BIOS (Volker) - enable interrupts before executing INT 19h - fixed ATA device detection in case of one drive only connected to controller - improved INT 15h function AX=E820h - real mode PCI BIOS now returns IRQ routing information (function 0Eh) - keyboard LED flags handling fixed and improved - fixed handling of extended keys in INT 09h - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a - SF patches applied [1340111] fixes and updates to usb support by Ben Lunt [1539420] minor addition to pci_usb code by Ben Lunt [1455958] call/jmp through call gate in 64-bit mode [1433107] PATCH: fix compile with wxwindows 2.6 (unicode / utf8) by jwrdegoede [1386671] Combined dual core and hyper-threading patch - these S.F. bugs were closed [833927] TTD: System Error TNT.40025: Unexpected processor exception [789230] Sending code that shows lock up when setting idt [909670] Problems with Symantec Ghost [1540241] include missing in osdep.cc [1539373] Incorrect disasm for "mov moffset,bla" in 64bit [1538419] incorrect disassembly of [rip+disp] with rex.b [1535432] shift+cursor key maps to a digit [1504891] Knoopix 5.0.1 error [1424355] bochs-2.2.6 ata failure in windoze 98se [1533979] wrong disassembly of IN instruction [620059] paste won't stop [1164904] status bar doesn't show num/caps/scroll lock status [1061720] ATA Support level for HD [1522196] Broken CHANGES link in main page [1438415] crash if screen scrolled downwards [778441] Shouldn't interrupts be enable after BIOS? [1514949] I got a problem with the 8253 timer [1513544] disasm of 0xec (in AL,DX) returns ilen of 2 instead of 1 [1508947] APIC interrupt priority checking and interrupt delivery [766286] Debugger halts after any GPF exception [639143] va_list is not a pointer on linuxppc [1501815] debugger examines memory over page-boundary wrong [1503978] movsb/w/d doesn't work when direction is stored [1499405] WinPCap has changed URL hosting [1498519] APIC IRR bits not set while interrupts disabled [1498193] Bochs segfaults on LTR instruction [787140] Guest2HostTLB optimization bug [1492070] instrument stop [1487772] No SEP on P4 [1488335] Growing hard disk images severe interoperability errors! [1076312] Shadow RAM and TLB [1282249] The real i440FX chipset Award bios hangs [1479763] mistake "mov ax,[es:di]" for "mov ax,[ds:di]" [1453575] Misconfigured floppy DMA transfers do not terminate. [1460068] Incorrect handling for the Options Menu Item [910203] bochs-2.1.1 wx.lo failed [1438654] PANIC when trying to run install-amd64-minimal-2005.0.iso [1458320] compile hdimage.h fails [1455880] bochs-2.2.6,2: make error on FreeBSD [696890] Network wouldn't run under W2k hosting MSDOS [673391] SMP timer problems [1291059] wxWindows GUI on non-windows/configure issue [1356450] bochs 2.2.1 errors-omittions [1178017] Win98 guest cannot receive network packets from host [1076315] a20_mask after restarting [1436323] real hw does not panic when bad Ib in CMPSS_VssWssIb [1435269] cdrom_amigaos is not compilable [1433314] disasm issues [1170614] relative jumps/calls wrong in debugger [758121] user might get confused when interrupt handler invoked [1170622] You cannot toggle OFF "show" flags [1406387] JMP instruction should display absolute address [1428813] PANIC: ROM address space out of range [1426288] DR-DOSs EMM386 problem [1412036] Bochs cannot recognize PCI NIC correctly [435115] dbg: modebp broken and no docs [1419366] disasm cs:eip does not work anymore [1419393] SSE's #XF exception -> "exception(19): bad vector" [1419429] disassembly of "260f6f00" show DS: instead of ES: prefix [1417583] Interrupt behaviour changed from 2.2.1 to 2.2.5 [1418281] 'push' (6A) incorrectly disassembled [1417791] FLDENV generating exception when real hw does not. [1264583] OS/2 1.1 doesn't run ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.6 (January 29, 2006): - First major SMP release ! - several APIC and I/O APIC fixes make SMP Bochs booting Windows NT4.0 or Knoppix 4.0.2 without noapic kernel option in SMP configuration. - critical APIC timer bug fixed - obsolete SMP BIOS images removed (MP tables created dynamicaly) - determine number of processors in SMP configuration through .bochsrc new .bochsrc option 'CPU' allows to choose number of processors to emulate - new configure option --enable-smp to configure Bochs for SMP support, the old --enable-processors=N option is deprecated - CPU and internal debugger fixes - enabled #PCE bit in CR4 register, previosly setting of this bit generated #GP(0) fault - enabled LAHF/SAHF instructions in x86-64 mode - fixed bug in PMULUDQ SSE2 instruction - fixes in Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - enable VME (virtual 8086 mode extensions) by default if cpu-level >= 5 - enable Bochs disassembler by default for all configurations - win32 installer script improvements - ips parameter moved to new 'CPU' option - show IPS value in status bar if BX_SHOW_IPS is enabled - Other - several fixes in the hard drive, keyboard, timer, usb and vga code - new user button shortcut "bksl" (backslash) - updated Bochs instrumentation examples - user and development documentation improved ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.5 (December 30, 2005): Brief summary : - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation - several fixes/improvements in x86-64 emulation, debugger and disassembler - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. floppy, cdrom) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d Detailed change log : - CPU - fixed XMM registers restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Andrej Palkovsky) - print registers dump to the log if tripple fault occured - fixed PANIC in LTR instruction (Stanislav) - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation, to enable configure with --enable-vme (Stanislav) - flush caches and TLBs when executing WBINVD and INVD instructions - do not modify segment limit and AR bytes when modifying segment register in real mode (support for unreal mode) - fixed init/reset values for LDTR and TR registers - reimplemented hardware task switching mechanism (Stanislav) - generate #GP(0) when fetching instruction cross segment boundary - CPU (x86-64) (Stanislav Shwartsman) - implemented call_far/ret_far/jmp_far instructions in long mode - fixed IRET operation in long mode - fixed bug prevented setting of NXE/FFXSR bits in MSR.EFER register - implemented RDTSCP instruction - do not check CS.limit when prefetching instructions in long mode - fixed masked write instructions (MASKMOVQ/MASKMOVDQU) in long mode - fetchdecode fixes for x86-64 - APIC - Fixed bug in changing local APIC id (Stanislav) - Fixed reading of IRR/ISR/TMR registers (patch by wmrieker) - Implemented spurious interrupt register (Stanislav, patch by wmrieker) - Fixed interrupt delivery bug (anonymous #SF patch) - Correctly implemented ESR APIC register (Stanislav) - Bochs debugger - Fixed bug in bochs debugger caused breakpoints doesn't fire sometimes (Alexander Krisak) - watchpoints in device memory fixed (Nickolai Zeldovich) - new debug interface to access Bochs CPU general purpose registers with support for x86-64 - Disassembler (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Fixed disassembly for FCOMI/FUCOMI instructions - Full x86-64 support in disassembler. The disassembler module extended to support x86-64 extensions. Still limited by Bochs debugger which is not supporting x86-64 at all ;( - I/O devices (Volker) - general - memory management prepared for large BIOS images (up to 512k) - slowdown timer sleep rate fixed (now using 1 msec on all platforms) - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - serial - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket (#SF patch by Andrew Backer) - hard drive / cdrom - assign a unique serial number to each drive (fixes harddrive detection problems with Linux kernels 2.6.x: "ignoring undecoded slave") - geometry autodetection for 'flat' hard disk images added. Works with images created with bximage (heads = 16, sectors per track = 63) - ATAPI command 'read cd' implemented, some other commands improved - cdrom read block function now tries up to 3 times before giving up - emulation of raw cdrom reads added, some other lowlevel cdrom fixes - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - disk image size limit changed from 32 to 127 GB - split ATA/ATAPI emulation code and image handling code - floppy - fixes for OS/2 (patch by Robin Kay) - disk change line behaviour fixed (initial patch by Ben Lunt) - end-of-track (EOT) condition handling implemented - more accurate timing for read/write data and format track commands using a motor speed of 300 RPM - timing of recalibrate and seek commands now depends on the step rate, date rate and the steps to do - floppy controller type changed to 82077AA - cmos - RTC 12-hour and binary mode implemented - number of CMOS registers changed from 64 to 128 - bochsrc option 'cmosimage' improved - save cmos image on exit if enabled - speaker - simple speaker support for OS X added (patch by brianonn@telus.net) - pci - BeOS boot failure fix in the PCI IDE code - don't register i/o and memory regions during PCI probe - vga - memory allocation for vga extensions fixed - usb - some bugfixes by Ben Lunt (mouse and keypad are usable now) - networking modules - VDE networking module now enabled on Linux - display libraries - general - new syntax for the userbutton shortcut string and more keys supported - win32 - fixed keycode generation for right alt/ctrl/shift keys - runtime dialog is now a property sheet - x11 - simple dialog boxes for the "ask" and "user shortcut" feature implemented - Slovenian keymap added (contributed by Mitja Ursic) - configuration interface - ask dialog is now enabled by default for win32, wx and x display libraries - bochsrc option floppy_command_delay is obsolete now (floppy timing now based on hardware specs) - floppy image size detection now available in the whole config interface - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - calculate BIOS ROM start address from image if not specified - System BIOS (Volker) - PCI i/o and memory base address initialization added - several keyboard interrupt handler fixes (e.g. patch by japheth) - several floppy fixes (e.g. OS/2 works with patch by Robin Kay) - some more APM functions added - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d - generate SMP specific tables dynamicly by the Bochs memory init code - SF patches applied [1389776] Disk sizes over 64 Gbytes by Andrzej Zaborowski [1359162] disasm support for x86-64 by Stanislav Shwartsman [857235] task priority and other APIC bugs, etc by wmrieker [1359011] build breaks for 386 + debugger + disasm by shirokuma [1352761] Infinite loop when trying to debug a triple exception [1311170] small APIC bug fix (interrupt sent to the wrong CPU) [1309763] Watchpoints don't work in device memory by Nickolai Zeldovich [1294930] change line status on floppy by Ben Lunt [1282033] SSE FXRESTORE not working correctly by Ondrej Palkovsky [816979] wget generalizations by Lyndon Nerenberg [1214886] No more pageWriteStamp / unified icache by H. Johansson [1107945] com->socket redirection support by Andrew Backer - these S.F. bugs were closed [669180] win95 install : unknown SET FEATURES subcommand 0x03 [1346692] bochs 2.2.1 VGA BIOS error [1354963] floppy in KolibriOS [1378204] error: bochs-2.2.1, --enable-sb16, --disable-gameport [1368412] VDE problems in BOCHS [533446] CPU and APIC devices appear twice [1000796] bximage fails to create image of specified size [1170793] Quarterdeck QEMM doesn't work [923704] Multiple opcode prefixes don't reflect Trap 13 [1166392] DocBook/documentation issues [1368239] broken grater than 4GB size of sparse type hd image [1365830] i386 compile breaks on paging [427550] Incomplete IRETD implementation [1215081] MSVC workspace STILL not fixed [736279] Jump to Task [1356488] FD change fail & occur error [957615] [CPU ] prefetch: RIP > CS.limit [1353866] not booting linux-2.6.14 [1351667] load32bitOSImage does not work with --enable-x86-debugger [1217476] Incorrect (?) handling of segment registers in real mode [1184711] OS2 DOS crash [2.2.pre2] [624330] support for disks > 32GiB [1348368] bochs 2.2.1 bximage error [1342081] Configuration Menu option failed [1138616] OS/2 Warp 4 hangs when booting [1049840] mouse and video conflict [1164570] Unable to perform Fedora Core 4 test 1 installation [1183201] Windows 2000 (MSDN build 2150?) does not completely install [1194284] Can't boot from CD-ROM (Windows NT) [962969] Windows NT crashes while trying to intall them. [1054594] WinXP install halts (redo) [1153107] Windows XP fails with BSOD on 'vga' [938518] Win XP installation fails [645420] getHostMemAddr vetoed direct read [1179985] MS XENIX: >>PANIC<< VGABIOS panic at vgabios.c, line 0 [1329600] WBINVD and INVD should flush caches and TLB [638924] eliminate BX_USE_CONFIG_INTERFACE [1048711] Funny behaviour with CTRL [1288450] keyboard BIOS error [1310706] Keyboard - about key SHIFT [1295981] Ubuntu 5.04 Live-CD won't boot in Bochs [879047] APIC timer behavior different before reset and after [1188506] I still can't install the german Windows XP! [1301847] Windows XP dosn't boot - FXRSTOR problem ? [661259] does not boot QNX under WinX [924412] Keyboard lock states all whacked [681127] MIPSpro compiler (IRIX) is allergic to ^M [1285923] BIOS keyboard handler [516639] ATA controller revisited... [657918] does not boot BeOS under WinX [649245] BeOS CD locks halfway on boot [1094385] Attachment for bug 1090339 (beos failure) [1183196] BeOS 4.5 developer CD does not install [1090339] BeOS fails to boot [639484] panics when int 13 is called [711701] divide by zero [704295] ATAPI/BIOS call missing [682856] hard drive problems [627691] Cursor keys problem [588011] keyboard not working [542260] os/2 warp crashes with floppy handling [1273878] SB16 doesn't work in pure DOS [542254] OS/2 FDC driver dies [1099610] Windows 98 SE Does not install [875479] cr3 problem on task switch [731423] NE2000 causing PANIC on Win2K detection [1156155] bochs fails to boot plan9 iso [1251979] --enable-cpu-level=3 should assume --without-fpu [1257538] Interupt 15h 83h - set wait event interval [658396] Panic for DR DOS emm386 [679339] /? doesn't divulge Bochs command-line syntax [1167016] call/jump/return_protected doesn't support x86-64 [1252432] Mac OS X compile bug [881442] Bochs 2.1 PANIC when loading DOS Turbo Pascal protected mode [1249324] Boch2.2.1 Buffer Overfollow in void bx_local_apic_c::init () [1197144] 'make install' has dependency on wget [1079595] LTR:386TSS: loading tr.limit < 103 [1244070] Compilation Error in gui/rfb.cc [761707] CPU error when trying to start Privateer [517281] Crash running Privateer in DOS... ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.1 (July 8, 2005): - Fixed several compilation warnings and errors for different platforms (Volker) - Fixed FPU tag word restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Stanislav) - Added missing scancodes for F11 and F12 to BIOS translation table (Volker) - Bochs disassembler bugfixes (h.johansson) - About 5% emulation speed improvement (h.johansson) - Handle writing of zero to APIC timer initial count register (Stanislav) - Enable Idle-Hack for 'TERM' GUI (h.johansson) - Reduced overhead of BX_SHOW_IPS option to minimum. Now every simulation could run with --enable-show-ips without significant performance penalty. (Stanislav) - Fixed pcipnic register access (Volker) - Limited write support for TFTP server in 'vnet' networking module added (Volker) - Changed some timing defaults to more useful values (Volker) - WinXP/2003 style common controls now supported (Vitaly Vorobyov) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5c (Volker) - Added new BX_INSTR_HLT callback to instrumentation (Stanislav) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2 (May 28, 2005): Brief summary : - New floating point emulator based on SoftFloat floating point emulation library. - improved x86-64 emulation - Cirrus SVGA card emulation added - status bar with indicators for keyboard, floppy, cdrom and disk (gui dependant) - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. PCI subsystem) Detailed change log : - CPU - fixes for booting OS/2 by Dmitri Froloff - fixed v8086 priveleged instruction processing bug (was also reported by LightCone Aug 7 2003) - exception process bug (was reported by Diego Henriquez Sat Nov 15 01:16:51 CET 2003) - segment validation with IRET instruction - CS segment not present exception processing with IRET - several fixes by Kevin Lawton - add MSVC host asm instructions (patch by suzu) - fixed bug in HADDPD/HSUBP
2009 达内Unix学习笔记
集合了 所有的 Unix命令大全 登陆服务器时输入 公帐号 openlab-open123 telnet 192.168.0.23 自己帐号 sd08077-you0 ftp工具 192.168.0.202 tools-toolss 老师测评网址 http://172.16.0.198:8080/poll/ 各个 shell 可互相切换 ksh:$ sh:$ csh:guangzhou% bash:bash-3.00$ 一、注意事项 命令和参数之间必需用空格隔开，参数和参数之间也必需用空格隔开。 一行不能超过256个字符；大小写有区分。 二、特殊字符含义 文件名以“.”开头的都是隐藏文件/目录，只需在文件/目录名前加“.”就可隐藏它。 ~/ 表示主目录。 ./ 当前目录(一个点)。 ../ 上一级目录(两个点)。 ; 多个命令一起用。 > >> 输出重定向 。将一个命令的输出内容写入到一个文件里面。如果该文件存在， 就将该文件的内容覆盖； 如果不存在就先创建该文件， 然后再写入内容。 输出重定向，意思就是说，将原来屏幕输出变为文件输出，即将内容输到文件中。 < << 输入重定向。 本来命令是通过键盘得到输入的，但是用小于号，就能够使命令从文件中得到输入。 \ 表示未写完，回车换行再继续。 * 匹配零个或者多个字符。 ? 匹配一个字符。 [] 匹配中括号里的内容[a-z][A-Z][0-9]。 ！ 事件。 $ 取环境变量的值。 | 管道。把前一命令的输出作为后一命令的输入，把几个命令连接起来。 ｜经常跟tee连用，tee 把内容保存到文档并显示出来。 三、通用后接命令符 -a 所有(all)。 -e 所有(every)，比a更详细。 -f 取消保护。 -i 添加提示。 -p 强制执行。 -r 目录管理。 分屏显示的中途操作 空格 继续打开下一屏； 回车 继续打开下一行； b 另外开上一屏； f 另外开下一屏； h 帮助； q或Ctrl+C 退出； /字符串 从上往下查找匹配的字符串； ？字符串 从下往上查找匹配的字符串； n 继续查找。 四、退出命令 exit 退出; DOS内部命令 用于退出当前的命令处理器(COMMAND.COM) 恢复前一个命令处理器。 Ctrl+d 跟exit一样效果，表中止本次操作。 logout 当csh时可用来退出，其他shell不可用。 clear 清屏，清除(之前的内容并未删除，只是没看到，拉回上面可以看回)。 五、目录管理命令 pwd 显示当前所在目录，打印当前目录的绝对路径。 cd 进入某目录，DOS内部命令 显示或改变当前目录。 cd回车/cd ~ 都是回到自己的主目录。 cd . 当前目录(空格再加一个点)。 cd .. 回到上一级目录(空格再加两个点)。 cd ../.. 向上两级。 cd /user/s0807 从绝对路径去到某目录。 cd ~/s0807 直接进入主目录下的某目录(“cd ~"相当于主目录的路径的简写)。 ls 显示当前目录的所有目录和文件。 用法 ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstux1@] [file...] ls /etc/ 显示某目录下的所有文件和目录，如etc目录下的。 ls -l (list)列表显示文件(默认按文件名排序)， 显示文件的权限、硬链接数(即包含文件数,普通文件是1，目录1+)、用户、组名、大小、修改日期、文件名。 ls -t (time)按修改时间排序，显示目录和文件。 ls -lt 是“-l”和“-t”的组合，按时间顺序显示列表。 ls -F 显示文件类型，目录“/ ”结尾；可执行文件“*”结尾；文本文件(none)，没有结尾。 ls -R 递归显示目录结构。即该目录下的文件和各个副目录下的文件都一一显示。 ls -a 显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件。 文件权限 r 读权限。对普通文件来说，是读取该文件的权限；对目录来说，是获得该目录下的文件信息。 w 写权限。对文件，是修改；对目录，是增删文件与子目录。 (注 删除没有写权限的文件可以用 rm -f ，这是为了操作方便，是人性化的设计)。 x 执行权限；对目录，是进入该目录 - 表示没有权限 形式 - rw- r-- r-- 其中 第一个是文件类型(-表普通文件，d表目录，l表软链接文件) 第2~4个是属主，生成文件时登录的人，权限最高，用u表示 第5~7个是属组，系统管理员分配的同组的一个或几个人，用g表示 第8~10个是其他人，除属组外的人，用o表示 所有人，包括属主、属组及其他人，用a表示 chmod 更改权限； 用法 chmod [-fR] <绝对模式> 文件 ... chmod [-fR] <符号模式列表> 文件 ... 其中 <符号模式列表> 是一个用逗号分隔的表 [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXlstugo] chmod u+rw 给用户加权限。同理，u-rw也可以减权限。 chmod u=rw 给用户赋权限。与加权限不一样，赋权限有覆盖的效果。 主要形式有如下几种 chmod u+rw chmod u=rw chmod u+r, u+w chmod u+rw,g+w, o+r chmod 777( 用数字的方式设置权限是最常用的) 数字表示权限时，各数位分别表示属主、属组及其他人； 其中，1是执行权(Execute)，2是写权限(Write)，4是读权限(Read)， 具体权限相当于三种权限的数相加，如7＝1+2+4，即拥有读写和执行权。 另外,临时文件/目录的权限为rwt，可写却不可删,关机后自动删除；建临时目录:chmod 777 目录名，再chmod +t 目录名。 id 显示用户有效的uid(用户字)和gid(组名) 用法 id [-ap] [user] id 显示自己的。 id root 显示root的。 id -a root 显示用户所在组的所有组名(如root用户，是所有组的组员) df 查看文件系统，查看数据区 用法 df [-F FSType] [-abeghklntVvZ] [-o FSType 特定选项] [目录 | 块设备 | 资源] df -k 以kbytes显示文件大小的查看文件系统方式 六、显示文件内容 more 分屏显示文件的内容。 用法 more [-cdflrsuw] [-行] [+行号] [+/模式] [文件名 ...]。 显示7个信息:用户名 密码 用户id(uid) 组id(gid) 描述信息(一般为空) 用户主目录 login shell(登录shell) cat 显示文件内容，不分屏(一般用在小文件，大文件显示不下)；合并文件，仅在屏幕上合并，并不改变原文件。 用法 cat [ -usvtebn ] [-|文件] ... tail 实时监控文件，一般用在日志文件，可以只看其中的几行。 用法 tail [+/-[n][lbc][f]] [文件] tail [+/-[n][l][r|f]] [文件] 七、文件/目录的增删 echo 显示一行内容。 touch 如果文件/目录不存在，则创建新文件/目录；如果文件存在，那么就是更新该文件的最后访问时间， 用法 touch [-acm] [-r ref_file] 文件... touch [-acm] [MMDDhhmm[yy]] 文件... touch [-acm] [-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.SS]] file... mkdir 创建目录(必须有创建目录的权限) 用法 mkdir [-m 模式] [-p] dirname ... mkdir dir1/dir2 在dir1下建dir2 mkdir dir13 dir4 dir5 连建多个 mkdir ~/games 用户主目录下建(默认在当前目录下创建) mkdir -p dir6/dir7/dir8 强制创建dir8；若没有前面的目录，会自动创建dir6和dir7。 不用-p时，若没有dir6/dir7，则创建失败。 cp 复制文件/目录 cp 源文件 目标文件 复制文件；若已有文件则覆盖 cp -r 源目录 目标目录 复制目录；若已有目录则把源目录复制到目标目录下， 没有目标目录时，相当于完全复制源目录，只是文件名不同。 cp beans apple dir2 把beans、apple文件复制到dir2目录下 cp -i beans apple 增加是否覆盖的提示 mv 移动或重命名文件/目录 用法 mv [-f] [-i] f1 f2 mv [-f] [-i] f1 ... fn d1 mv [-f] [-i] d1 d2 mv 源文件名 目标文件名 若目标文件名还没有,则是源文件重命名为目标文件；若目标文件已存在，则源文件覆盖目标文件。 mv 源文件名 目标目录 移动文件 mv 源目录 目标目录 若目标目录不存在，则源目录重命名；若目标目录已存在，则源目录移动到目标目录下。 rm 删除文件/目录 用法 rm [-fiRr] 文件 ... rm 文件名 删除文件。 rm -r 目录名 删除目录。 rm –f 文件 只要是该文件或者目录的拥有者,无论是否有权限删除,都可以用这个命令参数强行删除。 rm -rf * 删除所有文件及目录 rmdir 删除空目录。只可以删除空目录。 ln 创建硬链接或软链接，硬链接＝同一文件的多个名字；软链接＝快捷方式 用法 ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 [f2] ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 ... fn d1 ln [-f] [-n] -s d1 d2 ln file1 file1.ln 创建硬链接。感觉是同一文件，删除一个，对另一个没有影响；须两个都删除才算删除。 ln -s file1 file1.sln 创建软链接。可跨系统操作，冲破操作权限；也是快捷方式。 八、时间显示 date 显示时间，精确到秒 用法 date [-u] mmddHHMM[[cc]yy][.SS] date [-u] [+format] date -a [-]sss[.fff] cal 显示日历 cal 9 2008 显示2008年9月的日历； cal 显示当月的 用法 cal [ [月] 年 ] 九、帮助 man 帮助( format and display the on-line manual pages) 用法 man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M 路径] [-T 宏软件包] [-s 段] 名称 ... man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M path] [-T macro-package] [-s section] name... man [-M 路径] -k 关键字 ... man [-M 路径] -f 文件 ... awk 按一定格式输出(pattern scanning and processing language) 用法 awk [-Fc] [-f 源代码 | 'cmds'] [文件] 十、vi 底行模式 ／？ 命令模式 i a o 输入模式 vi 的使用方法 1、光标 h 左 j 下 k 上 l 右 set nu 显示行号(set nonu) 21 光标停在指定行 21G 第N行 (G到文件尾，1G到文件头) 如果要将光标移动到文件第一行，那么就按 1G H 屏幕头 M 屏幕中间 L 屏幕底 ^ 或 shift+6 行首 $ 或 shift+4 行尾 Ctrl+f 下翻 Ctrl+b 上翻 2、输入 (输入模式) o 光标往下换一行 O (大写字母o)在光标所在行上插入一空行 i 在光标所在位置的前面插入字母 a 在光标所在位置的后面插入一个新字母 退出插入状态。 3、修改替换 r 替换一个字符 dd 删除行，剪切行 (5dd删除5行) 5,10d 删除 5 至 10 行(包括第 5行和第 10 行) x 删除一个字符 dw 删除词，剪切词。 ( 3dw删除 3 单词) cw 替换一个单词。 (cw 和 dw 的区别 cw 删除某一个单词后直接进入编辑模式，而dw删除词后仍处于命令模式) cc 替换一行 C 替换从光标到行尾 yy 复制行 (用法同下的 Y ，见下行) Y 将光标移动到要复制行位置，按yy。当你想粘贴的时候，请将光标移动到你想复制的位置的前一个位置，然后按 p yw 复制词 p 当前行下粘贴 1,2co3 复制行1，2在行3之后 4,5m6 移动行4，5在行6之后 u 当你的前一个命令操作是一个误操作的时候，那么可以按一下 u键，即可复原。只能撤销一次 r file2 在光标所在处插入另一个文件 ~ 将字母变成大写 J 可以将当前行与下一行连接起来 /字符串 从上往下找匹配的字符串 ?字符串 从下往上找匹配的字符串 n 继续查找 1,$s/旧串/新串/g 替换全文(或者 %s/旧串/新串/g) (1表示从第一行开始) 没有g则只替换一次，加g替换所有 3、存盘和退出 w 存盘 w newfile 存成新文件 wq 存盘再退出VI(或者ZZ或 X) q! 强行退出不存盘 查看用户 users 显示在线用户(仅显示用户名)。 who 显示在线用户，但比users更详细，包括用户名、终端号、登录时间、IP地址。 who am i 仅显示自己，(但包括用户名、端口、登录时间、IP地址；信息量＝who)。 whoami 也仅显示自己，但只有用户名(仅显示自己的有效的用户名)。 w 显示比who更多内容，还包括闲置时间、占CPU、平均占用CPU、执行命令。 用法 w [ -hlsuw ] [ 用户 ] su 改变用户，需再输入密码。 用法 su [-] [ username [ arg ... ] ] su － 相当于退出再重新登录。 查找 find 查找文件 用法 find [-H | -L] 路径列表 谓词列表 find / -name perl 从根目录开始查找名为perl的文件。 find . -mtime 10 -print 从当前目录查找距离现在10天时修改的文件，显示在屏幕上。 (注 “10”表示第10天的时候；如果是“+10”表示10天以外的范围；“-10”表示10天以内的范围。) grep 文件中查找字符；有过滤功能，只列出想要的内容 用法 grep -hblcnsviw 模式 文件 . . . 如 grep abc /etc/passwd 在passwd文件下找abc字符 wc 统计 -l 统计行数； -w统计单词数； -c 统计字符数 如 grep wang /etc/passwd|wc -l 统计passwd文件含“wang”的行数 du 查看目录情况 如 du -sk * 不加-s会显示子目录，-k按千字节排序 用法 du [-a] [-d] [-h|-k] [-r] [-o|-s] [-H|-L] [文件...] 进程管理 ps 显示进程。 用法 ps [ -aAdeflcjLPyZ ] [ -o 格式 ] [ -t 项列表 ] [ -u 用户列表 ] [ -U 用户列表 ] [ -G 组列表 ] [ -p 进程列表 ] [ -g 程序组列表 ] [ -s 标识符列表 ] [ -z 区域列表 ] ps 显示自己的进程。 ps －e 显示每个进程，包括空闲进程。 ps －f 显示详情。 ps －ef 组合－e和－f，所有进程的详情。 ps －U uidlist(用户列表) 具体查看某人的进程。 kill pkill sleep jobs 用法 jobs [-l ] fg ％n bg ％n stop ％n 挂起(仅csh能用) Ctrl+C Ctrl+Z 网络链接 ping usage ping host [timeout] usage ping -s [-l | U] [adLnRrv] [-A addr_family] [-c traffic_class] [-g gateway [-g gateway ...]] [-F flow_label] [-I interval] [-i interface] [-P tos] [-p port] [-t ttl] host [data_size] [npackets] ifconfig －a /sbin/ifconfig 查看本机的IP地址 netstat －rn rlogin ftp 帮助文件 [sd0807@localhost ~]$ help GNU bash, version 3.1.17(1)-release (i686-redhat-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. JOB_SPEC [&] (( expression )) . filename [arguments] [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f fi break [n] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [EXPR] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]. cd [-L|-P] [dir] command [-pVv] command [arg ...] compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-o continue [n] declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=val dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] enable [-pnds] [-a] [-f filename] eval [arg ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] file [redirec exit [n] export [-nf] [name[=value] ...] or false fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last fg [job_spec] for NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMA for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COM function NAME { COMMANDS ; } or NA getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [na help [-s] [pattern ...] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hi if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or job kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -si let arg [arg ...] local name[=value] ... logout popd [+N | -N] [-n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] pushd [dir | +N | -N] [-n] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [ readonly [-af] [name[=value] ...] return [n] select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do CO set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] shift [n] shopt [-pqsu] [-o long-option] opt source filename [arguments] suspend [-f] test [expr] time [-p] PIPELINE times trap [-lp] [arg signal_spec ...] true type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] name[=valu ulimit [-SHacdfilmnpqstuvx] [limit umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unset [-f] [-v] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done variables - Some variable names an wait [n] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done { COMMANDS ; } 输入 man help BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1) NAME bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, una- lias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see bash(1) BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not accept options. : [arguments] No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. . filename [arguments] source filename [arguments] Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file- name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable. When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read. alias [-p] [name[=value] ...] Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been defined. bg [jobspec ...] Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job con- trol enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control. bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV] bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq] bind [-m keymap] -f filename bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name bind readline-command Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed as a sepa- rate argument; e.g., ’"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file’. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -m keymap Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Accept- able keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. -l List the names of all readline functions. -p Display readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. -P List current readline function names and bindings. -v Display readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be re- read. -V List current readline variable names and values. -s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re-read. -S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. -f filename Read key bindings from filename. -q function Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function Unbind all keys bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove any current binding for keyseq. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is entered. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. break [n] Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, break n levels. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when break is executed. builtin shell-builtin [arguments] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and return its exit sta- tus. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command. cd [-L|-P] [dir] Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing dir. Alterna- tive directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ‘‘.’’. If dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P option says to use the physical directory structure instead of following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- name of the new working directory is written to the standard output. The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. caller [expr] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script exe- cuted with the . or source builtins. Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. command [-pVv] command [arg ...] Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin com- mands or commands found in the PATH are executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the command builtin is the exit status of command. compgen [option] [word] Generate possible completion matches for word according to the options, which may be any option accepted by the complete builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the vari- ous shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If word is specified, only those completions matching word will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...] complete -pr [name ...] Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the -p option is sup- plied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifica- tions. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under Programmable Completion. Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the complete builtin is invoked. -o comp-option The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. comp-option may be one of: bashdefault Perform the rest of the default bash completions if the compspec gen- erates no matches. default Use readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. filenames Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can per- form any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to direc- tory names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. plusdirs After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -A action The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible comple- tions: alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a. arrayvar Array variable names. binding Readline key binding names. builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. command Command names. May also be specified as -c. directory Directory names. May also be specified as -d. disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. enabled Names of enabled shell builtins. export Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. file File names. May also be specified as -f. function Names of shell functions. group Group names. May also be specified as -g. helptopic Help topics as accepted by the help builtin. hostname Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HOSTFILE shell variable. job Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. service Service names. May also be specified as -s. setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin. shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin. signal Signal names. stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. user User names. May also be specified as -u. variable Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. -G globpat The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate the possible completions. -W wordlist The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. -C command command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. -F function The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY array variable. -X filterpat filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and argu- ments, and each completion matching filterpat is removed from the list. A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. -P prefix prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -S suffix suffix is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argument, an attempt is made to remove a comple- tion specification for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. continue [n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing loop. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ‘‘top-level’’ loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when con- tinue is executed. declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are given then display the values of variables. The -p option will display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, the source file name and line number where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: -a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above). -f Use function names only. -i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. -r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. -t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special mean- ing for variables. -x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array variable. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ‘‘-f foo=bar’’, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis- tent function with -f. dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes entries from the list. +n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. -l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. -p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. -v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...] Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job. echo [-neE] [arg ...] Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default. echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo interprets the following escape sequences: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress trailing newline \e an escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits) \nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (one to three octal digits) \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run ‘‘enable -n test’’. The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eval [arg ...] The args are read and concatenated together into a single command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0. exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]] If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1) does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty environ- ment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth argument to the exe- cuted command. If command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. exit [n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EXIT is executed before the shell termi- nates. export [-fn] [name[=word]] ... export -p The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the export property to be removed from each name. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is sup- plied with a name that is not a function. fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last] fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd] Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first to last is selected from the history list. First and last may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If last is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that ‘‘fc -l -10’’ prints the last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not speci- fied it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file contain- ing those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set. If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is ‘‘r="fc -s"’’, so that typing ‘‘r cc’’ runs the last command beginning with ‘‘cc’’ and typing ‘‘r’’ re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encoun- tered or first or last specify history lines out of range. If the -e option is sup- plied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-executed, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in which case fc returns failure. fg [jobspec] Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis- abled or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not specify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. getopts optstring name [args] getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. optstring con- tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option char- acters. Each time it is invoked, getopts places the next option in the shell vari- able name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND auto- matically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?. getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead. getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent, a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option charac- ter found. getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name] For each name, the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name. If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. help [-s] [pattern] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. The -s option restricts the infor- mation displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern. history [n] history -c history -d offset history -anrw [filename] history -p arg [arg ...] history -s arg [arg ...] With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. -d offset Delete the history entry at position offset. -a Append the ‘‘new’’ history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current bash session) to the history file. -n Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the begin- ning of the current bash session. -r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. -w Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the history file’s contents. -p Perform history substitution on the following args and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each arg must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. -s Store the args in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the args are added. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ] jobs -x command [ args ... ] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: -l List process IDs in addition to the normal information. -p List only the process ID of the job’s process group leader. -n Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. -r Restrict output to running jobs. -s Restrict output to stopped jobs. If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid jobspec is sup- plied. If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and executes command passing it args, returning its exit status. kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ... kill -l [sigspec | exit_status] Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to -l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process termi- nated by a signal. kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. let arg [arg ...] Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. local [option] [name[=value] ...] For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless local is used outside a function, an invalid name is sup- plied, or name is a readonly variable. logout Exit a login shell. popd [-n] [+n] [-n] Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top direc- tory from the stack, and performs a cd to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: +n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, start- ing with zero. For example: ‘‘popd +0’’ removes the first directory, ‘‘popd +1’’ the second. -n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ‘‘popd -0’’ removes the last directory, ‘‘popd -1’’ the next to last. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. printf [-v var] format [arguments] Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain charac- ters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the cor- responding argument (except that \c terminates output, backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with \0 may contain up to four digits), and %q causes printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable var rather than being printed to the standard output. The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. pushd [-n] [dir] pushd [-n] [+n] [-n] Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well. If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. pwd [-LP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d delim] [name ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -a aname The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any new values are assigned. Other name arguments are ignored. -d delim The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. -e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline (see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line. -n nchars read returns after reading nchars characters rather than waiting for a com- plete line of input. -p prompt Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing newline, before attempt- ing to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. -r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. -s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. -t timeout Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This option has no effect if read is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. -u fd Read input from file descriptor fd. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...] The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari- able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a function. return [n] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a function and not during execution of a script by ., the return status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: -a Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. -b Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. -e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a while or until keyword, part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││ list, or if the command’s return value is being inverted via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. -f Disable pathname expansion. -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. -k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environ- ment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Back- ground processes run in a separate process group and a line containing their exit status is printed upon their completion. -n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. -o option-name The option-name can be one of the following: allexport Same as -a. braceexpand Same as -B. emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the --noediting option. errtrace Same as -E. functrace Same as -T. errexit Same as -e. hashall Same as -h. histexpand Same as -H. history Enable command history, as described above under HISTORY. This option is on by default in interactive shells. ignoreeof The effect is as if the shell command ‘‘IGNOREEOF=10’’ had been exe- cuted (see Shell Variables above). keyword Same as -k. monitor Same as -m. noclobber Same as -C. noexec Same as -n. noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored. notify Same as -b. nounset Same as -u. onecmd Same as -t. physical Same as -P. pipefail If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all command
MS-DOS 5.0
README.TXT NOTES ON MS-DOS VERSION 5.0 =========================== In this file the following topics are covered: 1. Introduction 2. Solving Setup Problems 2.1 Priam and Everex Hard Disks 2.2 SyQuest Removable Hard Disk 2.3 Bernoulli Drive 2.4 Disk Manager 2.5 SpeedStor and Volume Expansion 2.6 Novell Partitions 2.7 Vfeature Deluxe 2.8 Columbia Data Systems Device Driver 2.9 Incompatible Partition 2.10 WYSE Partitions 2.11 286 Accelerator Cards 2.12 Bernoulli Cache 2.13 AT&T 6300 Computers 2.14 LANtastic 2.15 Western Digital SCSI Hard-Disk Controllers 2.16 Change CONFIG.SYS File 2.17 Toshiba T1600 and a Hard RAM Disk 3. Installing MS-DOS 5.0 on OS/2 Systems 3.1 Installing MS-DOS 5.0 and OS/2 Dual-Boot Systems 3.2 Using the Uninstall Program on an OS/2 System 4. Solving Memory Problems 4.1 386MAX 4.2 All Computers Expanded-Memory Driver 4.3 Bus Master DMA Controller 4.4 HIMEM.SYS Location 4.5 INT15 Access to Extended Memory 4.6 Intel LIM Driver 4.7 Phoenix BIOS and HIMEM.SYS 4.8 QEMM 4.9 XMAEM.SYS and XMA2EM.SYS 5. Solving Problems with Windows 5.1 DOS Applications in Windows Enhanced Mode 5.2 EMM386.EXE Location 5.3 WINA20.386 File 5.4 Windows 3.0 Enhanced Debug Version 5.5 Windows 2.03 5.6 Windows/286 2.1 5.7 Windows 386 and the Upper Memory Area 6. Making Your Hardware Compatible with MS-DOS 5.0 6.1 101-key Keyboards and QBasic/MS-DOS Editor 6.2 Acer 1100/33 6.3 Adaptec Controller Boards 6.4 Amstrad Systems and KEYB.COM 6.5 Hardcard II 6.6 COMPAQ EXTDISK.SYS Driver 6.7 Corel System Drivers 6.8 External Disk Drives 6.9 Mice and MS-DOS Shell 6.10 NCR VGA BIOS 6.11 Olivetti Systems 6.12 Toshiba T3100SX 6.13 Western Digital VGA Card 6.14 Zenith Computers 7. Making Your Network Compatible with MS-DOS 5.0 7.1 3+Share 7.2 AT&T StarGROUP 7.3 DCA 10Net and Word5 7.4 DOS LAN Requester 7.5 I
uboott移植实验手册及技术文档
实验三 移植U-Boot-1.3.1 实验 【实验目的】 了解 U-Boot-1.3.1 的代码结构，掌握其移植方法。 【实验环境】 1、Ubuntu 7.0.4发行版 2、u-boot-1.3.1 3、FS2410平台 4、交叉编译器 arm-softfloat-linux-gnu-gcc-3.4.5 【实验步骤】 一、建立自己的平台类型 （1）解压文件 #tar jxvf u-boot-1.3.1.tar.bz2 （2）进入 U-Boot源码目录 #cd u-boot-1.3.1 （3）创建自己的开发板： #cd board #cp smdk2410 fs2410 –a #cd fs2410 #mv smdk2410.c fs2410.c #vi Makefile （将 smdk2410修改为 fs2410） #cd ../../include/configs #cp smdk2410.h fs2410.h 退回 U-Boot根目录：#cd ../../ （4）建立编译选项 #vi Makefile smdk2410_config : unconfig @$(MKCONFIG) $(@:_config=) arm arm920t smdk2410 NULL s3c24x0 fs2410_config : unconfig @$(MKCONFIG) $(@:_config=) arm arm920t fs2410 NULL s3c24x0 arm: CPU的架构(ARCH) arm920t: CPU的类型(CPU)，其对应于 cpu/arm920t子目录。 fs2410: 开发板的型号(BOARD)，对应于 board/fs2410目录。 NULL: 开发者/或经销商(vender)，本例为空 s3c24x0: 片上系统(SOC) （5）编译 #make fs2410_config; #make 本步骤将编译 u-boot.bin文件，但此时还无法运行在FS2410开发板上。 二、修改 cpu/arm920t/start.S文件，完成 U-Boot的重定向 （1）修改中断禁止部分 # if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) ldr r1, =0x7ff /*根据 2410 芯片手册，INTSUBMSK 有 11位可用 */ ldr r0, =INTSUBMSK Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) str r1, [r0] # endif （2）修改时钟设置（这个文件要根据具体的平台进行修改） （3）将从Nor Flash启动改成从 NAND Flash启动 在文件中找到 195-201 代码，并在 201行后面添加如下代码： 195 copy_loop: 196 ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /* copy from source address [r0] */ 197 stmiar1!, {r3-r10} /* copy to target address [r1] */ 198 cmp r0, r2 /* until source end addreee [r2] */ 199 ble copy_loop 200 #endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */ 201 #endif #ifdef CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT @ reset NAND mov r1, #NAND_CTL_BASE ldr r2, =0xf830 @ initial value str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF] ldr r2, [r1, #oNFCONF] bic r2, r2, #0x800 @ enable chip str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF] mov r2, #0xff @ RESET command strb r2, [r1, #oNFCMD] mov r3, #0 @ wait nand1: add r3, r3, #0x1 cmp r3, #0xa blt nand1 nand2: ldr r2, [r1, #oNFSTAT] @ wait ready tst r2, #0x1 beq nand2 ldr r2, [r1, #oNFCONF] orr r2, r2, #0x800 @ disable chip str r2, [r1, #oNFCONF] @ get read to call C functions (for nand_read()) ldr sp, DW_STACK_START @ setup stack pointer mov fp, #0 @ no previous frame, so fp=0 @ copy U-Boot to RAM ldr r0, =TEXT_BASE mov r1, #0x0 mov r2, #0x30000 bl nand_read_ll tst r0, #0x0 beq ok_nand_read Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)bad_nand_read: loop2: b loop2 @ infinite loop ok_nand_read: @ verify mov r0, #0 ldr r1, =TEXT_BASE mov r2, #0x400 @ 4 bytes * 1024 = 4K-bytes go_next: ldr r3, [r0], #4 ldr r4, [r1], #4 teq r3, r4 bne notmatch subs r2, r2, #4 beq stack_setup bne go_next notmatch: loop3: b loop3 @ infinite loop #endif @ CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT （4）在 “ _start_armboot: .word start_armboot ”后加入： .align 2 DW_STACK_START: .word STACK_BASE+STACK_SIZE-4 三、创建 board/fs2410/nand_read.c 文件，加入读 NAND Flash 的操作。 #include #define __REGb(x) (*(volatile unsigned char *)(x)) #define __REGi(x) (*(volatile unsigned int *)(x)) #define NF_BASE 0x4e000000 # if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) #define NFCONF __REGi(NF_BASE + 0x0) #define NFCMD __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x4) #define NFADDR __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x8) #define NFDATA __REGb(NF_BASE + 0xc) #define NFSTAT __REGb(NF_BASE + 0x10) #define BUSY 1 inline void wait_idle(void) { int i; while(!(NFSTAT & BUSY)) for(i=0; i<10; i++); } /* low level nand read function */ int nand_read_ll(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long start_addr, int size) { int i, j; Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) if ((start_addr & NAND_BLOCK_MASK) || (size & NAND_BLOCK_MASK)) { return -1; /* invalid alignment */ } /* chip Enable */ NFCONF &= ~0x800; for(i=0; i<10; i++); for(i=start_addr; i > 9) & 0xff; NFADDR = (i >> 17) & 0xff; NFADDR = (i >> 25) & 0xff; wait_idle(); for(j=0; j NFCONF = conf; } Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)static inline void NF_Cmd(u8 cmd) { S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); nand->NFCMD = cmd; } static inline void NF_CmdW(u8 cmd) { NF_Cmd(cmd); udelay(1); } static inline void NF_Addr(u8 addr) { S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); nand->NFADDR = addr; } static inline void NF_WaitRB(void) { S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); while (!(nand->NFSTAT & (1NFDATA); } static inline u32 NF_Read_ECC(void) { S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); return(nand->NFECC); } static inline void NF_SetCE(NFCE_STATE s) { S3C2410_NAND * const nand = S3C2410_GetBase_NAND(); switch (s) { case NFCE_LOW: nand->NFCONF &= ~(1mand */ for(i = 0; i < 10; i++); /* tWB = 100ns. */ NF_WaitRB(); /* wait 200~500us; */ NF_SetCE(NFCE_HIGH); } static inline void NF_Init(void) { #if 0 #define TACLS 0 #define TWRPH0 3 #define TWRPH1 0 #else #define TACLS 0 #define TWRPH0 4 #define TWRPH1 2 #endif #if defined(CONFIG_S3C2440) NF_Conf((TACLS<<12)|(TWRPH0<<8)|(TWRPH1<<4)); NF_Cont((1<<6)|(1<<4)|(1<<1)|(1<<0)); #else NF_Conf((1<<15)|(0<<14)|(0<<13)|(1<<12)|(1<<11)|(TACLS<<8)|(TWRPH0<<4)|(TWRPH1 20); } #endif （2）配置GPIO 和 PLL 根据开发板的硬件说明和芯片手册，修改GPIO 和 PLL的配置。 六、修改 include/configs/fs2410.h 头文件 （1）加入命令定义 /* Command line configuration. */ #include #define CONFIG_CMD_ASKENV #define CONFIG_CMD_CACHE #define CONFIG_CMD_DATE #define CONFIG_CMD_DHCP #define CONFIG_CMD_ELF #define CONFIG_CMD_PING #define CONFIG_CMD_NAND #define CONFIG_CMD_REGINFO #define CONFIG_CMD_USB #define CONFIG_CMD_FAT （2）修改命令提示符 #define CFG_PROMPT "SMDK2410 # " -> #define CFG_PROMPT "FS2410# " （3）修改默认载入地址 #define CFG_LOAD_ADDR 0x33000000 -> #define CFG_LOAD_ADDR 0x30008000 （4）加入 Flash环境信息 #define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_NAND 1 #define CFG_ENV_OFFSET 0X30000 #define CFG_NAND_LEGACY //#define CFG_ENV_IS_IN_FLASH 1 #define CFG_ENV_SIZE 0x10000 /* Total Size of Environment Sector */ （5）加入Nand Flash设置（在文件结尾处） /* NAND flash settings */ #if defined(CONFIG_CMD_NAND) #define CFG_NAND_BASE 0x4E000000 /* NandFlash控制器在SFR区起始寄存器地址 */ #define CFG_MAX_NAND_DEVICE 1 /* 支持的最在Nand Flash数据 */ #define SECTORSIZE 512 /* 1页的大小 */ #define NAND_SECTOR_SIZE SECTORSIZE Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)#define NAND_BLOCK_MASK 511 /* 页掩码 */ #define ADDR_COLUMN 1 /* 一个字节的Column地址 */ #define ADDR_PAGE 3 /* 3字节的页块地址!!!!!*/ #define ADDR_COLUMN_PAGE 4 /* 总共4字节的页块地址!!!!! */ #define NAND_ChipID_UNKNOWN 0x00 /* 未知芯片的ID号 */ #define NAND_MAX_FLOORS 1 #define NAND_MAX_CHIPS 1 /* Nand Flash命令层底层接口函数 */ #define WRITE_NAND_ADDRESS(d, adr) {rNFADDR = d;} #define WRITE_NAND(d, adr) {rNFDATA = d;} #define READ_NAND(adr) (rNFDATA) #define NAND_WAIT_READY(nand) {while(!(rNFSTAT&(1<<0)));} #define WRITE_NAND_COMMAND(d, adr) {rNFCMD = d;} #define WRITE_NAND_COMMANDW(d, adr) NF_CmdW(d) #define NAND_DISABLE_CE(nand) {rNFCONF |= (1<<11);} #define NAND_ENABLE_CE(nand) {rNFCONF &= ~(1<<11);} /* the following functions are NOP's because S3C24X0 handles this in hardware */ #define NAND_CTL_CLRALE(nandptr) #define NAND_CTL_SETALE(nandptr) #define NAND_CTL_CLRCLE(nandptr) #define NAND_CTL_SETCLE(nandptr) /* 允许 Nand Flash写校验 */ #define CONFIG_MTD_NAND_VERIFY_WRITE 1 （6）加入Nand Flash启动支持（在文件结尾处） /* Nandflash Boot*/ #define STACK_BASE 0x33f00000 #define STACK_SIZE 0x8000 /* NAND Flash Controller */ #define NAND_CTL_BASE 0x4E000000 #define bINT_CTL(Nb) __REG(INT_CTL_BASE + (Nb)) /* Offset */ #define oNFCONF 0x00 #define CONFIG_S3C2410_NAND_BOOT 1 /* Offset */ #define oNFCONF 0x00 #define oNFCMD 0x04 #define oNFADDR 0x08 #define oNFDATA 0x0c #define oNFSTAT 0x10 #define oNFECC 0x14 #define rNFCONF (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000000) #define rNFCMD (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000004) Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)#define rNFADDR (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000008) #define rNFDATA (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e00000c) #define rNFSTAT (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000010) #define rNFECC (*(volatile unsigned int *)0x4e000014) #define rNFECC0 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000014) #define rNFECC1 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000015) #define rNFECC2 (*(volatile unsigned char *)0x4e000016) #endif （7）加入 jffs2的支持 /*JFFS2 Support */ #undef CONFIG_JFFS2_CMDLINE #define CONFIG_JFFS2_NAND 1 #define CONFIG_JFFS2_DEV "nand0" #define CONFIG_JFFS2_PART_SIZE 0x4c0000 #define CONFIG_JFFS2_PART_OFFSET 0x40000 /*JFFS2 Support */ （8）加入 usb的支持 /* USB Support*/ #define CONFIG_USB_OHCI #define CONFIG_USB_STORAGE #define CONFIG_USB_KEYBOARD #define CONFIG_DOS_PARTITION #define CFG_DEVICE_DEREGISTER #define CONFIG_SUPPORT_VFAT #define LITTLEENDIAN /* USB Support*/ 七、修改 include/linux/mtd/nand.h头文件 屏蔽如下定义： #if 0 /* Select the chip by setting nCE to low */ #define NAND_CTL_SETNCE 1 /* Deselect the chip by setting nCE to high */ #define NAND_CTL_CLRNCE 2 /* Select the command latch by setting CLE to high */ #define NAND_CTL_SETCLE 3 /* Deselect the command latch by setting CLE to low */ #define NAND_CTL_CLRCLE 4 /* Select the address latch by setting ALE to high */ #define NAND_CTL_SETALE 5 /* Deselect the address latch by setting ALE to low */ #define NAND_CTL_CLRALE 6 /* Set write protection by setting WP to high. Not used! */ #define NAND_CTL_SETWP 7 /* Clear write protection by setting WP to low. Not used! */ Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)#define NAND_CTL_CLRWP 8 #endif 八、修改 include/linux/mtd/nand_ids.h 头文件 在该文件中加入开发板的 NAND Flash型号 {"Samsung K9F1208U0B", NAND_MFR_SAMSUNG, 0x76, 26, 0, 4, 0x4000, 0}, 九、修改 common/env_nand.c文件 我们使用了早期的Nand读写方式，因此做出下列移植： (1) 加入函数原型定义 extern struct nand_chip nand_dev_desc[CFG_MAX_NAND_DEVICE]; extern int nand_legacy_erase(struct nand_chip *nand, size_t ofs, size_t len, int clean); /* info for NAND chips, defined in drivers/nand/nand.c */ extern nand_info_t nand_info[CFG_MAX_NAND_DEVICE]; (2) 修改saveenv函数 注释//if (nand_erase(&nand_info[0], CFG_ENV_OFFSET, CFG_ENV_SIZE)) 加入：if (nand_legacy_erase(nand_dev_desc + 0, CFG_ENV_OFFSET, CFG_ENV_SIZE, 0)) 注释//ret = nand_write(&nand_info[0], CFG_ENV_OFFSET, &total, (u_char*)env_ptr); 加入：ret = nand_legacy_rw(nand_dev_desc + 0,0x00 | 0x02, CFG_ENV_OFFSET, CFG_ENV_SIZE, &total, (u_char*)env_ptr); (3) 修改env_relocate_spec函数 注释//ret = nand_read(&nand_info[0], CFG_ENV_OFFSET, &total, (u_char*)env_ptr); 加入：ret = nand_legacy_rw(nand_dev_desc + 0, 0x01 | 0x02, CFG_ENV_OFFSET, CFG_ENV_SIZE, &total, (u_char*)env_ptr); 十、修改 common/cmd_boot.c 文件，添加内核启动参数设置 (1) 首先添加头文件#include (2) 修改do_go函数。具体修改为： int do_go (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[]) { #if defined(CONFIG_I386) DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR; #endif ulong addr, rc; int rcode = 0; ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// char *commandline = getenv("bootargs"); struct param_struct *my_params=(struct param_struct *)0x30000100; memset(my_params,0,sizeof(struct param_struct)); my_params->u1.s.page_size=4096; my_params->u1.s.nr_pages=0x4000000>>12; memcpy(my_params->commandline,commandline,strlen(commandline)+1); Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// if (argc usage); return 1; } addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16); printf ("## Starting application at 0x%08lX ...\n", addr); /* * pass address parameter as argv[0] (aka command name), * and all remaining args */ #if defined(CONFIG_I386) /* * x86 does not use a dedicated register to pass the pointer * to the global_data */ argv[0] = (char *)gd; #endif #if !defined(CONFIG_NIOS) //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// __asm__( "mov r1, #193\n" "mov ip, #0\n" "mcr p15, 0, ip, c13, c0, 0\n" /* zero PID */ "mcr p15, 0, ip, c7, c7, 0\n" /* invalidate I,D caches */ "mcr p15, 0, ip, c7, c10, 4\n" /* drain write buffer */ "mcr p15, 0, ip, c8, c7, 0\n" /* invalidate I,D TLBs */ "mrc p15, 0, ip, c1, c0, 0\n" /* get control register */ "bic ip, ip, #0x0001\n" /* disable MMU */ "mov pc, %0\n" "nop\n" : :"r"(addr) ); ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// rc = ((ulong (*)(int, char *[]))addr) (--argc, &argv[1]); #else /* * Nios function pointers are address >> 1 */ rc = ((ulong (*)(int, char *[]))(addr>>1)) (--argc, &argv[1]); #endif if (rc != 0) rcode = 1; Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) printf ("## Application terminated, rc = 0x%lX\n", rc); return rcode; } 其中用//括起来的代码是要添加的代码。否则在引导LINUX 内核的时候会出现一个 Error： a 或无法传递内核启动参数的错误。其原因是平台号或启动参数没有正确传入内核。 十一、交叉编译 U-BOOT #make distclean #make fs2410_config export PATH=$PATH:/home/linux/crosstool/gcc-3.4.5-glibc-2.3.6/arm-softfloat-linux-gnu/bin: #make CROSS_COMPILE= arm-softfloat-linux-gnu- 生成的 u-boot.bin 即为我们移植后的结果。下载到开发板上运行！ Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)U-Boot简介 U-Boot，全称 Universal Boot Loader，是遵循 GPL 条款的开放源码项目。从 FADSROM、 8xxROM、PPCBOOT 逐步发展演化而来。其源码目录、编译形式与 Linux 内核很相似，事 实上，不少U-Boot源码就是相应的 Linux内核源程序的简化，尤其是一些设备的驱动程序， 这从U-Boot源码的注释中能体现这一点。 但是U-Boot不仅仅支持嵌入式Linux系统的引导， 当前，它还支持 NetBSD, VxWorks, QNX, RTEMS, ARTOS, LynxOS嵌入式操作系统。其目 前要支持的目标操作系统是OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD,4.4BSD, Linux, SVR4, Esix, Solaris, Irix, SCO, Dell, NCR, VxWorks, LynxOS, pSOS, QNX, RTEMS, ARTOS。这是 U-Boot中 Universal的一层含义，另外一层含义则是 U-Boot除了支持 PowerPC系列的处理器外，还能 支持 MIPS、 x86、ARM、NIOS、XScale等诸多常用系列的处理器。这两个特点正是U-Boot 项目的开发目标，即支持尽可能多的嵌入式处理器和嵌入式操作系统。就目前来看，U-Boot 对 PowerPC 系列处理器支持最为丰富，对 Linux 的支持最完善。其它系列的处理器和操作 系统基本是在2002年11 月PPCBOOT改名为U-Boot后逐步扩充的。 从PPCBOOT向U-Boot 的顺利过渡，很大程度上归功于 U-Boot 的维护人德国 DENX 软件工程中心 Wolfgang Denk[以下简称 W.D]本人精湛专业水平和持着不懈的努力。当前，U-Boot 项目正在他的领 军之下，众多有志于开放源码 BOOT LOADER移植工作的嵌入式开发人员正如火如荼地将 各个不同系列嵌入式处理器的移植工作不断展开和深入， 以支持更多的嵌入式操作系统的装 载与引导。 选择 U-Boot的理由： ① 开放源码； ② 支持多种嵌入式操作系统内核，如 Linux、NetBSD, VxWorks, QNX, RTEMS, ARTOS, LynxOS； ③ 支持多个处理器系列，如 PowerPC、ARM、x86、MIPS、XScale； ④ 较高的可靠性和稳定性； ④ 较高的可靠性和稳定性； ⑤ 高度灵活的功能设置，适合U-Boot调试、操作系统不同引导要求、产品发布等； ⑥ 丰富的设备驱动源码，如串口、以太网、SDRAM、FLASH、LCD、NVRAM、EEPROM、 RTC、键盘等； ⑦ 较为丰富的开发调试文档与强大的网络技术支持； U-Boot主要目录结构 - board 目标板相关文件，主要包含 SDRAM、FLASH 驱动； - common 独立于处理器体系结构的通用代码，如内存大小探测与故障检测； - cpu 与处理器相关的文件。如 mpc8xx子目录下含串口、网口、LCD 驱动及中断初始化等 文件； - driver 通用设备驱动，如 CFI FLASH 驱动（目前对INTEL FLASH 支持较好） Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)- doc U-Boot的说明文档； - examples可在 U-Boot下运行的示例程序；如 hello_world.c,timer.c； - include U-Boot头文件；尤其 configs子目录下与目标板相关的配置头文件是移植过程中经 常要修改的文件； - lib_xxx 处理器体系相关的文件，如 lib_ppc, lib_arm目录分别包含与 PowerPC、ARM体系 结构相关的文件； - net 与网络功能相关的文件目录，如 bootp,nfs,tftp； - post 上电自检文件目录。尚有待于进一步完善； - rtc RTC驱动程序； - tools 用于创建 U-Boot S-RECORD 和 BIN 镜像文件的工具； U-Boot支持的主要功能 U-Boot可支持的主要功能列表 系统引导 支持NFS挂载、RAMDISK（压缩或非压缩）形式的根文件系统 支持 NFS挂载、从 FLASH 中引导压缩或非压缩系统内核； 基本辅助功能 强大的操作系统接口功能；可灵活设置、传递多个关键参数给操作系统，适 合系统在不同开发阶段的调试要求与产品发布，尤对Linux支持最为强劲； 支持目标板环境参数多种存储方式，如 FLASH、NVRAM、EEPROM； CRC32校验，可校验 FLASH 中内核、RAMDISK 镜像文件是否完好； 设备驱动 串口、 SDRAM、 FLASH、 以太网、 LCD、 NVRAM、 EEPROM、 键盘、 USB、 PCMCIA、 PCI、RTC等驱动支持； 上电自检功能 SDRAM、FLASH 大小自动检测；SDRAM故障检测；CPU型号； 特殊功能 XIP内核引导； 移植前的准备 （1）、首先读读 uboot自带的 readme文件，了解了一个大概。 （2）、看看 common.h，这个文件定义了一些基本的东西，并包含了一些必要的头文件。再 看看 flash.h，这个文件里面定义了 flash_info_t为一个 struct。包含了 flash的一些属性定义。 并且定义了所有的 flash 的属性，其中，AMD 的有：AMD_ID_LV320B，定义为“#define AMD_ID_LV320B 0x22F922F9” 。 （3）、对于“./borad/at91rm9200dk/flash.c”的修改，有以下的方面： “void flash_identification(flash_info_t *info)”这个函数的目的是确认 flash的型号。注意的 是，这个函数里面有一些宏定义，直接读写了 flash。并获得 ID 号。 （4）、修改： ”./board/at91rm9200dk/config.mk”为 TEXT_BASE=0x21f80000 为 TEXT_BASE=0x21f00000 （当然，你应该根据自己的板子来 修改，和一级boot的定义的一致即可）。 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)（5）、再修改”./include/configs/at91rm9200dk.h”为 修改 flash和 SDRAM的大小。 （6）、另外一个要修改的文件是： ./borad/at91rm9200dk/flash.c。这个文件修改的部分比较的多。 a． 首先是OrgDef的定义，加上目前的 flash。 b． 接下来，修改”#define FLASH_BANK_SIZE 0x200000”为自己flash的 容量 c． 在修改函数 flash_identification(flash_info_t * info)里面的打印信息，这部分将在 u-boot 启动的时候显示。 d． 然后修改函数 flash_init(void)里面对一些变量的赋值。 e． 最后修改的是函数 flash_print_info(flash_info_t * info)里面实际打印的函数信息。 f． 还有一个函数需要修改，就是： “flash_erase” ，这个函数要检测先前知道的 flash类型是 否匹配，否则，直接就返回了。把这里给注释掉。 （7）、接下来看看 SDRAM的修改。 这个里面对于“SIZE”的定义都是基于字节计算的。 只要修改”./include/configs/at91rm9200dk.h”里面的 “#define PHYS_SDRAM_SIZE 0X200000”就可以了。注意，SIZE 是以字节为单位的。 （8）、还有一个地方要注意 就是按照目前的设定，一级 boot 把 u_boot 加载到了 SDRAM 的空间为：21F00000 -> 21F16B10，这恰好是 SDRAM的高端部分。另外，BSS为 21F1AE34。 （9）、编译后，可以写入 flash了。 a． 压缩这个 u-boot.bin “gzip –c u-boot.bin > u-boot.gz” 压缩后的文件大小为： 43Kbytes b． 接着把 boot.bin和 u-boot.gz 烧到 flash里面去。 Boot.bin大约 11kBytes，在 flash的 0x1000 0000 ~ 0x1000 3fff U-Boot移植过程 ① 获得发布的最新版本 U-Boot源码，与 Linux内核源码类似，也是 bzip2 的压缩格式。可 从 U-Boot的官方网站 http://sourceforge.net/projects/U-Boot上获得； ② 阅读相关文档，主要是 U-Boot 源码根目录下的 README 文档和 U-Boot 官方网站的 DULG （ The DENX U-Boot and Linux Guide ） 文档 http://www.denx.de/twiki/bin/view/DULG/Manual。尤其是DULG 文档，从如何安装建立交叉 开发环境和解决 U-Boot移植中常见问题都一一给出详尽的说明； Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) ③ 订阅 U-Boot 用户邮件列表 http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/u-boot-users。在移植 U-Boot 过程中遇有问题 ， 在参考相关文档和搜 索 U-Boot-User 邮 件 档 案 库 http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?forum_id=12898 仍不能解决的情况下，第一时间 提交所遇到的这些问题，众多热心的 U-Boot开发人员会乐于迅速排查问题，而且很有可能， W.D本人会直接参与指导； ④ 在建立的开发环境下进行移植工作。绝大多数的开发环境是交叉开发环境。在这方面， DENX 和 MontaVista 均提供了完整的开发工具集； ⑤ 在目标板与开发主机间接入硬件调试器。 这是进行U-Boot移植应当具备且非常关键的调 试工具。因为在整个 U-Boot的移植工作中,尤其是初始阶段，硬件调试器是我们了解目标板 真实运行状态的唯一途径。 在这方面， W.D 本人和众多嵌入式开发人员倾向于使用 BDI2000。 一方面，其价格不如 ICE 调试器昂贵，同时其可靠性高，功能强大，完全能胜任移植和调 试 U-Boot。另外，网上也有不少关于 BDI2000调试方面的参考文档。 ⑥ 如果在参考开发板上移植 U-Boot，可能需要移除目标板上已有的 BOOT LOADER。可以 根据板上 BOOT LOADER的说明文档，先着手解决在移除当前 BOOT LOADER的情况下， 如何进行恢复。以便今后在需要场合能重新装入原先的BOOT LOADER。 U-Boot移植方法 当前，对于 U-Boot的移植方法，大致分为两种。一种是先用 BDI2000创建目标板初始运行 环境，将 U- Boot镜像文件 u-boot.bin下载到目标板 RAM中的指定位置，然后，用 BDI2000 进行跟踪调试。其好处是不用将 U-Boot 镜像文件烧写到 FLASH 中去。但弊端在于对移植 开发人员的移植调试技能要求较高，BDI2000 的配置文件较为复杂。另外一种方法是用 BDI2000先将 U-Boot 镜像文件烧写到 FLASH 中去，然后利用GDB和 BDI2000进行调试。 这种方法所用 BDI2000的配置文件较为简单，调试过程与 U-Boot移植后运行过程相吻合， 即 U-Boot先从 FLASH 中运行，再重载至 RAM中相应位置，并从那里正式投入运行。唯一 感到有些麻烦的就是需要不断烧写 FLASH。 但考虑到 FLASH 常规擦写次数基本为 10万次 左右，作为移植 U-Boot，不会占用太多的次数，应该不会为 FLASH 烧写有什么担忧。同时， W. D本人也极力推荐使用后一种方法。笔者建议，除非U-Boot移植资深人士或有强有力的 技术支持，建议采用第二种移植方法。 U-Boot移植主要修改的文件 从移植 U-Boot最小要求－U-Boot能正常启动的角度出发，主要考虑修改如下文件： ① .h头文件，如 include/configs/RPXlite.h。可以是 U-Boot源码中已有的目标板头 文件，也可以是新命名的配置头文件；大多数的寄存器参数都是在这一文件中设置完成的； ② .c文件， 如board/RPXlite/RPXlite.c。 它是SDRAM的驱动程序， 主要完成SDRAM Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)的 UPM表设置，上电初始化。 ③ FLASH的驱动程序， 如board/RPXlite/flash.c， 或common/cfi_flash.c。 可在参考已有FLASH 驱动的基础上，结合目标板 FLASH 数据手册，进行适当修改； ④ 串口驱动，如修改cpu/mpc8xx/serial.c串口收发器芯片使能部分。 U-Boot移植要点 ① BDI2000 的配置文件。如果采用第二种移植方法，即先烧入 FLASH 的方法，配置项只 需很少几个，就可以进行 U-Boot的烧写与调试了。对 PPC 8xx系列的主板，可参考DULG 文档中 TQM8xx 的配置文件进行相应的修改。下面，笔者以美国 Embedded Planet 公司的 RPXlite DW 板为例，给出在嵌入式Linux交叉开发环境下的 BDI2000参考配置文件以作参 考： ; bdiGDB configuration file for RPXlite DW or LITE_DW ; -------------------------------------------- [INIT] ; init core register WSPR 149 0x2002000F ;DER : set debug enable register ; WSPR 149 0x2006000F ;DER : enable SYSIE for BDI flash program WSPR 638 0xFA200000 ;IMMR : internal memory at 0xFA200000 WM32 0xFA200004 0xFFFFFF89 ;SYPCR [TARGET] CPUCLOCK 40000000 ;the CPU clock rate after processing the init list BDIMODE AGENT ;the BDI working mode (LOADONLY | AGENT) BREAKMODE HARD ;SOFT or HARD, HARD uses PPC hardware breakpoints [HOST] IP 173.60.120.5 FILE uImage.litedw FORMAT BIN LOAD MANUAL ;load code MANUAL or AUTO after reset DEBUGPORT 2001 START 0x0100 [FLASH] CHIPTYPE AM29BX8 ;;Flash type (AM29F | AM29BX8 | AM29BX16 | I28BX8 | I28BX16) CHIPSIZE 0x400000 ;;The size of one flash chip in bytes BUSWIDTH 32 ;The width of the flash memory bus in bits (8 | 16 | 32) WORKSPACE 0xFA202000 ; RAM buffer for fast flash programming FILE u-boot.bin ;The file to program FORMAT BIN 0x00000000 ERASE 0x00000000 BLOCK ERASE 0x00008000 BLOCK ERASE 0x00010000 BLOCK Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)ERASE 0x00018000 BLOCK [REGS] DMM1 0xFA200000 FILE reg823.def ② U-Boot 移植参考板。这是进行 U-Boot 移植首先要明确的。可以根据目标板上 CPU、 FLASH、SDRAM的情况，以尽可能相一致为原则，先找出一个与所移植目标板为同一个或 同一系列处理器的 U-Boot 支持板为移植参考板。如 RPXlite DW 板可选择 U-Boot 源码中 RPXlite 板作为 U-Boot 移植参考板。对 U-Boot 移植新手，建议依照循序渐进的原则，目标 板文件名暂时先用移植参考板的名称，在逐步熟悉 U-Boot 移植基础上，再考虑给目标板重 新命名。在实际移植过程中，可用 Linux 命令查找移植参考板的特定代码，如 grep –r RPXlite ./ 可确定出在 U-Boot中与 RPXlite板有关的代码，依此对照目标板实际进行屏蔽或 修改。同时应不局限于移植参考板中的代码，要广泛借鉴U-Boot 中已有的代码更好地实现 一些具体的功能。 ③ U-Boot烧写地址。 不同目标板， 对 U-Boot在 FLASH 中存放地址要求不尽相同。 事实上， 这是由处理器中断复位向量来决定的，与主板硬件相关，对 MPC8xx 主板来讲，就是由硬 件配置字(HRCW)决定的。也就是说，U-Boot烧写具体位置是由硬件决定的，而不是程序设 计来选择的。程序中相应 U-Boot 起始地址必须与硬件所确定的硬件复位向量相吻合；如 RPXlite DW 板的中断复位向量设置为 0x00000100。因此， U-Boot 的 BIN 镜像文件必须烧 写到 FLASH 的起始位置。 事实上， 大多数的 PPC系列的处理器中断复位向量是 0x00000100 和 0xfff00100。这也是一般所说的高位启动和低位启动的 BOOT LOADER 所在位置。可通 过修改 U-Boot 源码.h 头文件中 CFG_MONITOR_BASE 和 board//config.mk中的 TEXT_BASE 的设置来与硬件配置相对应。 ④ CPU寄存器参数设置。根据处理器系列、类型不同，寄存器名称与作用有一定差别。必 须根据目标板的实际，进行合理配置。一个较为可行和有效的方法，就是借鉴参考移植板的 配置，再根据目标板实际，进行合理修改。这是一个较费功夫和考验耐力的过程，需要仔细 对照处理器各寄存器定义、参考设置、目标板实际作出选择并不断测试。MPC8xx处理器较 为关键的寄存器设置为 SIUMCR、PLPRCR、SCCR、BRx、ORx。 ⑤ 串口调试。能从串口输出信息，即使是乱码，也可以说 U-Boot移植取得了实质性突破。 依据笔者调试经历，串口是否有输出，除了与串口驱动相关外，还与 FLASH 相关的寄存器 设置有关。因为 U-Boot 是从 FLASH 中被引导启动的，如果 FLASH 设置不正确，U-Boot 代码读取和执行就会出现一些问题。因此，还需要就FLASH 的相关寄存器设置进行一些参 数调试。同时，要注意串口收发芯片相关引脚工作波形。依据笔者调试情况，如果串口无输 出或出现乱码，一种可能就是该芯片损坏或工作不正常。 ⑥ 与启动 FLASH 相关的寄存器 BR0、OR0 的参数设置。应根据目标板 FLASH 的数据手 册与 BR0 和 OR0 的相关位含义进行合理设置。这不仅关系到 FLASH 能否正常工作，而且 与串口调试有直接的关联。 ⑦ 关于 CPLD 电路。目标板上是否有 CPLD 电路丝毫不会影响 U-Boot 的移植与嵌入式操 作系统的正常运行。事实上，CPLD 电路是一个集中将板上电路的一些逻辑关系可编程设置 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)的一种实现方法。其本身所起的作用就是实现一些目标板所需的脉冲信号和电路逻辑，其功 能完全可以用一些逻辑电路与 CPU口线来实现。 ⑧ SDRAM的驱动。串口能输出以后，U-Boot移植是否顺利基本取决于 SDRAM的驱动是 否正确。与串口调试相比，这部分工作更为核心，难度更大。 MPC8xx 目标板 SDRAM 驱 动涉及三部分。一是相关寄存器的设置；二是 UPM表；三是 SDRAM上电初始化过程。任 何一部分有问题，都会影响 U- Boot、嵌入式操作系统甚至应用程序的稳定、可靠运行。所 以说，SDRAM 的驱动不仅关系到 U-Boot 本身能否正常运行，而且还与后续部分相关，是 相当关键的部分。 ⑨ 补充功能的添加。在获得一个能工作的 U-Boot后，就可以根据目标板和实际开发需要， 添加一些其它功能支持。如以太网、LCD、NVRAM 等。与串口和 SDRAM 调试相比，在 已有基础之上，这些功能添加还是较为容易的。大多只是在参考现有源码的基础上，进行一 些修改和配置。 另外，如果在自主设计的主板上移植 U-Boot，那么除了考虑上述软件因素以外，还需要排 查目标板硬件可能存在的问题。如原理设计、PCB 布线、元件好坏。在移植过程中，敏锐 判断出故障态是硬件还是软件问题，往往是关系到项目进度甚至移植成败的关键，相应难度 会增加许多。 下面以移植 u-boot 到 44B0开发板的步骤为例，移植中上仅需要修改和硬件相关的部分。在 代码结构上： 1) 在 board 目录下创建 ev44b0ii 目录，创建 ev44b0ii.c 以及 flash.c,memsetup.S,u-boot.lds 等。不需要从零开始，可选择一个相似的目录，直接复制过来，修改文件名以及内容。我在 移植 u-boot 过程中，选择的是 ep7312 目录。由于 u-boot 已经包含基于 s3c24b0 的开发板 目录，作为参考，也可以复制相应的目录。 2) 在 cpu 目录下创建 arm7tdmi 目录,主要包含 start.S， interrupts.c 以及 cpu.c,serial.c几个文 件。同样不需要从零开始建立文件，直接从arm720t 复制，然后修改相应内容。 3) 在 include/configs 目录下添加 ev44b0ii.h，在这里放上全局的宏定义等。 4) 找到 u-boot 根目录下 Makefile 修改加入 ev44b0ii_config : unconfig @./mkconfig $(@:_config=) arm arm7tdmi ev44b0ii 5) 运行 make ev44bii_config,如果没有错误就可以开始硬件相关代码移植的工作 u-boot 的体系结构 1) 总体结构 u-boot 是一个层次式结构。从上图也可以看出，做移植工作的软件人员应当提供串口驱动 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)（UART Driver）,以太网驱动(Ethernet Driver),Flash 驱动（Flash 驱动）,USB 驱动（USB Driver）。目前，通过 USB 口下载程序显得不是十分必要，所以暂时没有移植 USB 驱动。 驱动层之上是 u-boot 的应用，command 通过串口提供人机界面。我们可以使用一些命令做 一些常用的工作，比如内存查看命令 md。 Kermit 应用主要用来支持使用串口通过超级终端下载应用程序。TFTP 则是通过网络方式 来下载应用程序，例如uclinux 操作系统。 2) 内存分布 在 flash rom 中内存分布图 ev44b0ii 的 flash 大小 2M(8bits),现在将 0-40000 共 256k 作为 u-boot 的存储空间。由于 u-boot 中有一些环境变量，例如 ip 地址，引导文件名等，可在命 令行通过 setenv 配置好,通过 saveenv 保存在 40000-50000（共 64k）这段空间里。如果存在 保存好的环境变量，u-boot 引导将直接使用这些环境变量。正如从代码分析中可以看到， 我们会把 flash 引导代码搬移到 DRAM 中运行。下图给出 u-boot 的代码在 DRAM 中的位 置。引导代码 u-boot 将从 0x0000 0000 处搬移到 0x0C700000 处。特别注意的由于 ev44b0ii uclinux 中断向量程序地址在 0x0c00 0000 处，所以不能将程序下载到0x0c00 0000 出，通 常下载到 0x0c08 0000 处。 2) start.S 代码结构 1) 定义入口 一个可执行的 Image 必须有一个入口点并且只能有一个唯一的全局入口，通常这个入口放 在 Rom(flash)的 0x0 地址。例如 start.S 中的 .globl _start _start: 值得注意的是你必须告诉编译器知道这个入口， 这个工作主要是修改连接器脚本文件 （lds）。 2) 设置异常向量(Exception Vector) 异常向量表，也可称为中断向量表，必须是从 0 地址开始，连续的存放。如下面的就包括 了复位(reset),未定义处理（undef）,软件中断(SWI),预去指令错误(Pabort),数据错误 (Dabort), 保留，以及 IRQ,FIQ 等。注意这里的值必须与 uclinux 的 vector_base 一致。这就是说如果 uclinux 中 vector_base(include/armnommu/proc-armv/system.h) 定 义 为 0x0c00 0000, 则 HandleUndef 应该在 0x0c00 0004。 b reset //for debug ldr pc,=HandleUndef ldr pc,=HandleSWI ldr pc,=HandlePabort ldr pc,=HandleDabort b . ldr pc,=HandleIRQ ldr pc,=HandleFIQ ldr pc,=HandleEINT0 /*mGA H/W interrupt vector table*/ ldr pc,=HandleEINT1 ldr pc,=HandleEINT2 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)ldr pc,=HandleEINT3 ldr pc,=HandleEINT4567 ldr pc,=HandleTICK /*mGA*/ b . b . ldr pc,=HandleZDMA0 /*mGB*/ ldr pc,=HandleZDMA1 ldr pc,=HandleBDMA0 ldr pc,=HandleBDMA1 ldr pc,=HandleWDT ldr pc,=HandleUERR01 /*mGB*/ b . b . ldr pc,=HandleTIMER0 /*mGC*/ ldr pc,=HandleTIMER1 ldr pc,=HandleTIMER2 ldr pc,=HandleTIMER3 ldr pc,=HandleTIMER4 ldr pc,=HandleTIMER5 /*mGC*/ b . b . ldr pc,=HandleURXD0 /*mGD*/ ldr pc,=HandleURXD1 ldr pc,=HandleIIC ldr pc,=HandleSIO ldr pc,=HandleUTXD0 ldr pc,=HandleUTXD1 /*mGD*/ b . b . ldr pc,=HandleRTC /*mGKA*/ b . b . b . b . b . /*mGKA*/ b . b . ldr pc,=HandleADC /*mGKB*/ b . b . b . b . b . /*mGKB*/ b . Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)b . ldr pc,=EnterPWDN 作为对照：请看以上标记的值： .equ HandleReset, 0xc000000 .equ HandleUndef,0xc000004 .equ HandleSWI, 0xc000008 .equ HandlePabort, 0xc00000c .equ HandleDabort, 0xc000010 .equ HandleReserved, 0xc000014 .equ HandleIRQ, 0xc000018 .equ HandleFIQ, 0xc00001c /*the value is different with an address you think it may be. *IntVectorTable */ .equ HandleADC, 0xc000020 .equ HandleRTC, 0xc000024 .equ HandleUTXD1, 0xc000028 .equ HandleUTXD0, 0xc00002c .equ HandleSIO, 0xc000030 .equ HandleIIC, 0xc000034 .equ HandleURXD1, 0xc000038 .equ HandleURXD0, 0xc00003c .equ HandleTIMER5, 0xc000040 .equ HandleTIMER4, 0xc000044 .equ HandleTIMER3, 0xc000048 .equ HandleTIMER2, 0xc00004c .equ HandleTIMER1, 0xc000050 .equ HandleTIMER0, 0xc000054 .equ HandleUERR01, 0xc000058 .equ HandleWDT, 0xc00005c .equ HandleBDMA1, 0xc000060 .equ HandleBDMA0, 0xc000064 .equ HandleZDMA1, 0xc000068 .equ HandleZDMA0, 0xc00006c .equ HandleTICK, 0xc000070 .equ HandleEINT4567, 0xc000074 .equ HandleEINT3, 0xc000078 .equ HandleEINT2, 0xc00007c .equ HandleEINT1, 0xc000080 .equ HandleEINT0, 0xc000084 3) 初始化 CPU 相关的 pll,clock,中断控制寄存器 依次为关闭 watch dog timer,关闭中断，设置 LockTime，PLL(phase lock loop),以及时钟。 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)这些值（除了LOCKTIME）都可从 Samsung 44b0 的手册中查到。 ldr r0,WTCON //watch dog disable ldr r1,=0x0 str r1,[r0] ldr r0,INTMSK ldr r1,MASKALL //all interrupt disable str r1,[r0] /***************************************************** * Set clock control registers * *****************************************************/ ldr r0,LOCKTIME ldr r1,=800 // count = t_lock * Fin (t_lock=200us, Fin=4MHz) = 800 str r1,[r0] ldr r0,PLLCON /*temporary setting of PLL*/ ldr r1,PLLCON_DAT /*Fin=10MHz,Fout=40MHz or 60MHz*/ str r1,[r0] ldr r0,CLKCON ldr r1,=0x7ff8 //All unit block CLK enable str r1,[r0] 4) 初始化内存控制器 内存控制器，主要通过设置 13 个从 1c80000 开始的寄存器来设置，包括总线宽度， 8 个内存 bank，bank 大小，sclk,以及两个 bank mode。 /***************************************************** * Set memory control registers * *****************************************************/ memsetup: adr r0,SMRDATA ldmia r0,{r1-r13} ldr r0,=0x01c80000 //BWSCON Address stmia r0,{r1-r13} 5) 将 rom 中的程序复制到 RAM 中 首先利用 PC 取得 bootloader 在 flash 的起始地址，再通过标号之差计算出这个程序代 码的大小。这些标号，编译器会在连接（link）的时候生成正确的分布的值。取得正 确信息后，通过寄存器(r3 到 r10)做为复制的中间媒介，将代码复制到 RAM 中。 relocate: /* * relocate armboot to RAM */ Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)adr r0, _start /* r0 <- current position of code */ ldr r2, _armboot_start ldr r3, _armboot_end sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2 <- size of armboot */ ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* r1 <- destination address */ add r2, r0, r2 /* r2 baudrate) + 0.5) -1 )计算得出。这可以在手 册中查到。其他的函数包括发送，接收。这个时候没有中断，是通过循环等待来判断是否动 作完成。 例如，接收函数： while(!(rUTRSTAT0 & 0x1)); //Receive data read return RdURXH0(); 2. 时钟部分 实现了延时函数 udelay。 这里的 get_timer 由于没有使用中断，是使用全局变量来累加的。 3. flash 部分 flash 作为内存的一部分，读肯定没有问题，关键是 flash 的写部分。 Flash 的写必须先擦除，然后再写。 unsigned long flash_init (void) { int i; u16 manId,devId; //first we init it as unknown,even if you forget assign it below,it's not a problem for (i=0; i < CFG_MAX_FLASH_BANKS; ++i){ flash_info[i].flash_id = FLASH_UNKNOWN; flash_info[i].sector_count=CFG_MAX_FLASH_SECT; } /*check manId,devId*/ _RESET(); _WR(0x555,0xaa); _WR(0x2aa,0x55); _WR(0x555,0x90); manId=_RD(0x0); _WR(0x555,0xaa); _WR(0x2aa,0x55); _WR(0x555,0x90); Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)devId=_RD(0x1); _RESET(); printf("flashn"); printf("Manufacture ID=%4x(0x0004), Device ID(0x22c4)=%4xn",manId,devId); if(manId!=0x0004 && devId!=0x22c4){ printf("flash check faliluren"); return 0; }else{ for (i=0; i = CFG_FLASH_BASE //onitor protection ON by default flash_protect(FLAG_PROTECT_SET, CFG_MONITOR_BASE, CFG_MONITOR_BASE+monitor_flash_len-1, &flash_info[0]); #endif */ flash_info[0].size =PHYS_FLASH_SIZE; return (PHYS_FLASH_SIZE); } flash_init 完成初始化部分，这里的主要目的是检验flash 的型号是否正确。 int flash_erase (flash_info_t *info, int s_first, int s_last) { volatile unsigned char *addr = (volatile unsigned char *)(info->start[0]); int flag, prot, sect, l_sect; //ulong start, now, last; u32 targetAddr; u32 targetSize; /*zyy note:It is required and can't be omitted*/ rNCACHBE0=( (0x2000000>>12)<>12); //flash area(Bank0) must be non-cachable area. rSYSCFG=rSYSCFG & (~0x8); //write buffer has to be off for proper timing. if ((s_first s_last)) { if (info->flash_id == FLASH_UNKNOWN) { printf ("- missingn"); } else { printf ("- no sectors to erasen"); Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)} return 1; } if ((info->flash_id == FLASH_UNKNOWN) || (info->flash_id > FLASH_AMD_COMP)) { printf ("Can't erase unknown flash type - abortedn"); return 1; } prot = 0; for (sect=s_first; sectprotect[sect]) { prot++; } } if (prot) { printf ("- Warning: %d protected sectors will not be erased!n", prot); } else { printf ("n"); } l_sect = -1; /* Disable interrupts which might cause a timeout here */ flag = disable_interrupts(); /* Start erase on unprotected sectors */ for (sect = s_first; sectprotect[sect] == 0) {/* not protected */ targetAddr=0x10000*sect; if(targetAddr<0x1F0000) targetSize=0x10000; else if(targetAddr<0x1F8000) targetSize=0x8000; else if(targetAddr<0x1FC000) targetSize=0x2000; else targetSize=0x4000; F29LV160_EraseSector(targetAddr); l_sect = sect; if(!BlankCheck(targetAddr, targetSize)) printf("BlankCheck Errorn"); } } /* re-enable interrupts if necessary */ if (flag) enable_interrupts(); Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)/* wait at least 80us - let's wait 1 ms */ udelay (1000); /* *We wait for the last triggered sector */ if (l_sect > 16) & 0xffff; low=swap_16(low); high=swap_16(high); tempPt=(volatile u16 *)dest; _WR(0x555,0xaa); _WR(0x2aa,0x55); _WR(0x555,0xa0); *tempPt=high; Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)_WAIT(); _WR(0x555,0xaa); _WR(0x2aa,0x55); _WR(0x555,0xa0); *(tempPt+1)=low; _WAIT(); return 0; } wirte_word 则想 flash 里面写入 unsigned long 类型的 data， 因为flash 一次只能写入16bits， 所以这里分两次写入。 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)u-boot源码分析——启动第一阶段 分析代码当然要从上电后执行的第一条指令开始看起咯, 那第一条指令在哪呢？ 还是以 smdk2410 为 例，我们看它的链接脚本： 文件 board/smsk2410/u-boot.lds: …… ENTRY(_start) //指明入口地址（见汇编指令） SECTIONS { . = 0x00000000; //入口地址为 0x00000000，硬件决定的 . = ALIGN(4); //按 4 字节对齐，即按字对齐(32 位) .text: //文本段，即代码段 { cpu/arm920t/start.o (.text) //确定启动后执行的第一个文件 *(.text) } . = ALIGN(4); .rodata : { *(.rodata) } …… } 由这个文件可知第一个执行的文件是 cpu/arm920t/start.S，那第一条指令(_start)很可能就在这个文件中 了。我们看这个文件： cpu/arm920t/start.S: .globl _start /*这 8 行为中断向量表，参考arm书籍可确定这段代码的编写方法*/ _start: b reset //复位向量，CPU上电后执行的第一条语句 ldr pc, _undefined_instruction ldr pc, _software_interrupt ldr pc, _prefetch_abort ldr pc, _data_abort ldr pc, _not_used ldr pc, _irq //中断向量 ldr pc, _fiq //快速中断向量 /*.word为伪指令，变量替换*/ _undefined_instruction: .word undefined_instruction _software_interrupt: .word software_interrupt Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) _prefetch_abort: .word prefetch_abort _data_abort: .word data_abort _not_used: .word not_used _irq: .word irq _fiq: .word fiq S3C2410的 CPU规定开机后的 PC寄存器地址为 0，即从 0 地址开始执行指令，因此我们必须把我们的 复位代码放在 0 地址处才能正常开机。 ARM核也规定启动地址处的 32个字节必须存放异常向量跳转表，里面保存有中断，异常等的处理函数 地址。当系统产生中断时，必定会跳到这里来开始处理中断。具体可参考 ARM方面的书籍。 由 u-boot.lds可知入口地址为_start， 即开机后从_start处开始执行指令。所以第一条指令就是： b reset //跳转到 reset处进行复位处理 cpu/arm920t/start.S: // CPU上电后跳转到此处，CPU进入 SVC32模式，这样可以拥有特权操作，参考 ARM书籍 /* the actual reset code */ reset: mrs r0,cpsr bic r0,r0,#0x1f orr r0,r0,#0xd3 msr cpsr,r0 /* turn off the watchdog */ //CPU上操作 watchdog相关的寄存器地址，可参考CPU的 datasheet,这里用到的地址都是实地址， //因为还没为 MMU等部件进行初始化，也没切换操作模式呢。 #if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400) # define pWTCON 0x15300000 # define INTMSK 0x14400008 /* Interupt-Controller base addresses */ # define CLKDIVN 0x14800014 /* clock divisor register */ #elif defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) # define pWTCON 0x53000000 # define INTMSK 0x4A000008 /* Interupt-Controller base addresses */ # define INTSUBMSK 0x4A00001C # define CLKDIVN 0x4C000014 /* clock divisor register */ #endif #if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400) || defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) ldr r0, =pWTCON mov r1, #0x0 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) str r1, [r0] //关闭 watchdog，具体寄存器含义可参考 CPU手册 /* * mask all IRQs by setting all bits in the INTMSK - default */ mov r1, #0xffffffff ldr r0, =INTMSK str r1, [r0] //关闭所有的中断 # if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410) ldr r1, =0x3ff ldr r0, =INTSUBMSK str r1, [r0] //关闭所有的中断 # endif /* FCLK:HCLK:PCLK = 1:2:4 */ /* default FCLK is 120 MHz ! */ //设置 HCLK 为 FCLK/2, PCLK 为 FCLK/4, FCLK 为 CPU产生 clock,HCLK 为 AHB总线上的设备产生 //clock, PCLK 为 APB总线上的设备产生 clock,具体参考 s3c2410的 datasheet ldr r0, =CLKDIVN mov r1, #3 str r1, [r0] #endif /* CONFIG_S3C2400 || CONFIG_S3C2410 */ /* * we do sys-critical inits only at reboot, * not when booting from ram! */ //做系统相关的重要初始化，这些初始化代码只在系统重起的时候执行， // CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT 可以看 README. #ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT bl cpu_init_crit //可以先看这段代码在转回来接着看后面的复位过程。 #endif //内存配置完后，可以进行重定位操作了 #ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT relocate: /* 重定位 u-boot到 RAM中*/ adr r0, _start /* r0 ＝ flash中的代码的起始地址*/ ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* r1＝ 代码在 RAM中的起始地址 */ cmp r0, r1 /* 看是否 u-boot就在 RAM中运行*/ beq stack_setup /*如果在 RAM中则无需重定位*/ /*开始重定位，即把u-boot从 flash中搬到 RAM 中去运行*/ ldr r2, _armboot_start /*r2 = flash中代码的起始地址，看_armboot_start的定义*/ ldr r3, _bss_start /*r3 = bss段的起始地址，_bss_start可在 u-boot.lds中查看。*/ Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2 ＝ 需要重定位的字节数*/ add r2, r0, r2 /* r2 ＝ flash中 RO,RW 内容的结束地址 */ //开始把代码从 flash中搬运到 RAM中 copy_loop: ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /*获取从 r0开始的代码,存入 r3—r10*/ stmia r1!, {r3-r10} /*把 r3—r10 的内容存入r1 所在位置，即 RAM中*/ cmp r0, r2 /*copy所有代码 */ ble copy_loop #endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */ /*设置栈地址*/ stack_setup: ldr r0, _TEXT_BASE /*upper 128 KiB: relocated uboot*/ sub r0, r0, #CFG_MALLOC_LEN /*malloc分配内存的区域，大小以板子的配置而定，smdk2410的在 include/configs/smdk2410.h中定义*/ sub r0, r0, #CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE /* 存放 bdinfo的区域，定义同上*/ #ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ sub r0, r0, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE_IRQ+CONFIG_STACKSIZE_FIQ) //保留中断所需的区域 #endif sub sp, r0, #12 /* 保留 12 字节给 abort-stack， 并设好堆栈*/ //bss段内容清 0 clear_bss: ldr r0, _bss_start /* find start of bss segment */ ldr r1, _bss_end /* stop here */ mov r2, #0x00000000 /* clear */ clbss_l:str r2, [r0] /* clear loop... */ add r0, r0, #4 cmp r0, r1 ble clbss_l #if 0 /* try doing this stuff after the relocation */ ldr r0, =pWTCON mov r1, #0x0 str r1, [r0] /* mask all IRQs by setting all bits in the INTMR - default*/ mov r1, #0xffffffff ldr r0, =INTMR str r1, [r0] /* FCLK:HCLK:PCLK = 1:2:4 */ /* default FCLK is 120 MHz ! */ ldr r0, =CLKDIVN mov r1, #3 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) str r1, [r0] /* END stuff after relocation */ #endif ldr pc, _start_armboot //跳转到_start_armboot处执行。 _start_armboot: .word start_armboot 总结 reset这块代码，主要完成了一下几个部分： 1. 重要部分的初始化工作，如禁止中断，关闭 watchdog，初始化 memory控制器等 2. 重定位boot loader 到 ram 3. 设置好堆栈 4. 跳转到第 2阶段执行 完成这些后，此时内存的分布情况如下： 这个图代表的是 u-boot自己在内存的情况， 和上面的图不一样， 这里的_TEXT_BASE 就是 0x33F8’ 0000 接着看 CPU_init_critical cpu/arm920t/start.S: /* ************************************************************************** * CPU_init_critical registers * 设置 cache,TLB,MMU等寄存器 * 设置内存操作的时序 * ************************************************************************* */ cpu_init_crit: /* * flush v4 I/D caches */ /*使 cache和 TLB无效，可以参考 data sheet*/ mov r0, #0 mcr p15, 0, r0, c7, c7, 0 /* 使指令 cache和数据 cache无效 */ mcr p15, 0, r0, c8, c7, 0 /* 使 TLB无效 */ /* * disable MMU stuff and caches */ mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0 /*读出 c1 控制寄存器的值*/ bic r0, r0, #0x00002300 @ clear bits 13, 9:8 (--V- --RS) bic r0, r0, #0x00000087 @ clear bits 7, 2:0 (B--- -CAM),小端对齐，关闭数据 cache，关 //闭错误检测，关闭MMU orr r0, r0, #0x00000002 @ set bit 2 (A) Align, 使能错误检测 orr r0, r0, #0x00001000 @ set bit 12 (I) I-Cache， 使能指令 cache mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0 /*设置 c1 控制寄存器*/ /*可以参考 data sheet*/ Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) /* * before relocating, we have to setup RAM timing * because memory timing is board-dependend, you will * find a lowlevel_init.S in your board directory. */ //在把 u-boot 重定位到 RAM 前，我们必须先把 RAM 的时序设置好，内存时序是依板子而定的， 所以这里的初始化应该由我们提供,一般在我们的板子所在目录下有个 lowlevel_init.S来负责这件事情。 特定板子的目录还记得吗， 呵呵回到上面在看看。 mov ip, lr bl lowlevel_init mov lr, ip mov pc, lr //类似于函数返回 cpu_init_crit主要是使能了 instruction cache,关闭了 MMU等部件，但是好像在 u-boot后面的代码里没有 看见打开 MMU 的操作，我猜测可能是留到了 OS 启动的时候再打开了吧，data cache 在第二阶段的 board_init下被使能。 接着看 lowlevel_init。以 smdk2410位例 board/smdk2410/lowlevel_init.S _TEXT_BASE: .word TEXT_BASE .globl lowlevel_init lowlevel_init: /* memory control configuration */ /* make r0 relative the current location so that it */ /* reads SMRDATA out of FLASH rather than memory ! */ // 内存控制器的配置， 配置完后就可以使用内存了 ldr r0, =SMRDATA //在下面定义 ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE sub r0, r0, r1 // ldr r1, =BWSCON /* Bus Width Status Controller */ add r2, r0, #13*4 0: ldr r3, [r0], #4 str r3, [r1], #4 //设置内存配置寄存器，可以对着datasheet来看这里的设置，包括时序位宽等 等, 使用一个循环来配置所有的寄存器 cmp r2, r0 bne 0b /* everything is fine now */ mov pc, lr .ltorg /* the literal pools origin */ //这些就是要被设置进内存配置寄存器的值， SMRDATA: Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) .word (0+(B1_BWSCON<<4)+(B2_BWSCON<<8)+(B3_BWSCON<<12)+(B4_BWSCON<<16)+(B5_BWSCON< <20)+(B6_BWSCON<<24)+(B7_BWSCON<<28)) .word ((B0_Tacs<<13)+(B0_Tcos<<11)+(B0_Tacc<<8)+(B0_Tcoh<<6)+(B0_Tah<<4)+(B0_Tacp<<2)+(B0_PMC)) .word ((B1_Tacs<<13)+(B1_Tcos<<11)+(B1_Tacc<<8)+(B1_Tcoh<<6)+(B1_Tah<<4)+(B1_Tacp<<2)+(B1_PMC)) .word ((B2_Tacs<<13)+(B2_Tcos<<11)+(B2_Tacc<<8)+(B2_Tcoh<<6)+(B2_Tah<<4)+(B2_Tacp<<2)+(B2_PMC)) .word ((B3_Tacs<<13)+(B3_Tcos<<11)+(B3_Tacc<<8)+(B3_Tcoh<<6)+(B3_Tah<<4)+(B3_Tacp<<2)+(B3_PMC)) .word ((B4_Tacs<<13)+(B4_Tcos<<11)+(B4_Tacc<<8)+(B4_Tcoh<<6)+(B4_Tah<<4)+(B4_Tacp<<2)+(B4_PMC)) .word ((B5_Tacs<<13)+(B5_Tcos<<11)+(B5_Tacc<<8)+(B5_Tcoh<<6)+(B5_Tah<<4)+(B5_Tacp<<2)+(B5_PMC)) .word ((B6_MT<<15)+(B6_Trcd<<2)+(B6_SCAN)) .word ((B7_MT<<15)+(B7_Trcd<<2)+(B7_SCAN)) .word ((REFEN<<23)+(TREFMD<<22)+(Trp<<20)+(Trc<<18)+(Tchr<<16)+REFCNT) .word 0x32 .word 0x30 .word 0x30 这部分代码主要是设置 memory的时序，位宽等参数 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) U-BOOT源码分析及移植 本文从以下几个方面粗浅地分析 u-boot并移植到 FS2410 板上： 1、u-boot工程的总体结构 2、u-boot的流程、主要的数据结构、内存分配。 3、u-boot的重要细节，主要分析流程中各函数的功能。 4、基于 FS2410板子的u-boot移植。实现了 NOR Flash和 NAND Flash启动,网络功能。 这些认识源于自己移植 u-boot过程中查找的资料和对源码的简单阅读。下面主要以 smdk2410为分析对 象。 一、u-boot工程的总体结构： 1、源代码组织 对于 ARM而言，主要的目录如下： board 平台依赖 存放电路板相关的目录文件,每一套板子对 应一个目 录。如 smdk2410(arm920t) cpu 平台依赖 存放 CPU 相关的目录文件，每一款 CPU 对应一个目 录，例如：arm920t、 xscale、i386 等目录 lib_arm 平台依赖 存放对 ARM 体系结构通用的文件，主要用于实现 ARM平台通用的函数，如软件浮点。 common 通用 通用的多功能函数实现，如环境，命令，控制台相关的函数实 现。 include 通用 头文件和开发板配置文件，所有开发板的配置文件都在 configs目录下 lib_generic 通用 通用库函数的实现 net 通用 存放网络协议的程序 drivers 通用 通用的设备驱动程序，主要有以太网接口的驱动，nand 驱 动。 ....... 2.makefile简要分析 所有这些目录的编译连接都是由顶层目录的 makefile 来确定的。 在执行 make之前，先
No manual entry for xxx 错误的解决方案
1. CenOS上man查不全接口函数 [root@python zbb]# man 2 select No manual entry for select in section 2 [root@python zbb]# man read [root@python zbb]# man 2 read No manual entry for read in section 2 [root@python...
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