在一台cisco 7206中，router ospf 10 这一行是什么意思？为什么不使用snmp协议？

lwt 2011-02-21 04:42:21

在一台cisco 7206中，有以下配置：

router ospf 10 这一行是什么意思？为什么不使用snmp协议？
log-adjacency-changes 这一行是什么意思？
redistribute static 这一行是什么意思？
network 10.228.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 1 这一行是什么意思？
network 192.168.233.160 0.0.0.3 area 1 这一行是什么意思？area 1 是什么意思？
network 192.168.233.164 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.168 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.172 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.176 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.184 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.188 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.192 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.196 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.200 0.0.0.3 area 1
network 192.168.233.204 0.0.0.3 area 1

...全文

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bacy001 2011-02-22

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[Quote=引用 2 楼 duanzhili 的回复:]

redistribute static 这句将本路由器直连路由重分发进OSPF协议

[/Quote]

大哥，回复要谨慎！static 是直连路由的意思么？？？？？？？？

zhangyisc 2011-02-22

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学习了，都是大虾哈。建议LZ看一下OSPF协议的介绍，掌握一个厂家的OSPF路由配置。

duanzhili 2011-02-22

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在一台cisco 7206中，有以下配置：

router ospf 10 这条是开启OSPF路由功能
log-adjacency-changes 这个是说需要记录OSPF邻居的变化主要是用来记录日志
redistribute static 这句将本路由器直连路由重分发进OSPF协议
network 10.228.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 1 将属于10.228.1.0/28网段的接口启用OSPF功能
network 192.168.233.160 0.0.0.3 area 1 将属于192.168.233.160/30网段的接口启用OSPF

AREA1 的意思是说这些接口在OSPF 10自制系统的第一个区域，我估计你的网络内OSPF是单区域的，因为没有看到关于AREA 0（骨干区域的配置）

duanzhili 2011-02-22

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这个笔误了是重分布静态谢谢楼上的兄弟纠正啊！

bacy001 2011-02-21

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Router ospf 10 中的 10 是这台路由器 Ospf 进程的 ID 号！路由器和我们的PC一样，是多任务系统，理论上能够支持多个 OSPF 进程同时运行！此ID号仅本地有效！

SNMP 是网络管理协议，OSPF 是路由协议，两者就不是一个东西，不能相提并论！

log-adjacency-changes 是一个日志开关，意思是当 OSPF 探测到邻居关系发生变化时，将变化情况记录在系统日志里面！

redistribute static 是重发布静态路由到 OSPF 域中，华为叫路由引入！

network 10.228.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 1 是使用 OSPF 向邻居发布路由信息！ area 1 是 OSPF 路由域中的区域1，ospf 路由域分为骨干区域和非骨干区域，只有 area 0 是骨干区域，其他都是非骨干区域！

Contents at a Glance Introduction xix Part I OSPF Fundamentals and Communication 3 Chapter 1 Networking and Routing Fundamentals 5 Chapter 2 Introduction to OSPF 47 Chapter 3 OSPF Communication 103 Part II OSPF Routing and Network Design 161 Chapter 4 Design Fundamentals 163 Chapter 5 Routing Concepts and Configuration 225 Chapter 6 Redistribution 339 Chapter 7 Summarization 405 Part III OSPF Implementation, Troubleshooting, and Management 439 Chapter 8 Managing and Securing OSPF Networks 441 Chapter 9 Troubleshooting OSPF 533 Chapter 10 BGP and MPLS in an OSPF Network 655 Part IV Additional OSPF Resources 707 Appendix A OSPF RFCs 705 Index 724 0323FMf.book Page vi Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM vii Contents Introduction xix Part I OSPF Fundamentals and Communication 3 Chapter 1 Networking and Routing Fundamentals 5 Foundations of Networking 6 Why Was the OSI Reference Model Needed? 6 Characteristics of the OSI Layers 7 Understanding the Seven Layers of the OSI Reference Model 9 Upper Layers 9 Layer 7—Application 9 Layer 6—Presentation 10 Layer 5—Session 10 Lower Layers 10 Layer 4—Transport 10 Layer 3—Network 11 Layer 2—Data Link 11 Layer 1—Physical 12 OSI Reference Model Layers and Information Exchange 13 Headers, Trailers, and Data 13 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14 TCP/IP Functions 15 TCP Overview 15 IP Overview 16 Types of Network Topologies 16 Local-Area Networks 16 Wide-Area Networks 17 IP Addressing 21 Class A Addresses 22 Class B Addresses 22 Class C Addresses 23 Class D Addresses 23 Class E Addresses 23 How IP Addresses Are Used 24 Role of IP Addresses 27 How IP Addresses Are Read 27 IP Subnet Addressing 28 Subnet Masking 29 Subnetting Restrictions 31 Explaining the Need for VLSM and CIDR 31 Route Summarization 33 Classful Routing 34 Impact of Classful Routing 34 Classless Routing 34 VLSMs 35 VLSM Design Guidelines and Techniques 36 CIDR 37 Validating a CIDRized Network 37 What Do Those Slashes Mean? 38 Important CIDR Terms 38 IP Classless 39 CIDR Translation Table 39 Manually Computing the Value of a CIDR IP Prefix 40 Case Study: VLSMs 41 Route Aggregation 42 Summary 44 0323FMf.book Page vii Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM viii Chapter 2 Introduction to OSPF 47 What Is a Routing Protocol? 48 Basic Routing Protocol Operation 50 Link-State Versus Distance Vector Routing Protocols 51 Link-State Routing Protocols 52 OSPF Characteristics 53 Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System 54 Distance Vector Routing Protocols 55 Routing Information Protocol Characteristics 56 Conclusion 56 Selecting a Routing Protocol 57 Operational Considerations 57 Protocols Supported 57 Routing Hierarchies 58 IP Address Management 59 IP Encapsulation Support 59 Available Resources 59 Technical Considerations 60 Fast Convergence 60 Routing Updates 61 VLSM and CIDR Support 61 Load Sharing 61 Metrics 61 Scalability 62 Physical Media Support 62 Extensibility 62 Business Considerations 62 Standards 63 Multivendor Environments 63 Proven Technology 63 SPF Overview 63 SPF in Operation 64 SPF Functions 68 Full and Partial SPF Calculations 70 Verifying SPF Operation 70 OSPF Routing Hierarchy 71 Hierarchical Network Design Techniques 71 Routing Types Within an OSPF Network 72 Intra-Area Routing 72 Inter-Area Routing 72 External Routes 73 OSPF Areas 74 Characteristics of a Standard OSPF Area 74 Standard Area Design Rules 74 Area 0: The OSPF Backbone Area 75 Stub Areas 75 Not-So-Stubby Areas 76 OSPF Operational Environment 77 Types of OSPF Routers 77 Internal Routers 78 Area Border Routers 78 Autonomous System Boundary Routers 78 Backbone Routers 79 OSPF Network Types 79 Router Identification 80 Neighbors 81 Adjacencies 82 Neighbor Versus Adjacent OSPF Routers 82 Designated Routers 83 Case Study: Adding a New OSPF Router to a Network 85 0323FMf.book Page viii Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM ix Case Study: Developing the Link-State Database 88 Case Study: OSPF Network Evolution and Convergence 95 Configuring Loopback Interfaces 96 Enabling OSPF 96 Verifying OSPF Operation 97 Summary 101 Chapter 3 OSPF Communication 103 Link-State Advertisements 103 Types of LSAs 103 Type 1: Router LSAs 104 Type 2: Network LSAs 105 Type 3: ABR Summary LSAs 107 Type 4: ASBR Summary LSAs 108 Type 5: Autonomous System External LSAs 109 Type 7: Not-So-Stubby Area LSAs 110 Type 9: Opaque LSA: Link-Local Scope 112 Type 10: Opaque LSA: Area-Local Scope 113 Type 11: Opaque LSA: Autonomous System Scope 113 LSA Operation Example 113 Link-State Database Synchronization 116 Speaking OSPF 121 Types of OSPF Packets 121 Hello Process/Protocol 122 Hello Protocol Operational Variations 124 Hello Protocol Packet Format 125 Exchange Process/Protocol 126 Flooding Process/Protocol 127 Manipulating LSAs 128 Understanding LSA Group Pacing 128 How to Configure LSA Group Pacing 130 Understanding OSPF Packet Pacing 131 Blocking LSA Flooding 131 Ignoring MOSPF LSA Packets 132 Altering LSA Retransmissions 132 Altering LSA Transmission Delay 133 Detailed Neighbor Establishment 133 Hello Protocol State Changes 133 Database Exchange State Changes 134 Case Study: OSPF Initialization 138 Case Study: Troubleshooting Neighbor Problems 149 Neighbor Stuck in Init STATE 150 Neighbor Stuck in Exstart/Exchange State 151 What’s the Solution? 156 Neighbor Stuck in 2-Way State 156 Summary 158 Part II OSPF Routing and Network Design 161 Chapter 4 Design Fundamentals 163 OSPF Design Guidelines 164 OSPF Design Goals 164 Functionality 165 Scalability 165 Adaptability 166 Manageability 166 Cost Effectiveness 166 0323FMf.book Page ix Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM x OSPF Network Design Methodology 167 Step 1: Analyze the Requirements 168 OSPF Deployment 169 Load Balancing with OSPF 170 OSPF Convergence 170 Step 2: Develop the Network Topology 171 Fully Meshed Topology 171 Hierarchical Topology 171 OSPF Backbone Design in the Hierarchical Model 173 Area Design in the Hierarchical Model 174 Using a Stub Area 175 Example of an OSPF Network with a Hierarchical Structure 177 Step 3: Determine the Addressing and Naming Conventions 180 Public or Private Address Space 180 Plan Now for OSPF Summarization 181 Bit Splitting (Borrowing Bits) 184 Map OSPF Addresses for VLSM 184 Discontiguous Subnets 185 Naming Schemes 186 Step 4: Provision the Hardware 186 Step 5: Deploy Protocol and Cisco IOS Software Features 187 OSPF Features 187 Cisco IOS Software Features 188 Step 6: Implement, Monitor, and Manage the Network 189 OSPF Network Scalability 189 OSPF Network Topology 190 Area Sizing 191 Determining the Number of Areas per ABR 192 Determining the Number of Areas per Router 194 Determining the Number of Neighbors per Router 194 Selecting the Designated Router 195 Fully Meshed Versus Partially Meshed Network Topology 196 Link-State Database Size Considerations 197 Determining Router Memory Requirements 197 Router CPU Requirements 199 Bandwidth Usage 199 OSPF Security 199 Area Design Considerations 200 Area Design Overview 200 Considering Physical Proximity 201 Reducing the Area Size if Links Are Unstable 201 Ensuring Contiguous Areas 201 Using Tunable OSPF Parameters 202 Naming an Area 204 Standard Area Design 205 Golden Rules of Standard Area Design 205 Backbone Area Design 205 Backbone Design Golden Rules 206 Stub Area Design 207 Stub Area Design Golden Rules 208 Stub Area Configuration 208 Totally Stubby Areas 212 Not-So-Stubby Areas 212 NSSA Implementation Considerations 214 OSPF Virtual Links: Bane or Benefit? 215 Mending a Partitioned Area 0 215 Ensuring a Connection to Area 0 216 Golden Rules of Virtual Link Design 217 Virtual Link Configuration Example 217 OSPF Design Tools 230 Altering Neighbor Cost 230 0323FMf.book Page x Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xi Configuring a Neighbor’s Cost on Point-to-Multipoint Broadcast Networks 231 Configuring an Interface as Point-to-Multipoint Nonbroadcast 231 Configuring Route Calculation Timers 232 Suppressing OSPF Updates 232 Summary 232 Case Studies 233 Case Study: Understanding Subinterfaces 233 Point-to-Point Subinterfaces 233 Multipoint Subinterfaces 234 Case Study: Point-to-Multipoint Link Networks 235 Router Configuration Examples 237 Case Study Conclusion 239 Case Study: Designing an OSPF Network 240 New WAN Requirements 242 Determining the Frame Relay PVC Architecture 242 Determining Multiprotocol Support 242 Determining the Traffic Flow 243 Determining the Number of Routers 244 Determining the IP Addressing Scheme 244 Determining Internet Connectivity 244 Determining Enterprise Routing Policies 244 Establishing Security Concerns 244 Implementing Your Design 245 IP Addressing 245 OSPF Area Organization 247 Specifying the OSPF Network Type 248 Implementing Authentication 248 Configuring Link Cost 249 Tuning OSPF Timers 249 Strategizing Route Redistribution 250 Chapter 5 Routing Concepts and Configuration 255 OSPF Routing Concepts 255 OSPF Cost 256 ip cost Interface Command 259 Changing the Reference Bandwidth 259 Altering OSPF Convergence 261 Hello Timers 261 Dead Timers 262 SPF Timers 262 Setting the Router ID 264 Loopback Interfaces 264 Configuring a Loopback Interface 265 Routing Loopback Interfaces 265 Configuring the Designated Router 266 Route Types 266 Which Is Better—E1 or E2 Routes? 268 Controlling Inter-Area Traffic 269 Configuring OSPF 270 Activating OSPF 271 network Command 272 OSPF Router Considerations 273 ABR Considerations 273 ASBR Considerations 274 Backbone Router Considerations 275 Different Network Types and OSPF 276 Configuring the Network Type 276 Broadcast Networks 277 Nonbroadcast Networks 278 Point-to-Multipoint Networks 279 Point-to-Point Networks 283 0323FMf.book Page xi Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xii Area Configuration 284 Normal Area Configuration 285 Stub Area Configuration 289 Totally Stubby Area Configuration 294 Not-So-Stubby-Area (NSSA) Configuration 297 area default-cost Command 306 Area Range 309 Tuning OSPF Operation 313 Altering OSPF Administrative Distance 313 Load Balancing 314 Default Routes 318 Passive Interfaces 321 On-Demand Circuits 322 Implementation Considerations 324 On-Demand Configuration Examples 324 On-Demand Circuits Summary 328 Summary 328 Case Study: Assigning Unique Network Numbers to Each OSPF Area 329 Case Study: OSPF with Multiple Areas 330 Case Study: OSPF with Stub and Totally Stubby Areas 335 Chapter 6 Redistribution 339 OSPF Redistribution 340 Administrative Distance and Metrics 341 Redistribution Golden Rules 342 Redistribution Configuration 343 External Routes 347 Default Routes 347 default-information originate Command 348 Assigning Metrics for Redistributed Protocols 354 Using the redistribute Command to Assign a Metric 354 Using the default-metric Command to Assign a Metric 354 Configuration Example 1: Setting the Default Metric for Redistributed Routes 355 Route Tagging 359 Mutual Redistribution 360 Distribute List Concerns 361 Avoiding Redistribution Loops 364 Route Maps 365 Configuration Example 2: RIP and OSPF 366 Configuring the RIP Network 366 Adding OSPF to the Center of a RIP Network 368 Adding OSPF Areas 372 What If Mutual Redistribution Were Required? 375 Configuration Example 3: Redistributing Connected and Loopback Interfaces 376 Configuration Example 4: Redistributing OSPF and EIGRP 380 OSPF and EIGRP Mutual Redistribution 384 Using Route Maps to Protect Against Routing Loops 385 Using Route Tagging to Protect Against Routing Loops 388 Configuration Example 5: Redistributing OSPF and RIP and Tagging Routes 390 OSPF and RIP Mutual Redistribution 392 Redistributing into OSPF with Route Tagging 393 Configuration Example 6: Controlling Redistribution 396 Altering Link Cost 396 Altering Routes 397 Filtering Routes 398 Distribute Lists and OSPF 398 Chapter Summary 403 0323FMf.book Page xii Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xiii Chapter 7 Summarization with OSPF 405 Summarization with OSPF 406 Benefits of Summarization 408 Summarization Golden Rules 409 Troubleshooting Summarization 410 Types of OSPF Summarization 410 Summarize Area Routes 411 Summarize External Routes 414 Summarizations Effect on the Routing Table 418 Configuration Example 3: Subnetting with Summarization 420 Alternative Area Summarization Example 423 Using Private Addressing to Summarize? 424 Configuration Example 4: Using VLSM with Summarization 426 Summary 431 Final Router Example Configurations 431 Part III OSPF Implementation, Troubleshooting, and Management 439 Chapter 8 Managing and Securing OSPF Networks 441 Network Management 442 Network Management Tools 444 CiscoView 444 CiscoWorks 445 Cisco ConfigMaker 446 Simple Network Management Protocol 446 Introduction to SNMP 450 Network Management System 451 Agents 452 Managed Devices 452 Management Information Base Overview 453 SNMP Operation 455 SNMP Operation Definitions 455 Network Management System Operation 456 Agent Response to NMS Request 458 Cisco’s MIB Extensions+ 459 Access Lists for SNMP 462 Multiple Community Strings 462 OSPF MIBs 462 Network Security 466 Assessing the Need for Security 467 Golden Rules for Designing a Secure Network 467 Document Your Security Plan 468 Know Your Enemy 469 Count the Cost 469 Identify Your Assumptions 470 Control and Limit Your Secrets 470 Remember Human Factors 471 Know Your Weaknesses 472 Limit the Scope of Access 472 Understand Your Environment 472 Limit Your Trust 472 Remember Physical Security 473 Security Is Pervasive 473 Additional Resources on Network Security 473 Securing Your OSPF Network 473 OSPF and Network Devices 474 Cisco IOS Password Encryption 474 Network Impact: User Passwords (vty and Enable) 475 Increasing SNMP Security 477 Network Data Encryption 478 0323FMf.book Page xiii Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xiv OSPF Authentication 479 Benefits of OSPF Neighbor Authentication 480 When to Deploy OSPF Neighbor Authentication 481 How OSPF Authentication Works 481 Configuring OSPF Authentication in an Area 483 Configuring OSPF Authentication on a Virtual Link 489 Changing the Virtual Link Password 492 Restricting Access to Network Devices 493 Controlling Access to Network Equipment 493 Terminal Access Controller Access Control System 497 Nonprivileged Access 498 Privileged Access 498 Privilege Level Security 499 Access Lists to Restrict Access 501 User Authentication to Restrict Access 504 Summary 505 Case Study: IOS Secure Template 506 Case Study: Router and Firewall Deployment 518 Defending Against Attacks Directly to Network Devices 518 Controlling Traffic Flow 519 Configuring the Firewall Router 520 Defining Firewall Access Lists 520 Applying Access Lists to Interfaces 527 Configuring the Communication Server 528 Defining the Communication Server’s Access Lists 528 Applying Access Lists to Lines 529 Spoofing and Inbound Access Lists 529 Additional Firewall Security Considerations 530 File Transfer Protocol Port 530 Chapter 9 Troubleshooting OSPF 533 The Mechanics of Troubleshooting OSPF 533 Preparing for Network Failure 534 Troubleshooting Methodology 535 Step 1: Clearly Define the Problem 537 Step 2: Gather Facts 537 Step 3: Consider Possible Problems 538 Step 4: Create an Action Plan 539 Step 5: Implement the Action Plan 539 Step 6: Gather Results 539 Step 7: Reiterate the Process 540 Determining That OSPF Is Operating Properly 540 Monitoring the Operation of OSPF 541 Configuring Lookup of DNS Names 541 System Logging (SYSLOG) 543 Configuring SYSLOG 543 Logging OSPF Neighbor Changes 548 OSPF Troubleshooting Commands 549 show ip ospf Command 550 show ip ospf process-id Command 553 show ip ospf interface Command 553 show ip ospf border-routers Command 555 show ip ospf database Command 556 show ip ospf database asbr-summary Command 560 show ip ospf database database-summary Command 563 show ip ospf database external Command 564 show ip ospf database network Command 566 show ip ospf database router Command 568 show ip ospf database summary Command 570 show ip ospf delete Command (Hidden) 572 show ip ospf events Command (Hidden) 575 show ip ospf flood-list Command 579 0323FMf.book Page xiv Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xv show ip ospf maxage-list Command (Hidden) 579 show ip ospf neighbor Command 580 show ip ospf neighbor ip address Command 581 show ip ospf neighbor int ip-address Command 581 show ip ospf neighbor detail Command 581 show ip ospf virtual-links Command 583 show ip ospf stat Command (Hidden) 583 show ip ospf summary-address Command 585 clear ip ospf Command 585 clear ip ospf counters Command 585 clear ip ospf process Command 586 clear ip ospf redistribution Command 587 OSPF debug Commands 587 When to Use debug Commands 587 How to Use debug Commands 588 Timestamping debug Output 589 Complete OSPF debug Commands 589 debug ip ospf adjacency Command 591 debug ip ospf events Command 593 debug ip ospf flood Command 595 debug ip ospf hello Command 597 debug ip ospf lsa-generation Command 598 debug ip ospf monitor Command (Hidden) 599 debug ip ospf packet Command 600 debug ip ospf retransmission Command 602 debug ip ospf spf Command 602 debug ip routing Command 614 Summary 615 Case Study: In the Trenches with OSPF 616 Problem No. 1 616 Step 1: Define the Problem 617 Step 2: Gather Facts 617 Step 3: Consider Possible Problems 621 Step 4: Create an Action Plan 622 Step 5: Implement the Action Plan 622 Step 6: Gather Results 623 Step 7: Reiterate the Process, If Needed, in Steps 4–7 623 Step 4: Create a New Action Plan 624 Step 5: Implement the New Action Plan 624 Step 6 Revisited: Gather Results 625 Step 7: Reiterate Steps 4–6 625 Step 6 Visited Again: Gather Results 627 Problem #2: Performance Issues 628 Step 1: Define the Problem 628 Step 2: Gather Facts 628 Step 4: Create an Action Plan 629 Step 5: Implement the Action Plan 630 Step 6: Gather Results 631 Case Study Conclusion and Design Tips 632 Case Study: OSPF Issues and Teasers 633 OSPF Error Messages 634 What Do %OSPF-4-ERRRCV Error Messages Mean? 635 What Does the Adv router not-reachable Error Message Mean? 635 OSPF Is Having Neighbor and Adjacency Problems 635 OSPF Stuck in INIT 636 OSPF Stuck in EXSTART/EXCHANGE 638 OSPF Stuck in LOADING 641 OSPF Stuck in TWO-WAY 641 OSPF Routes Missing from Routing Table 642 OSPF Routes Are in the Database but Not in the Routing Table 643 0323FMf.book Page xv Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xvi Miscellaneous Known OSPF Issues 647 Why Doesn’t My Cisco 1600 Router Recognize the OSPF Protocol? 647 Why Doesn’t My Cisco 800 Router Run OSPF 647 Why Is the ip ospf interface-retry 0 Configuration Command Added to All Interfaces? 648 How Do I Produce a Stable OSPF Network with Serial Links Flapping? 648 OSPF Routing Issues 648 Chapter 10 BGP and MPLS in an OSPF Network 655 Review of Interior Gateway Protocols and Exterior Gateway Protocols 655 Role of IGPs and EGPs in a Network 656 Introduction to BGP 660 Characteristic Overview of BGP 661 Operational Overview of BGP 662 Preventing Routing Loops 663 Types of BGP 664 BGP and OSPF Interaction 665 Routing Dependencies and Synchronization 667 Synchronization Is Good 668 Synchronization Is Bad 669 Next-Hop Reachability 671 Redistributing OSPF into BGP 673 Redistributing OSPF Internal (Intra- and Inter-Area) Routes into BGP 676 Redistributing OSPF External (Type 1 and 2) Routes into BGP 677 Redistributing Both Internal and External Routes into BGP 679 Redistributing OSPF NSSA-External Routes into BGP 679 Conclusions About BGP 680 Case Study: BGP 680 Problem Description 680 MPLS and OSPF 683 Background of MPLS 684 What Is the Benefit of MPLS? 686 Why Not IP Routing or ATM Switching? 686 Conventional Best Effort Routing 687 MPLS Overview 689 Label Structure 691 Label Placement 692 MPLS Addresses Traffic Engineering 693 Looking up the Label Path 695 Configuring OSPF and MPLS 696 Configuring MPLS 697 Verifying OSPF and MPLS Operation 701 Summary 703 Part IV Additional OSPF Resources 705 Appendix A Overview of the OSPF RFCs 707 0323FMf.book Page xvi Wednesday, March 12, 2003 9:41 AM xvii

在交换机和路由器下开启SNMP服务详细步骤

it s a router from cisco n how to configure it

MikroTik RouterOS是一种路由操作系统，并通过该软件将标准的PC电脑变成专业路由器，在软件RouterOS 软路由图的开发和应用上不断的更新和发展，软件经历了多次更新和改进，使其功能在不断增强和完善。特别在无线、认证、策略路由、带宽控制和防火墙过滤等功能上有着非常突出的功能，其极高的性价比，受到许多网络人士的青睐。桥接功能　　RouterOS能将多张网卡组建为一个桥模式，使路由器变成一个透明的桥设备，同样也实行三层交换的作用，MAC层的以太网桥、EoIP 、Prism、Atheros和RadioLAN 等都是支持的。所有802.11b和802.11a 客户端的无线网卡（如station模式的无线）受802.11 的限制无法支持桥模式，但可以通过EoIP协议的桥接方式实现。　　为防止环路出现在网络中，可以使用生成树协议(STP) ，这个协议同样使冗余线路成为可能。　　包括特征如下：　　l 生成树协议(STP) 　　l 多桥接接口功能　　l 该协议能选择转发或者丢弃　　l 能实时监控MAC地址　　l 桥防火墙　　l 多线路支持　　RouterOS基于策略的路由为网络管理者提供了比传统路由协议对报文的转发和存储更强的控制能力，路由器用从路由协议派生出来的路由表，根据目的地址进行报文的转发。　　在负载均衡下也可以根据带宽的比例调整两条线路的流量。RouterOS提供了多种方式的路由功能，使其路由功能更强大，更灵活。RouterOS的路由功能主要为：　　l 基于源地址的路由　　l 基于目标地址的路由　　l 基于端口的路由　　l 基于定义用户类的路由　　l 基于负载均衡的路由　　l 基于端口的负载均衡　　l 隧道协议　　RouterOS支持多种隧道协议如PPP、PPPoE、PPTP、EoIP、IPIP以及IPsec，这些隧道协议可以为远程资源访问和企业间的连接提供很好的解决方案，如：　　l 通过PPTP或IPIP实现通网络资源互用　　l EoIP或PPTP的远程局域网解决方案　　l 支持PPPoE服务器　　l Hotspot热点认证服务　　热点服务认证系统是一种web的认证方式，在此种认证方式中，用户可以通过自设IP地址或DHCP获得一个地址，打开浏览器，无论输入一个什么地址，都会被强制到一个认证界面，要求用户进行认证，认证通过后，就可以访问其他站点了。主要特征：　　l 用户通过时间与流量认证计费　　l Cookie (存储用户的账号和密码) 带宽控制功能　　l 定额控制（连接超时时间, 下载/上传传输限制）　　l 实时用户状态信息显示　　l 自定义认证HTML页(可以由你自己设计认证页) 　　l DHCP服务器分配IP地址　　l 简单的RAIUS客户端配置　　l RouterOS 能与PPTP隧道、IPsec以及其它的一些功能配合使用。　　l 可以通过Access Point与以太网接入用户。　　l 定时广播指定的URL链接　　l 脚本控制　　RouterOS提供了可以编写的脚本功能，脚本的加入使RouterOS在处理很多网络方案、自动检查故障和动态生成策略等，都可以通过脚本很好的解决。使得在处理很多网络问题上更加的灵活和智能化。　　具体功能：　　TCP/IP协议组：　　l Firewall和NAT–包状态过滤；P2P协议过滤；源和目标NAT；对源MAC、IP地址、端口、IP协议、协议（ICMP、TCP、MSS等）、接口、对内部的数据包和连接作标记、ToS 字节、内容过滤、顺序优先与数据频繁和时间控制、包长度控制... 　　l 路由 – 静态路由；多线路平衡路由；基于策略的路由(在防火墙中分类); RIP v1 / v2, OSPF v2, BGP v4 　　l 数据流控制 – 能对每个IP、协议、子网、端口、防火墙标记做流量控制；支持PCQ, RED, SFQ, FIFO对列; Peer-to-Peer协议限制　　l HotSpot – HotSpot认证网关支持RADIUS验证和记录；用户可用即插即用访问网络；流量控制功能；具备防火墙功能；实时信息状态显示；自定义HTML登录页；支持iPass；支持SSL安全验证；支持广告功能。　　l 点对点隧道协议 – 支持PPTP, PPPoE和L2TP访问控制和客户端；支持PAP, CHAP, MSCHAPv1和MSCHAPv2 验证协议；支持RADIUS验证和记录；MPPE加密；PPPoE压缩；数据流控制；具备防火墙功能；支持PPPoE按需拨号。　　l 简单隧道 – IPIP隧道、EoIP隧道 (Ethernet over IP) 　　l IPsec – 支持IP安全加密AH和ESP协议；　

CISCO 技术大集合 {适合你们的技术} 二、命令状态 1. router> 路由器处于用户命令状态，这时用户可以看路由器的连接状态，访问其它网络和主机，但不能看到和更改路由器的设置内容。 2. router# 在router>提示符下键入enable,路由器进入特权命令状态router#，这时不但可以执行所有的用户命令，还可以看到和更改路由器的设置内容。 3. router(config)# 在router#提示符下键入configure terminal,出现提示符router(config)#，此时路由器处于全局设置状态，这时可以设置路由器的全局参数。 4. router(config-if)#; router(config-line)#; router(config-router)#;… 路由器处于局部设置状态，这时可以设置路由器某个局部的参数。 5. > 路由器处于RXBOOT状态，在开机后60秒内按ctrl-break可进入此状态，这时路由器不能完成正常的功能，只能进行软件升级和手工引导。 6. 设置对话状态这是一台新路由器开机时自动进入的状态，在特权命令状态使用SETUP命令也可进入此状态，这时可通过对话方式对路由器进行设置。　返回目录三、设置对话过程 1. 显示提示信息 2. 全局参数的设置 3. 接口参数的设置 4. 显示结果利用设置对话过程可以避免手工输入命令的烦琐，但它还不能完全代替手工设置，一些特殊的设置还必须通过手工输入的方式完成。进入设置对话过程后，路由器首先会显示一些提示信息： --- System Configuration Dialog --- At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'. 这是告诉你在设置对话过程中的任何地方都可以键入“？”得到系统的帮助，按ctrl-c可以退出设置过程，缺省设置将显示在‘[]’中。然后路由器会问是否进入设置对话： Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]: 如果按y或回车，路由器就会进入设置对话过程。首先你可以看到各端口当前的状况： First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid configuration Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol Ethernet0 unassigned NO unset up up Serial0 unassigned NO unset up up ……… ……… … …… … … 然后，路由器就开始全局参数的设置： Configuring global parameters: 1．设置路由器名： Enter host name [Router]: 2．设置进入特权状态的密文(secret)，此密文在设置以后不会以明文方式显示： The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used instead of the enable password when it exists. Enter enable secret: cisco 3．设置进入特权状态的密码(password)，此密码只在没有密文时起作用，并且在设置以后会以明文方式显示： The enable password is used when there is no enable secret and when using older software and some boot images. Enter enable password: pass 4．设置虚拟终端访问时的密码： Enter virtual terminal password: cisco 5．询问是否要设置路由器支持的各种网络协议： Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: Configure DECnet? [no]: Configure AppleTalk? [no]: Configure IPX? [no]: Configure IP? [yes]: Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: Configure RIP routing? [no]: ……… 6．如果配置的是拨号访问服务器，系统还会设置异步口的参数： Configure Async lines? [yes]: 1) 设置线路的最高速度： Async line speed [9600]: 2) 是否使用硬件流控： Configure for HW flow control? [yes]: 3) 是否设置modem： Configure for modems? [yes/no]: yes 4) 是否使用默认的modem命令： Configure for default chat script? [yes]: 5) 是否设置异步口的PPP参数： Configure for Dial-in IP SLIP/PPP access? [no]: yes 6) 是否使用动态IP地址： Configure for Dynamic IP addresses? [yes]: 7) 是否使用缺省IP地址： Configure Default IP addresses? [no]: yes 8) 是否使用TCP头压缩： Configure for TCP Header Compression? [yes]: 9) 是否在异步口上使用路由表更新： Configure for routing updates on async links? [no]: y 10) 是否设置异步口上的其它协议。接下来，系统会对每个接口进行参数的设置。 1．Configuring interface Ethernet0: 1) 是否使用此接口： Is this interface in use? [yes]: 2) 是否设置此接口的IP参数： Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: 3) 设置接口的IP地址： IP address for this interface: 192.168.162.2 4) 设置接口的IP子网掩码： Number of bits in subnet field [0]: Class C network is 192.168.162.0, 0 subnet bits; mask is /24 在设置完所有接口的参数后，系统会把整个设置对话过程的结果显示出来： The following configuration command script was created: hostname Router enable secret 5 $1$W5Oh$p6J7tIgRMBOIKVXVG53Uh1 enable password pass ………… 请注意在enable secret后面显示的是乱码，而enable password后面显示的是设置的内容。显示结束后，系统会问是否使用这个设置： Use this configuration? [yes/no]: yes 如果回答yes，系统就会把设置的结果存入路由器的NVRAM中，然后结束设置对话过程，使路由器开始正常的工作。返回目录　四、常用命令 1. 帮助在IOS操作中，无论任何状态和位置，都可以键入“？”得到系统的帮助。 2. 改变命令状态任务命令进入特权命令状态 enable 退出特权命令状态 disable 进入设置对话状态 setup 进入全局设置状态 config terminal 退出全局设置状态 end 进入端口设置状态 interface type slot/number 进入子端口设置状态 interface type number.subinterface [point-to-point | multipoint] 进入线路设置状态 line type slot/number 进入路由设置状态 router protocol 退出局部设置状态 exit 3. 显示命令任务命令查看版本及引导信息 show version 查看运行设置 show running-config 查看开机设置 show startup-config 显示端口信息 show interface type slot/number 显示路由信息 show ip router 4. 拷贝命令用于IOS及CONFIG的备份和升级 5. 网络命令任务命令登录远程主机 telnet hostname|IP address 网络侦测 ping hostname|IP address 路由跟踪 trace hostname|IP address 　 6. 基本设置命令任务命令全局设置 config terminal 设置访问用户及密码 username username password password 设置特权密码 enable secret password 设置路由器名 hostname name 设置静态路由 ip route destination subnet-mask next-hop 启动IP路由 ip routing 启动IPX路由 ipx routing 端口设置 interface type slot/number 设置IP地址 ip address address subnet-mask 设置IPX网络 ipx network network 激活端口 no shutdown 物理线路设置 line type number 启动登录进程 login [local|tacacs server] 设置登录密码 password password 　五、配置IP寻址　 1. IP地址分类 IP地址分为网络地址和主机地址二个部分，A类地址前8位为网络地址，后24位为主机地址，B类地址16位为网络地址，后16位为主机地址，C类地址前24位为网络地址，后8位为主机地址，网络地址范围如下表所示：种类网络地址范围 A　 1.0.0.0 到126.0.0.0有效 0.0.0.0 和127.0.0.0保留 B 128.1.0.0到191.254.0.0有效 128.0.0.0和191.255.0.0保留 C 192.0.1.0 到223.255.254.0有效 192.0.0.0和223.255.255.0保留 D 224.0.0.0到239.255.255.255用于多点广播 E 240.0.0.0到255.255.255.254保留 255.255.255.255用于广播 2. 分配接口IP地址任务命令接口设置 interface type slot/number 为接口设置IP地址 ip address ip-address mask 掩玛（mask）用于识别IP地址中的网络地址位数，IP地址（ip-address）和掩码（mask）相与即得到网络地址。 3. 使用可变长的子网掩码通过使用可变长的子网掩码可以让位于不同接口的同一网络编号的网络使用不同的掩码，这样可以节省IP地址，充分利用有效的IP地址空间。如下图所示： Router1和Router2的E0端口均使用了C类地址192.1.0.0作为网络地址，Router1的E0的网络地址为192.1.0.128,掩码为255.255.255.192, Router2的E0的网络地址为192.1.0.64,掩码为255.255.255.192，这样就将一个C类网络地址分配给了二个网，既划分了二个子网，起到了节约地址的作用。 4. 使用网络地址翻译（NAT） NAT（Network Address Translation）起到将内部私有地址翻译成外部合法的全局地址的功能，它使得不具有合法IP地址的用户可以通过NAT访问到外部Internet. 当建立内部网的时候,建议使用以下地址组用于主机,这些地址是由Network Working Group(RFC 1918)保留用于私有网络地址分配的. l Class A:10.1.1.1 to 10.254.254.254 l Class B:172.16.1.1 to 172.31.254.254 l Class C:192.168.1.1 to 192.168.254.254 命令描述如下：任务命令定义一个标准访问列表 access-list access-list-number permit source [source-wildcard] 定义一个全局地址池 ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip {netmask netmask | prefix-length prefix-length} [type rotary] 建立动态地址翻译 ip nat inside source {list {access-list-number | name} pool name [overload] | static local-ip global-ip} 指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside} 如下图所示，路由器的Ethernet 0端口为inside端口，即此端口连接内部网络，并且此端口所连接的网络应该被翻译，Serial 0端口为outside端口，其拥有合法IP地址（由NIC或服务提供商所分配的合法的IP地址）,来自网络10.1.1.0/24的主机将从IP地址池c2501中选择一个地址作为自己的合法地址，经由Serial 0口访问Internet。命令ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501 overload中的参数overload，将允许多个内部地址使用相同的全局地址（一个合法IP地址，它是由NIC或服务提供商所分配的地址）。命令ip nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask 255.255.255.192定义了全局地址的范围。设置如下： ip nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask 255.255.255.192 interface Ethernet 0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside ! interface Serial 0 ip address 202.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ip nat outside ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial 0 access-list 2 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 ! Dynamic NAT ! ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501 overload line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 ! line vty 0 4 end 　六、配置静态路由通过配置静态路由，用户可以人为地指定对某一网络访问时所要经过的路径,在网络结构比较简单，且一般到达某一网络所经过的路径唯一的情况下采用静态路由。任务命令建立静态路由 ip route prefix mask {address | interface} [distance] [tag tag] [permanent] Prefix :所要到达的目的网络 mask :子网掩码 address :下一个跳的IP地址，即相邻路由器的端口地址。 interface :本地网络接口 distance :管理距离（可选） tag tag :tag值（可选） permanent :指定此路由即使该端口关掉也不被移掉。以下在Router1上设置了访问192.1.0.64/26这个网下一跳地址为192.200.10.6,即当有目的地址属于192.1.0.64/26的网络范围的数据报，应将其路由到地址为192.200.10.6的相邻路由器。在Router3上设置了访问192.1.0.128/26及192.200.10.4/30这二个网下一跳地址为192.1.0.65。由于在Router1上端口Serial 0地址为192.200.10.5，192.200.10.4/30这个网属于直连的网，已经存在访问192.200.10.4/30的路径，所以不需要在Router1上添加静态路由。 Router1: ip route 192.1.0.64 255.255.255.192 192.200.10.6 Router3: ip route 192.1.0.128 255.255.255.192 192.1.0.65 ip route 192.200.10.4 255.255.255.252 192.1.0.65 同时由于路由器Router3除了与路由器Router2相连外，不再与其他路由器相连，所以也可以为它赋予一条默认路由以代替以上的二条静态路由， ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.1.0.65 即只要没有在路由表里找到去特定目的地址的路径,则数据均被路由到地址为192.1.0.65的相邻路由器。返回目录　一、HDLC 　 HDLC是CISCO路由器使用的缺省协议，一台新路由器在未指定封装协议时默认使用HDLC封装。 1. 有关命令端口设置任务命令设置HDLC封装 encapsulation hdlc 设置DCE端线路速度 clockrate speed 复位一个硬件接口 clear interface serial unit 显示接口状态 show interfaces serial [unit] 1 注:1.以下给出一个显示Cisco同步串口状态的例子. Router#show interface serial 0 Serial 0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is MCI Serial Internet address is 150.136.190.203, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input 0:00:07, output 0:00:00, output hang never Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops Five minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec Five minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 16263 packets input, 1347238 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 13983 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants 2 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2 abort 22146 packets output, 2383680 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets, 0 restarts 1 carrier transitions 2. 举例　　设置如下： Router1: interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 clockrate 1000000 Router2: interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 ! 3. 举例使用E1线路实现多个64K专线连接. 相关命令: 任务命令进入controller配置模式 controller {t1 | e1} number 选择帧类型 framing {crc4 | no-crc4} 选择line-code类型 linecode {ami | b8zs | hdb3} 建立逻辑通道组与时隙的映射 channel-group number timeslots range1 显示controllers接口状态 show controllers e1 [slot/port]2 注: 1. 当链路为T1时,channel-group编号为0-23, Timeslot范围1-24; 当链路为E1时, channel-group编号为0-30, Timeslot范围1-31. 2.使用show controllers e1观察controller状态,以下为帧类型为crc4时controllers正常的状态. Router# show controllers e1 e1 0/0 is up. Applique type is Channelized E1 - unbalanced Framing is CRC4, Line Code is HDB3 No alarms detected. Data in current interval (725 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins, 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs 以下例子为E1连接3条64K专线, 帧类型为NO-CRC4,非平衡链路,路由器具体设置如下: shanxi#wri t Building configuration... Current configuration: ! version 11.2 no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname shanxi ! enable secret 5 $1$XN08$Ttr8nfLoP9.2RgZhcBzkk/ enable password shanxi ! ! ip subnet-zero ! controller E1 0 framing NO-CRC4 channel-group 0 timeslots 1 channel-group 1 timeslots 2 channel-group 2 timeslots 3 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 133.118.40.1 255.255.0.0 media-type 10BaseT ! interface Ethernet1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0:0 ip address 202.119.96.1 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:1 ip address 202.119.96.5 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:2 ip address 202.119.96.9 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! no ip classless ip route 133.210.40.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:0 ip route 133.210.41.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:1 ip route 133.210.42.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:2 ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password shanxi login ! end 广域网设置：　一、HDLC 　 HDLC是CISCO路由器使用的缺省协议，一台新路由器在未指定封装协议时默认使用HDLC封装。 1. 有关命令端口设置任务命令设置HDLC封装 encapsulation hdlc 设置DCE端线路速度 clockrate speed 复位一个硬件接口 clear interface serial unit 显示接口状态 show interfaces serial [unit] 1 注:1.以下给出一个显示Cisco同步串口状态的例子. Router#show interface serial 0 Serial 0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is MCI Serial Internet address is 150.136.190.203, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input 0:00:07, output 0:00:00, output hang never Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops Five minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec Five minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 16263 packets input, 1347238 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 13983 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants 2 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2 abort 22146 packets output, 2383680 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets, 0 restarts 1 carrier transitions 2. 举例　　设置如下： Router1: interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 clockrate 1000000 Router2: interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 ! 3. 举例使用E1线路实现多个64K专线连接. 相关命令: 任务命令进入controller配置模式 controller {t1 | e1} number 选择帧类型 framing {crc4 | no-crc4} 选择line-code类型 linecode {ami | b8zs | hdb3} 建立逻辑通道组与时隙的映射 channel-group number timeslots range1 显示controllers接口状态 show controllers e1 [slot/port]2 注: 1. 当链路为T1时,channel-group编号为0-23, Timeslot范围1-24; 当链路为E1时, channel-group编号为0-30, Timeslot范围1-31. 2.使用show controllers e1观察controller状态,以下为帧类型为crc4时controllers正常的状态. Router# show controllers e1 e1 0/0 is up. Applique type is Channelized E1 - unbalanced Framing is CRC4, Line Code is HDB3 No alarms detected. Data in current interval (725 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins, 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs 以下例子为E1连接3条64K专线, 帧类型为NO-CRC4,非平衡链路,路由器具体设置如下: shanxi#wri t Building configuration... Current configuration: ! version 11.2 no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname shanxi ! enable secret 5 $1$XN08$Ttr8nfLoP9.2RgZhcBzkk/ enable password shanxi ! ! ip subnet-zero ! controller E1 0 framing NO-CRC4 channel-group 0 timeslots 1 channel-group 1 timeslots 2 channel-group 2 timeslots 3 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 133.118.40.1 255.255.0.0 media-type 10BaseT ! interface Ethernet1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0:0 ip address 202.119.96.1 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:1 ip address 202.119.96.5 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0:2 ip address 202.119.96.9 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache ! no ip classless ip route 133.210.40.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:0 ip route 133.210.41.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:1 ip route 133.210.42.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:2 ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password shanxi login ! end 返回目录　二、PPP 　 PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)是SLIP(Serial Line IP protocol)的继承者，它提供了跨过同步和异步电路实现路由器到路由器(router-to-router)和主机到网络(host-to-network)的连接。 CHAP(Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)和PAP(Password Authentication Protocol) (PAP)通常被用于在PPP封装的串行线路上提供安全性认证。使用CHAP和PAP认证,每个路由器通过名字来识别，可以防止未经授权的访问。 CHAP和PAP在RFC 1334上有详细的说明。 1. 有关命令端口设置任务命令设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp1 设置认证方法 ppp authentication {chap | chap pap | pap chap | pap} [if-needed][list-name | default] [callin] 指定口令 username name password secret 设置DCE端线路速度 clockrate speed 注：1、要使用CHAP/PAP必须使用PPP封装。在与非Cisco路由器连接时，一般采用PPP封装，其它厂家路由器一般不支持Cisco的HDLC封装协议。 2. 举例路由器Router1和Router2的S0口均封装PPP协议，采用CHAP做认证，在Router1中应建立一个用户，以对端路由器主机名作为用户名，即用户名应为router2。同时在Router2中应建立一个用户，以对端路由器主机名作为用户名，即用户名应为router1。所建的这两用户的password必须相同。设置如下： Router1: hostname router1 username router2 password xxx interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 clockrate 1000000 ppp authentication chap ! Router2: hostname router2 username router1 password xxx interface Serial0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 ppp authentication chap ! 　返回目录　三、x.25 1. X25技术 X.25规范对应OSI三层，X.25的第三层描述了分组的格式及分组交换的过程。X.25的第二层由LAPB（Link Access Procedure, Balanced）实现，它定义了用于DTE/DCE连接的帧格式。X.25的第一层定义了电气和物理端口特性。 X.25网络设备分为数据终端设备（DTE）、数据电路终端设备（DCE）及分组交换设备（PSE）。DTE是X.25的末端系统，如终端、计算机或网络主机，一般位于用户端，Cisco路由器就是DTE设备。DCE设备是专用通信设备，如调制解调器和分组交换机。PSE是公共网络的主干交换机。 X.25定义了数据通讯的电话网络，每个分配给用户的x.25 端口都具有一个x.121地址，当用户申请到的是SVC（交换虚电路）时，x.25一端的用户在访问另一端的用户时，首先将呼叫对方x.121地址，然后接收到呼叫的一端可以接受或拒绝，如果接受请求，于是连接建立实现数据传输，当没有数据传输时挂断连接，整个呼叫过程就类似我们拨打普通电话一样，其不同的是x.25可以实现一点对多点的连接。其中x.121地址、htc均必须与x.25服务提供商分配的参数相同。X.25 PVC（永久虚电路），没有呼叫的过程，类似DDN专线。 2. 有关命令: 任务命令设置X.25封装 encapsulation x25 [dce] 设置X.121地址 x25 address x.121-address 设置远方站点的地址映射 x25 map protocol address [protocol2 address2[...[protocol9 address9]]] x121-address [option] 设置最大的双向虚电路数 x25 htc citcuit-number1 设置一次连接可同时建立的虚电路数 x25 nvc count2 设置x25在清除空闲虚电路前的等待周期 x25 idle minutes 重新启动x25，或清一个svc，启动一个pvc相关参数 clear x25 {serial number | cmns-interface mac-address} [vc-number] 3 清x25虚电路 clear x25-vc 显示接口及x25相关信息 show interfaces serial show x25 interface show x25 map show x25 vc 注：1、虚电路号从1到4095，Cisco路由器默认为1024，国内一般分配为16。 2、虚电路计数从1到8，缺省为1。 3、在改变了x.25各层的相关参数后，应重新启动x25(使用clear x25 {serial number | cmns-interface mac-address} [vc-number]或clear x25-vc命令)，否则新设置的参数可能不能生效。同时应对照服务提供商对于x.25交换机端口的设置来配置路由器的相关参数，若出现参数不匹配则可能会导致连接失败或其它意外情况。 3. 实例： 3.1. 在以下实例中每二个路由器间均通过svc实现连接。路由器设置如下： Router1: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 x25 address 110101 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast ! Router2: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 x25 address 110102 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast ! Router: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0 x25 address 110103 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast ! 相关调试命令： clear x25-vc show interfaces serial show x25 map show x25 route show x25 vc 3.2. 在以下实例中路由器router1和router2均通过svc与router连接，但router1和router2不通过svc直接连接，此三个路由器的串口运行RIP路由协议，使用了子接口的概念。由于使用子接口，router1和router2均学习到了访问对方局域网的路径，若不使用子接口，router1和router2将学不到到对方局域网的路由。子接口（Subinterface）是一个物理接口上的多个虚接口，可以用于在同一个物理接口上连接多个网。我们知道为了避免路由循环，路由器支持split horizon法则，它只允许路由更新被分配到路由器的其它接口，而不会再分配路由更新回到此路由被接收的接口。无论如何，在广域网环境使用基于连接的接口(象 X.25和Frame Relay)，同一接口通过虚电路(vc)连接多台远端路由器时，从同一接口来的路由更新信息不可以再被发回到相同的接口，除非强制使用分开的物理接口连接不同的路由器。Cisco提供子接口（subinterface）作为分开的接口对待。你可以将路由器逻辑地连接到相同物理接口的不同子接口, 这样来自不同子接口的路由更新就可以被分配到其他子接口，同时又满足split horizon法则。 Router1: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 x25 address 110101 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast ! router rip network 192.200.10.0 ! Router2: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 ip address 192.200.11.2 255.255.255.0 x25 address 110102 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 x25 map ip 192.200.11.3 110103 broadcast ! router rip network 192.200.11.0 ! Router: interface Serial0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 110103 x25 htc 16 x25 nvc 2 ! interface Serial0.1 point-to-point ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0 x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast ! interface Serial0.2 point-to-point ip address 192.200.11.3 255.255.255.0 x25 map ip 192.200.11.2 110102 broadcast ! router rip network 192.200.10.0 network 192.200.11.0 ! 返回目录　帧中继是一种高性能的WAN协议，它运行在OSI参考模型的物理层和数据链路层。它是一种数据包交换技术，是X.25的简化版本。它省略了X.25的一些强健功能，如提供窗口技术和数据重发技术，而是依靠高层协议提供纠错功能，这是因为帧中继工作在更好的WAN设备上，这些设备较之X.25的WAN设备具有更可靠的连接服务和更高的可靠性，它严格地对应于OSI参考模型的最低二层，而X.25还提供第三层的服务，所以，帧中继比X.25具有更高的性能和更有效的传输效率。帧中继广域网的设备分为数据终端设备（DTE）和数据电路终端设备（DCE），Cisco路由器作为 DTE设备。帧中继技术提供面向连接的数据链路层的通信，在每对设备之间都存在一条定义好的通信链路，且该链路有一个链路识别码。这种服务通过帧中继虚电路实现，每个帧中继虚电路都以数据链路识别码（DLCI）标识自己。DLCI的值一般由帧中继服务提供商指定。帧中继即支持PVC也支持SVC。帧中继本地管理接口（LMI）是对基本的帧中继标准的扩展。它是路由器和帧中继交换机之间信令标准，提供帧中继管理机制。它提供了许多管理复杂互联网络的特性，其中包括全局寻址、虚电路状态消息和多目发送等功能。 2. 有关命令: 端口设置任务命令设置Frame Relay封装 encapsulation frame-relay[ietf] 1 设置Frame Relay LMI类型 frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco | q933a}2 设置子接口 interface interface-type interface-number.subinterface-number [multipoint|point-to-point] 映射协议地址与DLCI frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast]3 设置FR DLCI编号 frame-relay interface-dlci dlci [broadcast] 注：1.若使Cisco路由器与其它厂家路由设备相连，则使用Internet工程任务组（IETF）规定的帧中继封装格式。 2.从Cisco IOS版本11.2开始，软件支持本地管理接口（LMI）“自动感觉”， “自动感觉”使接口能确定交换机支持的LMI类型，用户可以不明确配置LMI接口类型。 3.broadcast选项允许在帧中继网络上传输路由广播信息。 3. 帧中继point to point配置实例： Router1: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ! interface serial 0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 105 ! interface serial 0.2 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 102 ! interface serial 0.3 point-to-point ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 104 ! Router2: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-relay ! interface serial 0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 201 ! interface serial 0.2 point-to-point ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply interface-dlci 203 ! 相关调试命令： show frame-relay lmi show frame-relay map show frame-relay pvc show frame-relay route show interfaces serial go top 4. 帧中继 Multipoint 配置实例: Router1: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-reply ! interface serial 0.1 multipoint ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.1 201 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 301 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 401 broadcast ! Router2: interface serial 0 encapsulation frame-reply ! interface serial 0.1 multipoint ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 102 broadcast frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 102 broadcast ! 五、ISDN 　 1. 综合数字业务网（ISDN）综合数字业务网（ISDN）由数字电话和数据传输服务两部分组成，一般由电话局提供这种服务。ISDN的基本速率接口（BRI）服务提供2个B信道和1个D信道（2B+D）。BRI的B信道速率为64Kbps,用于传输用户数据。D信道的速率为16Kbps，主要传输控制信号。在北美和日本，ISDN的主速率接口（PRI）提供23个B信道和1个D信道，总速率可达1.544Mbps，其中D信道速率为64Kbps。而在欧洲、澳大利亚等国家，ISDN的PRI提供30个B信道和1个64Kbps D信道，总速率可达2.048Mbps。我国电话局所提供ISDN PRI为30B+D。 2. 基本命令任务命令设置ISDN交换类型 isdn switch-type switch-type1 接口设置 interface bri 0 设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp 设置协议地址与电话号码的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [broadcast] [dial-string] 启动PPP多连接 ppp multilink 设置启动另一个B通道的阈值 dialer load-threshold load 显示ISDN有关信息 show isdn {active | history | memory | services | status [dsl | interface-type number] | timers} 注：1.交换机类型如下表,国内交换机一般为basic-net3。按区域分关键字交换机类型 Australia basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches Europe basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1) basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe) vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches Japan ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches North America basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only) New Zealand basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches 3. ISDN实现DDR（dial-on-demand routing）实例: 设置如下： Router1: hostname router1 user router2 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ！ dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! Router2: hostname router2 user router1 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ！ dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! Cisco路由器同时支持回拨功能，我们将路由器Router1作为Callback Server,Router2作为Callback Client。与回拨相关命令: 任务命令映射协议地址和电话号码，并在接口上使用在全局模式下定义的PPP回拨的映射类别。 dialer map protocol address name hostname class classname dial-string 设置接口支持PPP回拨 ppp callback accept 在全局模式下为PPP回拨设置映射类别 map-class dialer classname 通过查找注册在dialer map里的主机名来决定回拨. dialer callback-server [username] 设置接口要求PPP回拨 ppp callback request 设置如下： Router1: hostname router1 user router2 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp callback accept ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ！ map-class dialer s3 dialer callback-server username dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! Router2: hostname router2 user router1 password cisco ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! interface bri 0 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571 dialer load-threshold 80 ppp callback request ppp multilink dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ！ dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! 相关调试命令： debug dialer debug isdn event debug isdn q921 debug isdn q931 debug ppp authentication debug ppp error debug ppp negotiation debug ppp packet show dialer show isdn status 举例:执行debug dialer命令观察router2呼叫router1,router1回拨router2的过程. router1#debug dialer router2#ping 192.200.10.1 router1# 00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:03:50: BRI0:1:PPP callback Callback server starting to router2 572 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to down 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call 00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to up 00:03:52: callback to router2 already started 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call 00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to down 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call 00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call 00:04:05: : Callback timer expired 00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572 00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572 00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572 00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated 00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1, changed state to up 00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1 00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up 00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Virtual-Access1, chang ed state to up 00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now connected to 572 #router1 4. ISDN访问首都在线263网实例: 本地局部网地址为10.0.0.0/24,属于保留地址，通过NAT地址翻译功能，局域网用户可以通过ISDN上263网访问Internet。263的ISDN电话号码为2633，用户为263，口令为263，所涉及的命令如下表：任务命令指定接口通过PPP/IPCP地址协商获得IP地址 ip address negotiated 指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside} 使用ppp/pap作认证 ppp authentication pap callin 指定接口属于拨号组1 dialer-group 1 定义拨号组1允许所有IP协议 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit 设定拨号，号码为2633 dialer string 2633 设定登录263的用户名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263 设定默认路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0 设定符合访问列表2的所有源地址被翻译为bri 0所拥有的地址 ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload 设定访问列表2，允许所有协议 access-list 2 permit any 具体配置如下： hostname Cisco2503 ! isdn switch-type basic-net3 ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ip routing ! interface Ethernet 0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside no shutdown ! interface Serial 0 shutdown no description no ip address ! interface Serial 1 shutdown no description no ip address ! interface bri 0 ip address negotiated ip nat outside encapsulation ppp ppp authentication pap callin ppp multilink dialer-group 1 dialer hold-queue 10 dialer string 2633 dialer idle-timeout 120 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263 no cdp enable no ip split-horizon no shutdown ! ip classless ! ! Static Routes ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0 ! ! Access Control List 2 ! access-list 2 permit any ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! ! Dynamic NAT ! ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload snmp-server community public ro ! line console 0 exec-timeout 0 0 ! line vty 0 4 ! end 5. Cisco765M通过ISDN拨号上263 由于Cisco765的设置命令与我们常用的Cisco路由器的命令不同，所以以下列举了通过Cisco765上263访问Internet的具体命令行设置步骤。 >set system c765 c765> set multidestination on c765> set switch net3 c765> set ppp multilink on c765> cd lan c765:LAN> set ip routing on c765:LAN> set ip address 10.0.0.1 c765:LAN> set ip netmask 255.0.0.0 c765:LAN> set briding off c765:LAN>cd c765> set user remotenet New user remotenet being created c765:remotenet> set ip routing on c765:remotenet> set bridging off c765:remotenet> set ip framing none c765:remotenet> set ppp clientname 263 c765:remotenet> set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263 Re-Type new Password: 263 c765:remotenet> set ppp authentication out none c765:remotenet> set ip address 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet> set ip netmask 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet> set ppp address negotiation local on c765:remotenet> set ip pat on c765:remotenet> set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0 c765:remotenet> set number 2633 c765:remotenet> set active 命令描述如下：任务命令设置路由器系统名称 set system c765 允许路由器呼叫多个目的地 set multidestination on 设置ISDN交换机类型为NET3 set switch net3 允许点到点间多条通道连接实现负载均衡 set ppp multilink on 关掉桥接 set briding off 建立用户预制文件用于设置拨号连接参数- 可以设置多个用户预制文件用于相同的物理端口对应于不同的连接。 set user remotenet 使用PPP/IPCP set ip framing none 设置上网用户帐号 set ppp clientname 263 设置上网口令 set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263 Re-Type new Password: 263 不用PPP/CHAP或PAP做认证 set ppp authentication out none 允许地址磋商 set ppp address negotiation local on 设置地址翻译 set ip pat on 设置默认路由 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0 设置ISP的电话号码 set number 2633 激活用户预制文件 set active 　返回目录　六、PSTN 　　电话网络(PSTN)是目前普及程度最高、成本最低的公用通讯网络，它在网络互连中也有广泛的应用。电话网络的应用一般可分为两种类型，一种是同等级别机构之间以按需拨号(DDR)的方式实现互连，一种是ISP为拨号上网为用户提供的远程访问服务的功能。 1. 远程访问 1.1.Access Server基本设置：选用Cisco2511作为访问服务器,采用IP地址池动态分配地址.远程工作站使用WIN95拨号网络实现连接。全局设置：任务命令设置用户名和密码 username username password password 设置用户的IP地址池 ip local pool {default | pool-name low-ip-address [high-ip-address]} 指定地址池的工作方式 ip address-pool [dhcp-proxy-client | local] 基本接口设置命令：任务命令设置封装形式为PPP encapsulation ppp 启动异步口的路由功能 async default routing 设置异步口的PPP工作方式 async mode {dedicated | interactive} 设置用户的IP地址 peer default ip address {ip-address | dhcp | pool [pool-name]} 设置IP地址与Ethernet0相同 ip unnumbered ethernet0 line拨号线设置：任务命令设置modem的工作方式 modem {inout|dialin} 自动配置modem类型 modem autoconfig discovery 设置拨号线的通讯速率 speed speed 设置通讯线路的流控方式 flowcontrol {none | software [lock] [in | out] | hardware [in | out]} 连通后自动执行命令 autocommand command 访问服务器设置如下： Router: hostname Router enable secret 5 $1$EFqU$tYLJLrynNUKzE4bx6fmH// ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0 ! interface Async1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp keepalive 10 async mode interactive peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142 ! ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36 ! line con 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password cisco ! line 1 16 modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery flowcontrol hardware ! line aux 0 transport input all line vty 0 4 password cisco ! end 相关调试命令： show interface show line 1.2. Access Server通过Tacacs服务器实现安全认证：使用一台WINDOWS NT服务器作为Tacacs服务器，地址为10.111.4.2,运行Cisco2511随机带的Easy ACS 1.0软件实现用户认证功能. 相关设置：任务命令激活AAA访问控制 aaa new-model 用户登录时默认起用Tacacs+做AAA认证 aaa authentication login default tacacs+ 列表名为no_tacacs使用ENABLE口令做认证 aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable 在运行PPP的串行线上采用Tacacs+做认证 aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+ 由TACACS+服务器授权运行EXEC aaa authorization exec tacacs+ 由TACACS+服务器授权与网络相关的服务请求。 aaa authorization network tacacs+ 为EXEC会话运行记帐.进程开始和结束时发通告给TACACS+服务器。 aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+ 为与网络相关的服务需求运行记帐包括SLIP,PPP,PPP NCPs,ARAP等.在进程开始和结束时发通告给TACACS+服务器。 aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+ 指定Tacacs服务器地址 tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2 在Tacacs+服务器和访问服务器设定共享的关键字，访问服务器和Tacacs+服务器使用这个关键字去加密口令和响应信息。这里使用tac作为关键字。 tacacs-server key tac 访问服务器设置如下： hostname router ! aaa new-model aaa authentication login default tacacs+ aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+ aaa authorization exec tacacs+ aaa authorization network tacacs+ aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+ aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+ enable secret 5 $1$kN4g$CvS4d2.rJzWntCnn/0hvE0 ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 no ip address shutdown interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Group-Async1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp async mode interactive peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142 no cdp enable group-range 1 16 ! ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36 tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2 tacacs-server key tac ! line con 0 exec-timeout 0 0 password cisco login authentication no_tacacs line 1 16 login authentication tacacs modem InOut modem autoconfigure type usr_courier autocommand ppp transport input all stopbits 1 rxspeed 115200 txspeed 115200 flowcontrol hardware line aux 0 transport input all line vty 0 4 password cisco ! end 2. DDR（dial-on-demand routing）实例此例通过Cisco 2500系列路由器的aux端口实现异步拨号DDR连接。Router1拨号连接到Router2。其中采用PPP/CHAP做安全认证，在Router1中应建立一个用户，以对端路由器主机名作为用户名，即用户名应为Router2。同时在Router2中应建立一个用户，以对端路由器主机名作为用户名，即用户名应为Router1。所建的这两用户的password必须相同。相关命令如下：任务命令设置路由器与modem的接口指令 chat-script script-name EXPECT SEND EXPECT SEND (etc.) 设置端口在挂断前的等待时间 dialer idle-timeout seconds 设置协议地址与电话号码的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname] [broadcast] [modem-script modem-regexp] [system-script system-regexp] [dial-string] 设置电话号码 dialer string dial-string 指定在特定线路下路由器默认使用的chat-script script {dialer|reset} script-name Router1: hostname Router1 ! enable secret 5 $1$QKI7$wXjpFqC74vDAyKBUMallw/ ! username Router2 password cisco chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Async1 ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp async default routing async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name Router2 modem-script cisco-default 573 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.2 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 line aux 0 modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery flowcontrol hardware Router2: hostname Router2 ! enable secret 5 $1$F6EV$5U8puzNt2/o9g.t56PXHo. ! username Router1 password cisco ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Async1 ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp async default routing async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name Router1 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.1 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 line aux 0 modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery flowcontrol hardware ! 相关调试命令： debug dialer debug ppp authentication debug ppp error debug ppp negotiation debug ppp packet show dialer 3. 异步拨号备份DDN专线：此例主连接采用DDN专线，备份线路为电话拨号。当DDN专线连接正常时，主端口S0状态为up，line protocol亦为up,则备份线路状态为standby，line protocol为down，此时所有通信均通过主接口进行。当主接口连接发生故障时，端口状态为down，则激活备份接口，完成数据通信。此方法不适合为X.25做备份。因为，配置封装为X.25的接口只要和X.25交换机之间的连接正常其接口及line protocol的状态亦为 up,它并不考虑其它地方需与之通信的路由器的状态如何，所以若本地路由器状态正常，而对方路由器连接即使发生故障，本地也不会激活备份线路。例4将会描述如何为X.25做拨号备份。以下是相关命令：任务命令指定主线路改变后，次线路状态发生改变的延迟时间 backup delay {enable-delay | never} {disable-delay | never} 指定一个接口作为备份接口 backup interface type number hostname c2522rb ! enable secret 5 $1$J5vn$ceYDe2FwPhrZi6qsIIz6g0 enable password cisco ! username c4700 password 0 cisco ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c chat-script reset atz ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 16.122.51.254 255.255.255.0 no ip mroute-cache ! interface Serial0 backup delay 10 10 backup interface Serial2 ip address 16.250.123.18 255.255.255.252 no ip mroute-cache no fair-queue ! interface Serial1 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial2 physical-layer async ip address 16.249.123.18 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 16.249.123.17 name c4700 6825179 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! interface Serial3 no ip address shutdown no cdp enable ! interface Serial4 no ip address shutdown no cdp enable ! interface Serial5 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial6 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial7 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial8 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface Serial9 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! interface BRI0 no ip address no ip mroute-cache shutdown ! router eigrp 200 network 16.0.0.0 ! ip classless ! dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 line 2 script dialer cisco-default script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end c2522rb# 4. 异步拨号备份X.25: 设置X.25的拨号备份,首先X.25连接的端口必须运行动态路由协议,异步拨号口必须使用静态路由.本例选择EIGRP作为路由选择协议,将静态路由的Metric的值设置为200,由于EIGRP的默认Metric为90,所以当同时有两条路径通往同一网段时,其中Metric值小的路径生效,而当X.25连接出现问题时,路由器无法通过路由协议学习到路由表，则此时静态路由生效，访问通过拨号端口实现。当X.25连接恢复正常时，路由器又可以学习到路由表，则由于 Metric值的不同，静态路由自动被动态路由所代替，这样就实现了备份的功能。路由器Router1配置如下: hostname router1 ! enable secret 5 $1$UTvD$99YiY2XsRMxHudcYeHn.Y. enable password cisco ! username router2 password cisco ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c chat-script reset atz interface Ethernet0 ip address 202.96.38.100 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 ip address 202.96.0.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation x25 x25 address 10112227 x25 htc 16 x25 map ip 202.96.0.2 10112225 broadcast ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! ! interface Async 1 ip address 202.96.1.1 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer map ip 202.96.1.2 name router2 modem-script cisco-default 2113470 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! router eigrp 200 redistribute connected network 202.96.0.0 ! ip route 202.96.37.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.2 200 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit line con 0 line aux 0 script dialer cisco-default script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery transport input all rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end 路由器Router2配置如下: hostname router2 ! enable secret 5 $1$T4IU$2cIqak8f/E4Ug6dLT0k.J0 enable password cisco ! username router1 password cisco ip subnet-zero chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c chat-script reset atz ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 202.96.37.100 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0 ip address 202.96.0.2 255.255.255.0 no ip mroute-cache encapsulation x25 x25 address 10112225 x25 htc 16 x25 map ip 202.96.0.1 10112227 broadcast ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! interface Async1 ip address 202.96.1.2 255.255.255.252 encapsulation ppp keepalive 30 async default routing async mode dedicated dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 60 dialer wait-for-carrier-time 120 dialer map ip 202.96.1.1 name router1 modem-script cisco-default 2113469 dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap ! router eigrp 200 redistribute static network 202.96.0.0 ! no ip classless ip route 202.96.38.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.1 200 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 exec-timeout 0 0 line aux 0 script reset reset modem InOut modem autoconfigure discovery transport input all rxspeed 38400 txspeed 38400 flowcontrol hardware line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end 　路由协议：一、RIP协议　 RIP(Routing information Protocol)是应用较早、使用较普遍的内部网关协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP)，适用于小型同类网络，是典型的距离向量(distance-vector)协议。文档见RFC1058、RFC1723。 RIP通过广播UDP报文来交换路由信息，每30秒发送一次路由信息更新。RIP提供跳跃计数(hop count)作为尺度来衡量路由距离，跳跃计数是一个包到达目标所必须经过的路由器的数目。如果到相同目标有二个不等速或不同带宽的路由器，但跳跃计数相同，则RIP认为两个路由是等距离的。RIP最多支持的跳数为15，即在源和目的网间所要经过的最多路由器的数目为15，跳数16表示不可达。 1. 有关命令任务命令指定使用RIP协议 router rip 指定RIP版本 version {1|2}1 指定与该路由器相连的网络 network network 注：1.Cisco的RIP版本2支持验证、密钥管理、路由汇总、无类域间路由(CIDR)和变长子网掩码(VLSMs) 2. 举例 Router1: router rip version 2 network 192.200.10.0 network 192.20.10.0 ！相关调试命令： show ip protocol show ip route 　返回目录　二、IGRP协议　 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)是一种动态距离向量路由协议，它由Cisco公司八十年代中期设计。使用组合用户配置尺度，包括延迟、带宽、可靠性和负载。缺省情况下，IGRP每90秒发送一次路由更新广播，在3个更新周期内(即270秒)，没有从路由中的第一个路由器接收到更新，则宣布路由不可访问。在7个更新周期即630秒后，Cisco IOS 软件从路由表中清除路由。 1. 有关命令任务命令指定使用RIP协议 router igrp autonomous-system1 指定与该路由器相连的网络 network network 指定与该路由器相邻的节点地址 neighbor ip-address 注：1、autonomous-system可以随意建立，并非实际意义上的autonomous-system,但运行IGRP的路由器要想交换路由更新信息其autonomous-system需相同。 2．举例 Router1: router igrp 200 network 192.200.10.0 network 192.20.10.0 ! 三、OSPF协议　 OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)是一个内部网关协议(Interior Gateway Protocol,简称IGP)，用于在单一自治系统(autonomous system,AS)内决策路由。与RIP相对，OSPF是链路状态路有协议，而RIP是距离向量路由协议。链路是路由器接口的另一种说法，因此OSPF也称为接口状态路由协议。OSPF通过路由器之间通告网络接口的状态来建立链路状态数据库，生成最短路径树，每个OSPF路由器使用这些最短路径构造路由表。文档见RFC2178。 1．有关命令全局设置任务命令指定使用OSPF协议 router ospf process-id1 指定与该路由器相连的网络 network address wildcard-mask area area-id2 指定与该路由器相邻的节点地址 neighbor ip-address 注：1、OSPF路由进程process-id必须指定范围在1-65535，多个OSPF进程可以在同一个路由器上配置，但最好不这样做。多个OSPF进程需要多个OSPF数据库的副本，必须运行多个最短路径算法的副本。process-id只在路由器内部起作用，不同路由器的process-id可以不同。 2、wildcard-mask 是子网掩码的反码, 网络区域ID area-id在0-4294967295内的十进制数，也可以是带有IP地址格式的x.x.x.x。当网络区域ID为0或0.0.0.0时为主干域。不同网络区域的路由器通过主干域学习路由信息。 2．基本配置举例: Router1: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.129 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ! router ospf 100 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.128 0.0.0.63 area 1 ! Router2: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.65 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252 ! router ospf 200 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.64 0.0.0.63 area 2 ! Router3: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.130 255.255.255.192 ! router ospf 300 network 192.1.0.128 0.0.0.63 area 1 ! Router4: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.66 255.255.255.192 ! router ospf 400 network 192.1.0.64 0.0.0.63 area 1 ! 相关调试命令： debug ip ospf events debug ip ospf packet show ip ospf show ip ospf database show ip ospf interface show ip ospf neighbor show ip route 3. 使用身份验证为了安全的原因，我们可以在相同OSPF区域的路由器上启用身份验证的功能，只有经过身份验证的同一区域的路由器才能互相通告路由信息。在默认情况下OSPF不使用区域验证。通过两种方法可启用身份验证功能，纯文本身份验证和消息摘要(md5)身份验证。纯文本身份验证传送的身份验证口令为纯文本，它会被网络探测器确定，所以不安全，不建议使用。而消息摘要(md5)身份验证在传输身份验证口令前，要对口令进行加密，所以一般建议使用此种方法进行身份验证。使用身份验证时，区域内所有的路由器接口必须使用相同的身份验证方法。为起用身份验证，必须在路由器接口配置模式下，为区域的每个路由器接口配置口令。任务命令指定身份验证 area area-id authentication [message-digest] 使用纯文本身份验证 ip ospf authentication-key password 使用消息摘要(md5)身份验证 ip ospf message-digest-key keyid md5 key 以下列举两种验证设置的示例，示例的网络分布及地址分配环境与以上基本配置举例相同，只是在Router1和Router2的区域0上使用了身份验证的功能。: 例1.使用纯文本身份验证 Router1: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.129 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ip ospf authentication-key cisco ! router ospf 100 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.128 0.0.0.63 area 1 area 0 authentication ! Router2: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.65 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252 ip ospf authentication-key cisco ! router ospf 200 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.64 0.0.0.63 area 2 area 0 authentication ! 例2.消息摘要(md5)身份验证： Router1: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.129 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco ! router ospf 100 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.128 0.0.0.63 area 1 area 0 authentication message-digest ! Router2: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.1.0.65 255.255.255.192 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252 ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco ! router ospf 200 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 network 192.1.0.64 0.0.0.63 area 2 area 0 authentication message-digest ! 相关调试命令： debug ip ospf adj debug ip ospf events 　返回目录　四、重新分配路由　在实际工作中，我们会遇到使用多个IP路由协议的网络。为了使整个网络正常地工作，必须在多个路由协议之间进行成功的路由再分配。以下列举了OSPF与RIP之间重新分配路由的设置范例： Router1的Serial 0端口和Router2的Serial 0端口运行OSPF，在Router1的Ethernet 0端口运行RIP 2，Router3运行RIP2，Router2有指向Router4的192.168.2.0/24网的静态路由，Router4使用默认静态路由。需要在Router1和Router3之间重新分配OSPF和RIP路由，在Router2上重新分配静态路由和直连的路由。范例所涉及的命令任务命令重新分配直连的路由 redistribute connected 重新分配静态路由 redistribute static 重新分配ospf路由 redistribute ospf process-id metric metric-value 重新分配rip路由 redistribute rip metric metric-value Router1: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.5 255.255.255.252 ! router ospf 100 redistribute rip metric 10 network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 ! router rip version 2 redistribute ospf 100 metric 1 network 192.168.1.0 ! Router2: interface loopback 1 ip address 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 ! interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 ! interface serial 0 ip address 192.200.10.6 255.255.255.252 ! router ospf 200 redistribute connected subnet redistribute static subnet network 192.200.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 ! ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 ！ Router3: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 ! router rip version 2 network 192.168.1.0 ! Router4: interface ethernet 0 ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface ethernet 1 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 ! ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.2 ! 　五、IPX协议设置　 IPX协议与IP协议是两种不同的网络层协议，它们的路由协议也不一样，IPX的路由协议不象IP的路由协议那样丰富，所以设置起来比较简单。但IPX协议在以太网上运行时必须指定封装形式。 1．有关命令启动IPX路由 ipx routing 设置IPX网络及以太网封装形式 ipx network network [encapsulation encapsulation-type]1 指定路由协议，默认为RIP ipx router {eigrp autonomous-system-number | nlsp [tag] | rip} 注：1.network 范围是1 到FFFFFFFD. IPX封装类型列表接口类型封装类型 IPX帧类型 Ethernet novell-ether (默认) arpa sap snap Ethernet_802.3 Ethernet_II Ethernet_802.2 Ethernet_Snap Token Ring sap (默认) snap Token-Ring Token-Ring_Snap FDDI snap (默认) sap novell-fddi Fddi_Snap Fddi_802.2 Fddi_Raw 举例：在此例中，WAN的IPX网络为3a00,Router1所连接的局域网IPX网络号为2a00,在此局域网有一台Novell服务器，IPX网络号也是2a00, 路由器接口的IPX网络号必须与在同一网络的Novell服务器上设置的IPX网络号相同。路由器通过监听SAP来建立已知的服务及自己的网络地址表，并每60秒发送一次自己的SAP表。 Router1: ipx routing interface ethernet 0 ipx network 2a00 encapsulation sap ! interface serial 0 ipx network 3a00 ! ipx router eigrp 10 network 3a00 network 2a00 ! Router2: ipx routing interface ethernet 0 ipx network 2b00 encapsulation sap ! interface serial 0 ipx network 3a00 ! ipx router eigrp 10 network 2b00 network 3a00 ! 相关调试命令： debug ipx packet debug ipx routing debug ipx sap debug ipx spoof debug ipx spx show ipx eigrp interfaces show ipx eigrp neighbors show ipx eigrp topology show ipx interface show ipx route show ipx servers show ipx spx-spoof 　五、IPX协议设置　 IPX协议与IP协议是两种不同的网络层协议，它们的路由协议也不一样，IPX的路由协议不象IP的路由协议那样丰富，所以设置起来比较简单。但IPX协议在以太网上运行时必须指定封装形式。 1．有关命令启动IPX路由 ipx routing 设置IPX网络及以太网封装形式 ipx network network [encapsulation encapsulation-type]1 指定路由协议，默认为RIP ipx router {eigrp autonomous-system-number | nlsp [tag] | rip} 注：1.network 范围是1 到FFFFFFFD. IPX封装类型列表接口类型封装类型 IPX帧类型 Ethernet novell-ether (默认) arpa sap snap Ethernet_802.3 Ethernet_II Ethernet_802.2 Ethernet_Snap Token Ring sap (默认) snap Token-Ring Token-Ring_Snap FDDI snap (默认) sap novell-fddi Fddi_Snap Fddi_802.2 Fddi_Raw 举例：在此例中，WAN的IPX网络为3a00,Router1所连接的局域网IPX网络号为2a00,在此局域网有一台Novell服务器，IPX网络号也是2a00, 路由器接口的IPX网络号必须与在同一网络的Novell服务器上设置的IPX网络号相同。路由器通过监听SAP来建立已知的服务及自己的网络地址表，并每60秒发送一次自己的SAP表。 Router1: ipx routing interface ethernet 0 ipx network 2a00 encapsulation sap ! interface serial 0 ipx network 3a00 ! ipx router eigrp 10 network 3a00 network 2a00 ! Router2: ipx routing interface ethernet 0 ipx network 2b00 encapsulation sap ! interface ser

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