自己制作的ssl证书与购买的ssl证书有什么区别呀!

2010-02-10 09:54:36 2.7k 阅读 AI 写同款 · GEO 优化AI 选题数据监测一键分发 ›

免费ssl证书和付费ssl证书有什么区别？免费证书：适合低成本快速实现HTTPS加密，但需承担潜在的安全风险和运维成本。付费证书：通过严格验证、长期有效性和附加服务，为商业场景提供更全面的安全保障和品牌价值。决策建议：若涉及用户敏感数据或需提升转化率，优先选择付费证书；若仅为技术验证或轻量级应用，免费证书可满足基础需求。阅读详情

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LAMMPS ReaxFF模拟后处理：如何用Python精准追踪C-N键的断裂与形成？本文详细介绍了如何利用Python对LAMMPS ReaxFF模拟结果进行后处理，精准追踪C-N键的断裂与形成过程。通过解析键级输出文件、构建原子类型映射字典，并实现C-N键的统计与可视化，为材料科学和催化反应研究提供了高效的数据分析解决方案。文章特别强调了ReaxFF力场在断键分析中的关键作用，并提供了完整的Python代码实现。阅读详情

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hsf_1982 2010-02-11

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引用 6 楼 vjdongchuan 的回复:

java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
.......
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.SharedSocket.createSocketForJDBC3(SharedSocket.java:304)
.......
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.createDataSource(BasicDataSource.java:851)
.......
at org.jasig.cas.authentication.AbstractAuthenticationManager.authenticate(AbstractAuthenticationManager.java:39)

建议楼主看一下数据源的配置，特别是：数据库地址 + 端口、用户名、密码
这个异常一般是TCP层连接都没有成功建立导致，因此有必要对你的网络环境检查一下，首先确保和数据库服务器是连通。

vjdongchuan 2010-02-11

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这个错误是什么意思呀！大家们
message

description The server encountered an internal error () that prevented it from fulfilling this request.

exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed: sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.getAuthenticatedUser(CASFilter.java:254)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.doFilter(CASFilter.java:184)

root cause

javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed: sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Alerts.getSSLException(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.fatal(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.serverCertificate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.processMessage(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.processLoop(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.process_record(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.readRecord(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.performInitialHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsClient.afterConnect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.AbstractDelegateHttpsURLConnection.connect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.util.SecureURL.retrieve(SecureURL.java:70)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.ServiceTicketValidator.validate(ServiceTicketValidator.java:212)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.getAuthenticatedUser(CASFilter.java:219)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.doFilter(CASFilter.java:184)

root cause

sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed: sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target
sun.security.validator.PKIXValidator.doBuild(Unknown Source)
sun.security.validator.PKIXValidator.engineValidate(Unknown Source)
sun.security.validator.Validator.validate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.validate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.checkServerTrusted(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.checkServerTrusted(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.serverCertificate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.processMessage(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.processLoop(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.process_record(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.readRecord(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.performInitialHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsClient.afterConnect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.AbstractDelegateHttpsURLConnection.connect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.util.SecureURL.retrieve(SecureURL.java:70)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.ServiceTicketValidator.validate(ServiceTicketValidator.java:212)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.getAuthenticatedUser(CASFilter.java:219)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.doFilter(CASFilter.java:184)

root cause

sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilderException: unable to find valid certification path to requested target
sun.security.provider.certpath.SunCertPathBuilder.engineBuild(Unknown Source)
java.security.cert.CertPathBuilder.build(Unknown Source)
sun.security.validator.PKIXValidator.doBuild(Unknown Source)
sun.security.validator.PKIXValidator.engineValidate(Unknown Source)
sun.security.validator.Validator.validate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.validate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.checkServerTrusted(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.X509TrustManagerImpl.checkServerTrusted(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.serverCertificate(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.ClientHandshaker.processMessage(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.processLoop(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.Handshaker.process_record(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.readRecord(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.performInitialHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
com.sun.net.ssl.internal.ssl.SSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsClient.afterConnect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.AbstractDelegateHttpsURLConnection.connect(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.http.HttpURLConnection.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
sun.net.www.protocol.https.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(Unknown Source)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.util.SecureURL.retrieve(SecureURL.java:70)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.ServiceTicketValidator.validate(ServiceTicketValidator.java:212)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.getAuthenticatedUser(CASFilter.java:219)
edu.yale.its.tp.cas.client.filter.CASFilter.doFilter(CASFilter.java:184)

vjdongchuan 2010-02-11

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报上面异常可能是什么原因呀

vjdongchuan 2010-02-11

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java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.doConnect(Unknown Source)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(Unknown Source)
at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(Unknown Source)
at java.net.SocksSocketImpl.connect(Unknown Source)
at java.net.Socket.connect(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.SharedSocket.createSocketForJDBC3(SharedSocket.java:304)
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.SharedSocket.<init>(SharedSocket.java:255)
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.ConnectionJDBC2.<init>(ConnectionJDBC2.java:310)
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.ConnectionJDBC3.<init>(ConnectionJDBC3.java:50)
at net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver.connect(Driver.java:182)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DriverConnectionFactory.createConnection(DriverConnectionFactory.java:37)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.PoolableConnectionFactory.makeObject(PoolableConnectionFactory.java:290)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.validateConnectionFactory(BasicDataSource.java:877)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.createDataSource(BasicDataSource.java:851)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource.getConnection(BasicDataSource.java:540)
at org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils.doGetConnection(DataSourceUtils.java:113)
at org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils.getConnection(DataSourceUtils.java:79)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.execute(JdbcTemplate.java:577)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.query(JdbcTemplate.java:641)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.query(JdbcTemplate.java:670)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.query(JdbcTemplate.java:678)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.queryForObject(JdbcTemplate.java:721)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate.queryForObject(JdbcTemplate.java:732)
at org.springframework.jdbc.core.simple.SimpleJdbcTemplate.queryForObject(SimpleJdbcTemplate.java:151)
at org.jasig.cas.adaptors.jdbc.QueryDatabaseAuthenticationHandler.authenticateUsernamePasswordInternal(QueryDatabaseAuthenticationHandler.java:39)
at org.jasig.cas.authentication.handler.support.AbstractUsernamePasswordAuthenticationHandler.doAuthentication(AbstractUsernamePasswordAuthenticationHandler.java:56)
at org.jasig.cas.authentication.handler.support.AbstractPreAndPostProcessingAuthenticationHandler.authenticate(AbstractPreAndPostProcessingAuthenticationHandler.java:71)
at org.jasig.cas.authentication.AuthenticationManagerImpl.authenticateAndObtainPrincipal(AuthenticationManagerImpl.java:74)
at org.jasig.cas.authentication.AbstractAuthenticationManager.authenticate(AbstractAuthenticationManager.java:39)
at org.jasig.cas.CentralAuthenticationServiceImpl.createTicketGrantingTicket(CentralAuthenticationServiceImpl.java:417)
at org.jasig.cas.web.flow.AuthenticationViaFormAction.submit(AuthenticationViaFormAction.java:107)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at org.springframework.webflow.util.DispatchMethodInvoker.invoke(DispatchMethodInvoker.java:99)
at org.springframework.webflow.action.MultiAction.doExecute(MultiAction.java:133)
at org.springframework.webflow.action.AbstractAction.execute(AbstractAction.java:192)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.AnnotatedAction.execute(AnnotatedAction.java:146)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.ActionExecutor.execute(ActionExecutor.java:59)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.ActionState.doEnter(ActionState.java:156)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.State.enter(State.java:191)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.Transition.execute(Transition.java:212)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.TransitionableState.onEvent(TransitionableState.java:107)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.Flow.onEvent(Flow.java:534)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.impl.RequestControlContextImpl.signalEvent(RequestControlContextImpl.java:205)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.ActionState.doEnter(ActionState.java:161)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.State.enter(State.java:191)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.Transition.execute(Transition.java:212)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.TransitionableState.onEvent(TransitionableState.java:107)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.Flow.onEvent(Flow.java:534)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.impl.RequestControlContextImpl.signalEvent(RequestControlContextImpl.java:205)
at org.springframework.webflow.engine.impl.FlowExecutionImpl.signalEvent(FlowExecutionImpl.java:202)
at org.springframework.webflow.executor.FlowExecutorImpl.resume(FlowExecutorImpl.java:222)
at org.springframework.webflow.executor.support.FlowRequestHandler.handleFlowRequest(FlowRequestHandler.java:111)
at org.springframework.webflow.executor.mvc.FlowController.handleRequestInternal(FlowController.java:165)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.AbstractController.handleRequest(AbstractController.java:153)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter.handle(SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter.java:48)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:875)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:807)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:571)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doPost(FrameworkServlet.java:511)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:710)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:803)
at org.jasig.cas.web.init.SafeDispatcherServlet.service(SafeDispatcherServlet.java:115)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:290)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:206)
at org.inspektr.common.web.ClientInfoThreadLocalFilter.doFilterInternal(ClientInfoThreadLocalFilter.java:48)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:76)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:235)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:206)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:228)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:175)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:128)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:104)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:109)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:216)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.process(Http11Processor.java:844)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol$Http11ConnectionHandler.process(Http11Protocol.java:634)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$Worker.run(JIoEndpoint.java:445)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)

hsf_1982 2010-02-11

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自己制作的证书，证书颁发者是自己，也就是本证书，换句话说，这样的证书即为根证书；
由证书颁发者（CA机构）颁发的证书，其颁发者为CA机构；
证书通过证书验证，完成信任校验，由同一CA机构颁发的证书，相互间是可信任的，你可以将信任看成是一个二元关系。基于这样的二元关系，又可以建立一个信任域，所有由该证书颁发的证书都属于该域中。

自己制作的证书，其信任域就一个元素，就是他自己；由证书颁发者颁发的证书，就是该CA颁发的所有证书。

同时证书有证书链这样一个概念，证书链是从某一证书结点开始，向上追述证书颁发CA的过程中，串接的所有证书的集合。由于追述可以认为是一个关系，因此证书链是有固定顺序的。

通过上述的追述操作，可以扩大信任域范围，可以这样认为：任意两张指向同一根证书的证书，相互间是可信任的。

由于对这块东西也不是太清楚，所以上述内容中，很多术语都是临时编的，但大致意识就是如此。

对了，补一点：证书内容中有证书颁发者对该证书信息的签名，用于证书真实性校验，从而确保该证书是有该CA颁发。

swit1983 2010-02-10

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只是有资质上的区别而已，比如自己的证书没法律效应，正规ca的有。技术上都差不多，证书是有规范的。

vjdongchuan 2010-02-10

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cas登录后报这个错
CAS is Unavailable
There was an error trying to complete your request. Please notify your support desk or try again.

vjdongchuan 2010-02-10

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都过年去了，没人回答了呀

vjdongchuan 2010-02-10

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ca的证书和web服务器证书，和client证书区别是什么呀

自己制作的ssl证书与购买的ssl证书有什么区别呀!

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