invalid row range at line 0 in function 函数名 of object 窗口名

qq_22796887 2014-11-09 04:02:47
1、pb0.0 + winxp，asa 8.0
2、debug的时候出这个提示，不debug的时候不出，但是第一行不运行。
3、偶尔有一次对窗口edit source的时候在函数名后面打了一个回车，不出提示了。但是删除函数中无用赋值语句后，再打回车也还是 会出现那个提示。
请问这是为什么？
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阿伟1201 2015-09-07
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引用 2 楼 lzp_lrp 的回复:
[quote=引用 楼主 qq_22796887 的回复:] 1、pb0.0 + winxp，asa 8.0 2、debug的时候出这个提示，不debug的时候不出，但是第一行不运行。 3、偶尔有一次对窗口edit source的时候在函数名后面打了一个回车，不出提示了。但是删除函数中无用赋值语句后，再打回车也还是 会出现那个提示。 请问这是为什么？
看一下你debug里设置的watch变量是不是有问题，清空一下试试[/quote] 版主高手，确实是这个原因导致.
WorldMobile 2014-11-10
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引用 楼主 qq_22796887 的回复:
1、pb0.0 + winxp，asa 8.0 2、debug的时候出这个提示，不debug的时候不出，但是第一行不运行。 3、偶尔有一次对窗口edit source的时候在函数名后面打了一个回车，不出提示了。但是删除函数中无用赋值语句后，再打回车也还是 会出现那个提示。 请问这是为什么？
看一下你debug里设置的watch变量是不是有问题，清空一下试试
qq_1919561306 2014-11-09
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把函数代码放上来看看
FastReport.v4.15 for.Delphi.BCB.Full.Source企业版含ClientServer中文修正版支持D4-XE5
FastReport.v4.15 for.Delphi.BCB.Full.Source企业版含ClientServer中文修正版支持Delphi 4-XE5 and C++Builder 6-XE5. D2010以上版本(D14_D19)安装必读 delphi2010以上版本(D14_D19)使用者安装时，请将res\frccD14_D19.exe更名名为frcc.exe frccD14_D19.exe是专门的delphi2010以上版本(D14_D19)编码器。其他低delphi版本，请使用frcc.exe FastReport® VCL is an add-on component that allows your application to generate reports quickly and efficiently. FastReport® provides all the tools necessary for developing reports, including a visual report designer, a reporting core, and a preview window. It can be used in Embarcadero (ex Borland and CodeGear) Delphi 4-XE5 and C++Builder 6-XE5. version 4.15 --------------- + Added Embarcadero RAD Studio XE5 support + Added Internal components for FireDac database engine + fixed bug with images in PDF export for OSX viewers + Added ability to set font charset to default in Style Editor - fixed duplex problem when printing several copies of the report - fixed problem with PNG images - fixed problem with TfrxPictureView transparent version 4.14 --------------- + Added Embarcadero RAD Studio XE4 support - [Lazarus] fixed bug with text output - [Lazarus] fixed bug with some visual controls in designer - [Lazarus] improved interface of the report preview and designer - [Lazarus] fixed bug with boolean propertyes in script code and expressions - fixed bug with endless loop in TfrxRichView - fixed bug with Unicode in TfrxMemoView appeared in previous release - improved MAPI interface in TfrxExportMail export - fixed some problems with allpication styles XE2/XE3 - improved compatibility with Fast Report FMX version 4.13 --------------- + Added Lazarus Beta support starts from Fast Report Professionnal edition. Current version allows preview, print and design report template under Windows and Linux platform (qt). + Added Embarcadero RAD Studio XE3 support - fixed compatibility with Fast Report FMX installed in the same IDE. This version can co exist with Fast Report FMX version at the same time. + published "Quality" property of TfrxPDFExport object + published "UseMAPI" property of TfrxExportMail object + published "PictureType" property to ODF export - fixed bug with expressions in RichEdit - fixed bug in multi-column reports - fixed exception in the report designer - fixed bug with URLs in Open Document Text and Open Document Spreadsheet exports - fixed format string in XLS OLE export - fixed format string in XLS BIFF8 export - fixed output of the check boxes on the highlighted lines in PDF export - fixed bug with PDF anchors - fixed bug when using two or more macroses in memo version 4.12 --------------- + added support of Embarcadero Rad Studio EX2 (x32/x64) + added export of Excel formulas in the BIFF export + added export of external URLs in the PDF export + added converter from Rave Reports ConverterRR2FR.pas + added Cross.KeepRowsTogether property + optimised merging cells in the BIFF export + added property DataOnly to exports + pictures format in all exports switched to PNG + improved number formats processing in the BIFF export + added property DataOnly to exports + added property TfrxODFExport.SingleSheet + added property TfrxSimpleTextExport.DeleteEmptyColumns + added property TfrxBIFFExport.DeleteEmptyRows + added progress bar to the BIFF export - fixed bug with frame for some barcode types - fixed wrong metafiles size in the EMF export - fixed processing of negative numbers in the OLE export - fixed bug in handling exceptions in the OLE export - fixed bug in creation of the progress bar (applicable to many exports) - fixed bug in the ODF export in strings processing - fixed bug in the OLE export in numbers formatting - fixed bug in the PDF export in rotating texts 90, 180 and 270 degrees - fixed bug in the ODF export in processing of headers and footers - fixed bug in the Text export in computing object bounds - fixed bug in the ODF export in UTF8 encoding - fixed hiding gridlines around nonempty cells in the BIFF export - fixed images bluring when exporting - fixed word wrapping in the Excel XML export version 4.11 --------------- + added BIFF8 XLS export filter + added to ODF export the Language property + [enterprise] added "scripts" folder for additional units ("uses" directive in report script) + [enterprise] added logs for scheduler (add info in scheduler.log) + [enterprise] added property "Reports" - "Scripts" in server configuration - set the path for "uses" directive in report script + [enterprise] added property "Http" - "MaxSessions" in server configuration - set the limit of maximum session threads, set 0 for unlimit + [enterprise] added property "Reports" - "MaxReports" in server configuration - set the limit of maximum report threads, set 0 for unlimit + [enterprise] added property "Logs" - "SchedulerLog" in server configuration - set the scheduler log file name + [enterprise] added property "Scheduler" - "Active" in server configuration - enable of scheduler + [enterprise] added property "Scheduler" - "Debug" in server configuration - enable writing of debug info in scheduler log + [enterprise] added property "Scheduler" - "StudioPath" in server configuration - set the path to FastReport Studio, leave blank for default - [enterprise] fixed bug with MIME types in http header (content-type) - [enterprise] fixed bug with default configuration (with missed config.xml) - [enterprise] fixed bug with error pages - fixed bug in XML export with the ShowProgress property - fixed bug in RTF export with font size in empty cells - fixed bug in ODF export with UTF8 encoding of the Creator field - fixed bug in XML export with processing special characters in strings - fixed bug in ODF export with properties table:number-columns-spanned, table:number-rows-spanned - fixed bug in ODF export with the background clNone color - fixed bug in ODF export with a style of table:covered-table-cell - fixed bug in ODF export with table:covered-table-cell duplicates - fixed bug in ODF export with excessive text:p inside table:covered-table-cell - fixed bug in ODF export with language styles - fixed bug in ODF export with spaces and tab symbols - fixed bug in ODF export with styles of number cells - fixed bug in ODF export with the background picture - fixed bug in ODF export with charspacing - fixed bug in ODF export with number formatting - fixed bug in ODF export with table-row tag - fixed bug in XLS(OLE) export with numbers formatting - fixed bug in RTF export with processing RTF fields - fixed bug with processing special symbols in HTML Export - fixed bug with UTF8 encoding in ODF export - fixed bug in PDF export with underlined, struck-out and rotated texts version 4.10 --------------- + added support of Embarcadero Rad Studio XE (Delphi EX/C++Builder EX) + added support of TeeChart 2010 packages (new series type aren't support in this release) + added a property TruncateLongTexts to the XLS OLE export that allows to disable truncating texts longer than a specified limit + added option EmbedProt which allows to disable embedding fonts into an encrypted PDF file + added TfrxDateEditControl.WeekNumbers property - fixed bug in XML and PDF exports with Korean charmap - fixed bug in the XLS XML export about striked-out texts - fixed bug about exporting an empty page via the XLS OLE export - fixed bug in the PDF export about coloring the background of pages - fixed bug in embedded designer when using break point in script - fixed bug with lost of focus in font size combo-box in designer - fixed bug with truncate of font size combo-box in Windows Vista/7 in designer (lost of vertical scroll bar) - fixed bug when lost file name in inherited report - fixed bug in multi-page report with EndlessHeight/EndlessWidth - fixed bug wit TfrxHeader.ReprintOnNewpage and KeepTogether - fixed bug in multi-column report with child bands - improved split mechanism (added TfrxStretcheable.HasNextDataPart for complicated data like RTF tables) - improved crosstab speed when using repeat band with crosstab object version 4.9 --------------- + added outline to PDF export + added anchors to PDF export - fixed bug with embedded TTC fonts in PDF export + added an ability to create multiimage TIFF files + added export headers/footers in ODF export + added ability to print/export transparent pictures (properties TfrxPictureView.Transparent and TfrxPictureView.TransparentColor) (PDF export isn't supported) + added new "split to sheet" modes for TfrxXMLExport + added support of /PAGE tag in TfrxRichView, engine automatically break report pages when find /PAGE tag + added ability to hide Null values in TfrxChartView (TfrxChartView.IgnoreNulls = True) + added ability to set any custom page order for printing (i.e. 3,2,1,5,4 ) + [enterprise] added variables "AUTHLOGIN" and "AUTHGROUP" inside the any report + [enterprise] now any report file can be matched with any (one and more) group, these reports are accessible only in matched groups + [enterprise] now you can set-up cache delays for each report file (reports.xml) + [enterprise] added new properties editor for reports in Configuration utility (see Reports tab) + [enterprise] added property "Xml" - "SplitType" in server configuration - allow to select split on pages type between none/pages/printonprev/rowscount + [enterprise] added property "Xml" - "SplitRowsCount" in server configuration - sets the count of rows for "rowscount" split type + [enterprise] added property "Xml" - "Extension" in server configuration - allow select between ".xml" and ".xls" extension for output file + [enterprise] added property "Html" - "URLTarget" in server configuration - allow select the target attribute for report URLs + [enterprise] added property "ReportsFile" - path to file with reports to groups associations and cache delays + [enterprise] added property "ReportsListRenewTimeout" in server configuration + [enterprise] added property "ConfigRenewTimeout" in server configuration + [enterprise] added property "MimeType" for each output format in server configuration + [enterprise] added property "BrowserPrint" in server configuration - allow printing by browser, added new template nav_print_browser.html + [enterprise] added dynamic file name generation of resulting formats (report_name_date_time) * [enterprise] SERVER_REPORTS_LIST and SERVER_REPORTS_HTML variables (list of available reports) depend from user group (for internal authentification) + added drawing shapes in PDF export (not bitmap) + added rotated text in PDF export (not bitmap) + added EngineOptions.IgnoreDevByZero property allow to ignore division by zero exception in expressions + added properties TfrxDBLookupComboBox.DropDownWidth, TfrxDBLookupComboBox.DropDownRows + added event TfrxCustomExportFilter.OnBeginExport + added ability to decrease font size in barcode object + added ability to inseret FNC1 to "code 128" barcode + added event TfrxPreview.OnMouseDown + added support of new unicode-PDF export in D4-D6 and BCB4-BCB6 * improved AddFrom method - anchor coping - fixed bug with WordWrap in PDF export - fixed bug with underlines in PDF export - fixed bug with rounded rectangles in PDF export - fixed CSV export to fit to the RFC 4180 specification - fixed bug with strikeout text in PDF export - fixed bug with incorrect export of TfrxRichView object in RTF format (wrong line spacing) - [enterprise] added critical section in TfrxServerLog.Write - fixed bug with setting up of the Protection Flags in the PDF export dialog window - fixed bug in PDF export (file structure) - fixed bug with pictures in Open Office Writer (odt) export - [enterprise] fixed bug with TfrxReportServer component in Delphi 2010 - fixed minor errors in Embarcedero RAD Studio 2010 - fixed bug with endless loop with using vertical bands together with page header and header with ReprintOnNewPage - fixed bug when using "Keeping" and Cross tables (incorrect cross transfer) - fixed bug with [CopyName#] macros when use "Join small pages" print mode - fixed bug when try to split page with endless height to several pages (NewPage, StartNewPage) - fixed bug with empty line TfrxRichView when adding text via expression - fixed bug when Footer prints even if main band is invisible (FooterAfterEach = True) - fixed resetting of Page variable in double-pass report with TfrxCrossView - fixed bug with loosing of aligning when split TfrxRichView - fixed buzz in reports with TfrxRichView when using RTF 4.1 version 4.8 --------------- + added support of Embarcadero Rad Studio 2010 (Delphi/C++Builder) + added TfrxDBDataset.BCDToCurrency property + added TfrxReportOptions.HiddenPassword property to set password silently from code + added TfrxADOConnection.OnAfterDisconnect event + added TfrxDesigner.MemoParentFont property + added new TfrxDesignerRestriction: drDontEditReportScript and drDontEditInternalDatasets + adedd checksum calculating for 2 5 interleaved barcode + added TfrxGroupHeader.ShowChildIfDrillDown property + added TfrxMailExport.OnSendMail event + added RTF 4.1 support for TfrxRichText object + [enterprise] added Windows Authentification mode + added confirmation reading for TfrxMailExport + added TimeOut field to TfrxMailExport form + added ability to use keeping(KeepTogether/KeepChild/KeepHeader) in multi-column report + added ability to split big bands(biggest than page height) by default * [enterprise] improved CGI for IIS/Apache server * changed PDF export (D7 and upper): added full unicode support, improved performance, decreased memory requirements old PDF export engine saved in file frxExportPDF_old.pas - changed inheritance mechanism, correct inherits of linked objects (fixups) - fixed bug with Mirror Mrgins in RTF, HTML, XLS, XML, OpenOffice exports - fixed bug when cross tab cut the text in corner, when corner height greater than column height - [fs] improved script compilation - improved WatchForm TListBox changet to TCheckListBox - improved AddFrom method - copy outline - Improved functional of vertical bands, shows memos placed on H-band which doesn't across VBand, also calculate expression inside it and call events (like in FR2) - Improved unsorted mode in crosstab(join same columns correctly) - Improved converter from Report Builder - Improved TfrxDesigner.OnInsertObject, should call when drag&drop field from data tree - improved DrillDownd mechanism, should work correct with master-detail-subtetail nesting - fixed bug with DownThenAcross in Cross Tab - fixed several bugs under CodeGear RAD Studio (Delphi/C++Builder) 2009 - fixed bug with emf in ODT export - fixed bug with outline when build several composite reports in double pass mode - fixed bug when group doesn't fit on the whole page - fixed "Page" and "Line" variables inside vertical bands - fixed bug with using KeepHeader in some cases - fixed bug with displacement of subreport when use PrintOnParent property in some cases - fixed small memory leak in subreports - fixed problem with PageFooter and ReportSymmary when use PrintOnPreviousPage property - fixed bug when designer shows commented functions in object inspector - fixed bug when designer place function in commented text block - fixed bug when Engine try to split non-stretcheable view and gone to endless loop - fixed bug with HTML tags in memo when use shot text and WordWrap - [enterprise] fixed bug with variables lost on refresh/export - fixed bug whih PDF,ODT export in Delphi4 and CBuilder4 - fixed bug with some codepage which use two bytes for special symbols (Japanese ans Chinese codepages) - fixed bug when engine delete first space from text in split Memo - fixed bug in multi-column page when band overlap stretched PageHeader - fixed bug with using ReprintOnNewPage version 4.7 --------------- + CodeGear RAD Studio (Delphi/C++Builder) 2009 support + [enterprise] enchanced error description in logs + added properties TfrxHTMLExport.HTMLDocumentBegin: TStrings, TfrxHTMLExport.HTMLDocumentBody: TStrings, TfrxHTMLExport.HTMLDocumentEnd: TStrings + improved RTF export (with line spacing, vertical gap etc) + added support of Enhanced Metafile (EMF) images in Rich Text (RTF), Open Office (ODS), Excel (XLS) exports + added OnAfterScriptCompile event + added onLoadRecentFile Event + added C++ Builder demos + added hot-key Ctrl + mouseWheel - Change scale in designer + added TfrxMemoView.AnsiText property - fixed bug in RTF export with EMF pictures in OpenOffice Writer - fixed some multi-thread isuues in engine, PDF, ODF exports - [enterprise] fixed integrated template of report navigator - [enterprise] fixed bug with export in Internet Explorer browser - fixed bug with font size of dot-matix reports in Excel and XML exports - fixed bug in e-mail export with many addresses - fixed bug in XLS export (with fast export unchecked and image object is null) - [enterprise] fixed bug in TfrxReportServer.OnGetVariables event - fixed bug in Calcl function - fixed memory leak in Cross editor - fixed progress bar and find dialog bug in DualView - fixed bug in PostNET and ean13 barcodes - fixed bug with TruncOutboundText in Dot Matrix report - fixed bugs with break points in syntaxis memo - improved BeforeConnect event in ADO - fixed bug in inhehited report with internal dataset - fixed bug in TfrxPanelControl with background color(Delphi 2005 and above) version 4.6 --------------- + added & , < , > to XML reader + added tag, the text concluded in tag is not broken by WordWrap, it move entirely + added ability to move band without objects (Alt + Move) + added ability to output pages in the preview from right to left ("many pages" mode), for RTL languages(PreviewOptions.RTLPreview) + added ability to storing picture cache in "temp" file (PreviewOptions.PictureCacheInFile) + added EngineOptions.UseGlobalDataSetList (added for multi-thread applications) - set it to False if you don't want use Global DataSet list(use Report.EnabledDataSet.Add() to add dataset in local list) + added new property Hint for all printed objects, hints at the dialog objects now shows in StatusBar + added new property TfrxDBLookupComboBox.AutoOpenDataSet (automatically opens the attached dataset after onActivate event) + added new property TfrxReportPage.PageCount like TfrxDataBand.RowCount + added new property WordWrap for dialog buttons (Delphi 7 and above). + added sort by name to data tree + added TfrxDesigner.TemplatesExt property + added TfrxStyles class in script rtti + changes in the Chart editor: ability to change the name of the series, ability to move created series, other small changes + [enterprise] added configurations values refresh in run-time + [enterprise] added new demo \Demos\ClientServer\ISAPI + [enterprise] added output to server printers from user browser (see config.xml "AllowPrint", set to "no" by default), note: experimental feature + [enterprise] added reports list refresh in run-time + [enterprise] added templates feature + [enterprise] improved speed and stability + [fs] added TfsScript.IncludePath property + [fs] added TfsScript.UseClassLateBinding property + [fs] fixed type casting from variant(string) to integer/float - changes in report inherit: FR get relative path from current loaded report(old reports based on application path works too) - corrected module for converting reports from Report Builder - fixed bug in CrossTab when set charset different from DEFAULT_CHARSET - fixed bug in RTF export with some TfrxRichView objects - fixed bug when print on landscape orientation with custom paper size - fixed bug when use network path for parent report - fixed bug with Band.Allowslit = True and ColumnFooter - fixed bug with drawing subreport on stretched band - fixed bug with embedded fonts in PDF export - fixed bug with long ReportTitle + Header + MaterData.KeepHeader = true - fixed bug with minimizing of Modal designer in BDS2005 and above - fixed bug with paths in HTML export - fixed bug with RTL in PDF export - fixed bug with SubReport in multi column page - fixed bug with Subreport.PrintOnParent = true in inherited report - fixed bug with SYMBOL_CHARSET in PDF export - fixed bug with the addition of datasets by inheritance report - fixed bug with width calculation when use HTML tags in memo - fixed compatibility with WideStrings module in BDS2006/2007 - fixed flicking in preview when use OnClickObject event - fixed free space calculation when use PrintOnPreviousPage - fixed preview bug with winXP themes and in last update - fixed subreports inherit - Thumbnail and Outline shows at right side for RTL languages - [fs] fixed bug with late binding version 4.5 --------------- + added ConverterRB2FR.pas unit for converting reports from Report Builder to Fast Report + added ConverterQR2FR.pas unit for converting reports from QuickReport to FastReport + added support of multiple attachments in e-mail export (html with images as example) + added support of unicode (UTF-8) in e-mail export + added ability to change templates path in designer + added OnReportPrint script event + added PNG support in all version (start from Basic) + added TfrxDMPMemoView.TruncOutboundText property - truncate outbound text in matrix report when WordWrap=false + added new frames styles fsAltDot and fsSquare + added new event OnPreviewDblClick in all TfrxView components + added ability to call dialogs event after report run when set DestroyForms = false + added ability to change AllowExpressions and HideZeros properties in cross Cells (default=false) + added IgnoreDupParams property to DB components + added auto open dataset in TfrxDBLookupComboBox + added new property TfrxADOQuery.LockType + added define DB_CAT (frx.inc) for grouping DB components + added TfrxPictureView.HightQuality property(draw picture in preview with hight quality, but slow down drawing procedure) + [FRViewer] added comandline options "/print filename" and "/silent_print filename" + added unicode input support in RichEditor + added new define HOOK_WNDPROC_FOR_UNICODE (frx.inc) - set hook on GetMessage function for unicode input support in D4-D7/BCB4-BCB6 + added ability chose path to FIB packages in "Recompile Wizard" + added new function TfrxPreview.GetTopPosition, return a position on current preview page + added new hot-keys to Code Editor - Ctrl+Del delete the word before cursor, Ctrl+BackSpace delete the word after cursor(as in Delhi IDE) + added "MDI Designer" example - all language resources moved to UTF8, XML - fixed bug with html tags [sup] and [sub] - fixed width calculation in TfrxMemoView when use HTML tags - fixed bug with suppressRepeated in Vertical bands - fixed bug when designer not restore scrollbars position after undo/redo - fixed visual bug in toolbars when use Windows Vista + XPManifest + Delphi 2006 - fixed bug in CalcHeight when use negative LineSpace - fixed bug in frx2xto30 when import query/table components, added import for TfrDBLookupControl component - fixed bug with Cross and TfrxHeader.ReprintOnNewPage = true - fixed converting from unicode in TfrxMemoView when use non default charset - [fs] fixed bug with "in" operator - fixed bug with aggregate function SUM - fixed bug when use unicode string with [TotalPages#] in TfrxMemoView - fixed bug with TSQLTimeStampField field type - fixed designer dock-panels("Object Inspector", "Report Tree", "Data Tree") when use designer as MDI or use several non-modal designer windows - fixed bug with hide/show dock-panels("Object Inspector", "Report Tree", "Data Tree"), now it restore size after hiding - fixed bug in XML/XLS export - wrong encode numbers in memo after CR/LF - fiexd bug in RTF export - fixed bug with undo/redo commands in previewPages designer - fixed bug with SuppressRepeated when use KeepTogether in group - fixed bug with SuppressRepeated on new page all events fired twice(use Engine.SecondScriptcall to determinate it) version 4.4 --------------- + added support for CodeGear RAD Studio 2007 + improved speed of PDF, HTML, RTF, XML, ODS, ODT exports + added TfrxReportPage.BackPictureVisible, BackPicturePrintable properties + added rtti for the TfrxCrossView.CellFunctions property + added properties TfrxPDFExport.Keywords, TfrxPDFExport.Producer, TfrxPDFExport.HideToolbar, TfrxPDFExport.HideMenubar, TfrxPDFExport.HideWindowUI, TfrxPDFExport.FitWindow, TfrxPDFExport.CenterWindow, TfrxPDFExport.PrintScaling + added ability recompile frxFIB packages in "recompile wizard" + added ability to set color property for all teechart series which support it + added, setting frame style for each frame line in style editor + added TfrxPreview.Locked property and TfrxPreview.DblClick event + added 'invalid password' exception when load report without crypt + added new parameter to InheritFromTemplate (by default = imDefault) imDefault - show Error dialog, imDelete - delete duplicates, imRename - rename duplicates + added property TfrxRTFExport.AutoSize (default is "False") for set vertical autosize in table cells * redesigned dialog window of PDF export * improved WYSIWYG in PDF export - fixed bug, the PageFooter band overlap the ReportSummary band when use EndlessHeight - fixed bug with lage paper height in preview - fixed bug with outline and encryption in PDF export - fixed bug with solid arrows in PDF export - fixed bug when print TfrxHeader on a new page if ReprintOnNewPage = true and KeepFooter = True - fixed bug when used AllowSplit and TfrxGroupHeader.KeepTogether - fixed page numbers when print dotMatrix report without dialog - fixed bug with EndlessHeight in multi-columns report - fixed font dialog in rich editor - [fs] fixed bug when create TWideStrings in script code - fixed bug with dialog form when set TfrxButtonControl.Default property to True - fixed twice duplicate name error in PreviewPages designer when copy - past object - fixed bug with Preview.Clear and ZmWholePage mode - fixed bug with using "outline" together "embedded fonts" options in PDF export - fixed multi-thread bug in PDF export - fixed bug with solid fill of transparent rectangle shape in PDF export - fixed bug with export OEM_CODEPAGE in RTF, Excel exports - fixed bug with vertical size of single page in RTF export - fixed bug with vertical arrows in PDF export - fixed memory leak with inherited reports version 4.3 --------------- + added support for C++Builder 2007 + added encryption in PDF export + added TeeChart Pro 8 support + added support of OEM code page in PDF export + added TfrxReport.CaseSensitiveExpressions property + added "OverwritePrompt" property in all export components + improved RTF export (WYSIWYG) + added support of thai and vietnamese charsets in PDF export + added support of arrows in PDF export * at inheritance of the report the script from the report of an ancestor is added to the current report (as comments) * some changes in PDF export core - fixed bug with number formats in Open Document Spreadsheet export - fixed bug when input text in number property(Object Inspector) and close Designer(without apply changes) - fixed bug in TfrxDBDataset with reCurrent - fixed bug with memory leak in export of empty outline in PDF format - line# fix (bug with subreports) - fixed bug with edit prepared report with rich object - fixed bug with shadows in PDF export - fixed bug with arrows in designer - fixed bug with margins in HTML, RTF, XLS, XML exports - fixed bug with arrows in exports - fixed bug with printers enumeration in designer (list index of bound) - fixed papersize bug in inherited reports version 4.2 --------------- + added support for CodeGear Delphi 2007 + added export of html tags in RTF format + improved split of the rich object + improved split of the memo object + added TfrxReportPage.ResetPageNumbers property + added support of underlines property in PDF export * export of the memos formatted as fkNumeric to float in ODS export - fixed bug keeptogether with aggregates - fixed bug with double-line draw in RTF export - fix multi-thread problem in PDF export - fixed bug with the shading of the paragraph in RTF export when external rich-text was inserted - fixed bug with unicode in xml/xls export - fixed bug in the crop of page in BMP, TIFF, Jpeg, Gif - "scale" printmode fixed - group & userdataset bugfix - fixed cross-tab pagination error - fixed bug with round brackets in PDF export - fixed bug with gray to black colors in RTF export - fixed outline with page.endlessheight - fixed SuppressRepeated & new page - fixed bug with long time export in text format - fixed bug with page range and outline in PDF export - fixed undo in code window - fixed error when call DesignReport twice - fixed unicode in the cross object - fixed designreportinpanel with dialog forms - fixed paste of DMPCommand object - fixed bug with the export of null images - fixed code completion bug - fixed column footer & report summary problem version 4.1 --------------- + added ability to show designer inside panel (TfrxReport.DesignReportInPanel method). See new demo Demos\EmbedDesigner + added TeeChart7 Std support + [server] added "User" parameter in TfrxReportServer.OnGetReport, TfrxReportServer.OnGetVariables and TfrxReportServer.OnAfterBuildReport events + added Cross.KeepTogether property + added TfrxReport.PreviewOptions.PagesInCache property - barcode fix (export w/o preview bug) - fixed bug in preview (AV with zoommode = zmWholePage) - fixed bug with outline + drilldown - fixed datasets in inherited report - [install] fixed bug with library path set up in BDS/Turbo C++ Builder installation - fixed pagefooter position if page.EndlessWidth is true - fixed shift bug - fixed design-time inheritance (folder issues) - fixed chm help file path - fixed embedded fonts in PDF - fixed preview buttons - fixed bug with syntax highlight - fixed bug with print scale mode - fixed bug with control.Hint - fixed edit preview page - fixed memory leak in cross-tab version 4.0 initial release --------------------- Report Designer: - new XP-style interface - the "Data" tab with all report datasets - ability to draw diagrams in the "Data" tab - code completion (Ctrl+Space) - breakpoints - watches - report templates - local guidelines (appears when you move or resize an object) - ability to work in non-modal mode, mdi child mode Report Preview: - thumbnails Print: - split a big page to several small pages - print several small pages on one big - print a page on a specified sheet (with scale) - duplex handling from print dialogue - print copy name on each printed copy (for example, "First copy", "Second copy") Report Core: - "endless page" mode - images handling, increased speed - the "Reset page numbers" mode for groups - reports crypting (Rijndael algorithm) - report inheritance (both file-based and dfm-based) - drill-down groups - frxGlobalVariables object - "cross-tab" object enhancements: - improved cells appearance - cross elements visible in the designer - fill corner (ShowCorner property) - side-by-side crosstabs (NextCross property) - join cells with the same value (JoinEqualCells property) - join the same string values in a cell (AllowDuplicates property) - ability to put an external object inside cross-tab - AddWidth, AddHeight properties to increase width&height of the cell - AutoSize property, ability to resize cells manually - line object can have arrows - added TfrxPictureView.FileLink property (can contain variable or a file name) - separate settings for each frame line (properties Frame.LeftLine, TopLine, RightLine, BottomLine can be set in the object inspector) - PNG images support (uncomment {$DEFINE PNG} in the frx.inc file) - Open Document Format for Office Applications (OASIS) exports, spreadsheet (ods) and text (odt) Enterprise components: - Users/Groups security support (see a demo application Demos\ClientServer\UserManager) - Templates support - Dynamically refresh of configuration, users/groups D2010以上版本(D14_D19)安装必读 delphi2010以上版本(D14_D19)使用者安装时，请将res\frccD14_D19.exe更名名为frcc.exe frccD14_D19.exe是专门的delphi2010以上版本(D14_D19)编码器。其他低delphi版本，请使用frcc.exe
微软内部资料-SQL性能优化3
Contents Overview 1 Lesson 1: Concepts – Locks and Lock Manager 3 Lesson 2: Concepts – Batch and Transaction 31 Lesson 3: Concepts – Locks and Applications 51 Lesson 4: Information Collection and Analysis 63 Lesson 5: Concepts – Formulating and Implementing Resolution 81 Module 4: Troubleshooting Locking and Blocking Overview At the end of this module, you will be able to:  Discuss how lock manager uses lock mode, lock resources, and lock compatibility to achieve transaction isolation.  Describe the various transaction types and how transactions differ from batches.  Describe how to troubleshoot blocking and locking issues.  Analyze the output of blocking scripts and Microsoft® SQL Server™ Profiler to troubleshoot locking and blocking issues.  Formulate hypothesis to resolve locking and blocking issues. Lesson 1: Concepts – Locks and Lock Manager This lesson outlines some of the common causes that contribute to the perception of a slow server. What You Will Learn After completing this lesson, you will be able to:  Describe locking architecture used by SQL Server.  Identify the various lock modes used by SQL Server.  Discuss lock compatibility and concurrent access.  Identify different types of lock resources.  Discuss dynamic locking and lock escalation.  Differentiate locks, latches, and other SQL Server internal “locking” mechanism such as spinlocks and other synchronization objects. Recommended Reading  Chapter 14 “Locking”, Inside SQL Server 2000 by Kalen Delaney  SOX000821700049 – SQL 7.0 How to interpret lock resource Ids  SOX000925700237 – TITLE: Lock escalation in SQL 7.0  SOX001109700040 – INF: Queries with PREFETCH in the plan hold lock until the end of transaction Locking Concepts Delivery Tip Prior to delivering this material, test the class to see if they fully understand the different isolation levels. If the class is not confident in their understanding, review appendix A04_Locking and its accompanying PowerPoint® file. Transactions in SQL Server provide the ACID properties: Atomicity A transaction either commits or aborts. If a transaction commits, all of its effects remain. If it aborts, all of its effects are undone. It is an “all or nothing” operation. Consistency An application should maintain the consistency of a database. For example, if you defer constraint checking, it is your responsibility to ensure that the database is consistent. Isolation Concurrent transactions are isolated from the updates of other incomplete transactions. These updates do not constitute a consistent state. This property is often called serializability. For example, a second transaction traversing the doubly linked list mentioned above would see the list before or after the insert, but it will see only complete changes. Durability After a transaction commits, its effects will persist even if there are system failures. Consistency and isolation are the most important in describing SQL Server’s locking model. It is up to the application to define what consistency means, and isolation in some form is needed to achieve consistent results. SQL Server uses locking to achieve isolation. Definition of Dependency: A set of transactions can run concurrently if their outputs are disjoint from the union of one another’s input and output sets. For example, if T1 writes some object that is in T2’s input or output set, there is a dependency between T1 and T2. Bad Dependencies These include lost updates, dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantoms. ANSI SQL Isolation Levels An isolation level determines the degree to which data is isolated for use by one process and guarded against interference from other processes. Prior to SQL Server 7.0, REPEATABLE READ and SERIALIZABLE isolation levels were synonymous. There was no way to prevent non-repeatable reads while not preventing phantoms. By default, SQL Server 2000 operates at an isolation level of READ COMMITTED. To make use of either more or less strict isolation levels in applications, locking can be customized for an entire session by setting the isolation level of the session with the SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL statement. To determine the transaction isolation level currently set, use the DBCC USEROPTIONS statement, for example: USE pubs GO SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ GO DBCC USEROPTIONS GO Multigranular Locking Multigranular Locking In our example, if one transaction (T1) holds an exclusive lock at the table level, and another transaction (T2) holds an exclusive lock at the row level, each of the transactions believe they have exclusive access to the resource. In this scenario, since T1 believes it locks the entire table, it might inadvertently make changes to the same row that T2 thought it has locked exclusively. In a multigranular locking environment, there must be a way to effectively overcome this scenario. Intent lock is the answer to this problem. Intent Lock Intent Lock is the term used to mean placing a marker in a higher-level lock queue. The type of intent lock can also be called the multigranular lock mode. An intent lock indicates that SQL Server wants to acquire a shared (S) lock or exclusive (X) lock on some of the resources lower down in the hierarchy. For example, a shared intent lock placed at the table level means that a transaction intends on placing shared (S) locks on pages or rows within that table. Setting an intent lock at the table level prevents another transaction from subsequently acquiring an exclusive (X) lock on the table containing that page. Intent locks improve performance because SQL Server examines intent locks only at the table level to determine whether a transaction can safely acquire a lock on that table. This removes the requirement to examine every row or page lock on the table to determine whether a transaction can lock the entire table. Lock Mode The code shown in the slide represents how the lock mode is stored internally. You can see these codes by querying the master.dbo.spt_values table: SELECT * FROM master.dbo.spt_values WHERE type = N'L' However, the req_mode column of master.dbo.syslockinfo has lock mode code that is one less than the code values shown here. For example, value of req_mode = 3 represents the Shared lock mode rather than the Schema Modification lock mode. Lock Compatibility These locks can apply at any coarser level of granularity. If a row is locked, SQL Server will apply intent locks at both the page and the table level. If a page is locked, SQL Server will apply an intent lock at the table level. SIX locks imply that we have shared access to a resource and we have also placed X locks at a lower level in the hierarchy. SQL Server never asks for SIX locks directly, they are always the result of a conversion. For example, suppose a transaction scanned a page using an S lock and then subsequently decided to perform a row level update. The row would obtain an X lock, but now the page would require an IX lock. The resultant mode on the page would be SIX. Another type of table lock is a schema stability lock (Sch-S) and is compatible with all table locks except the schema modification lock (Sch-M). The schema modification lock (Sch-M) is incompatible with all table locks. Locking Resources Delivery Tip Note the differences between Key and Key Range locks. Key Range locks will be covered in a couple of slides. SQL Server can lock these resources: Item Description DB A database. File A database file Index An entire index of a table. Table An entire table, including all data and indexes. Extent A contiguous group of data pages or index pages. Page An 8-KB data page or index page. Key Row lock within an index. Key-range A key-range. Used to lock ranges between records in a table to prevent phantom insertions or deletions into a set of records. Ensures serializable transactions. RID A Row Identifier. Used to individually lock a single row within a table. Application A lock resource defined by an application. The lock manager knows nothing about the resource format. It simply compares the 'strings' representing the lock resources to determine whether it has found a match. If a match is found, it knows that resource is already locked. Some of the resources have “sub-resources.” The followings are sub-resources displayed by the sp_lock output: Database Lock Sub-Resources: Full Database Lock (default) [BULK-OP-DB] – Bulk Operation Lock for Database [BULK-OP-LOG] – Bulk Operation Lock for Log Table Lock Sub-Resources: Full Table Lock (default) [UPD-STATS] – Update statistics Lock [COMPILE] – Compile Lock Index Lock sub-Resources: Full Index Lock (default) [INDEX_ID] – Index ID Lock [INDEX_NAME] – Index Name Lock [BULK_ALLOC] – Bulk Allocation Lock [DEFRAG] – Defragmentation Lock For more information, see also… SOX000821700049 SQL 7.0 How to interpret lock resource Ids Lock Resource Block The resource type has the following resource block format: Resource Type (Code) Content DB (2) Data 1: sub-resource; Data 2: 0; Data 3: 0 File (3) Data 1: File ID; Data 2: 0; Data 3: 0 Index (4) Data 1: Object ID; Data 2: sub-resource; Data 3: Index ID Table (5) Data 1: Object ID; Data 2: sub-resource; Data 3: 0. Page (6) Data 1: Page Number; Data 3: 0. Key (7) Data 1: Object ID; Data 2: Index ID; Data 3: Hashed Key Extent (8) Data 1: Extent ID; Data 3: 0. RID (9) Data 1: RID; Data 3: 0. Application (10) Data 1: Application resource name The rsc_bin column of master..syslockinfo contains the resource block in hexadecimal format. For an example of how to decode value from this column using the information above, let us assume we have the following value: 0x000705001F83D775010002014F0BEC4E With byte swapping within each field, this can be decoded as: Byte 0: Flag – 0x00 Byte 1: Resource Type – 0x07 (Key) Byte 2-3: DBID – 0x0005 Byte 4-7: ObjectID – 0x 75D7831F (1977058079) Byte 8-9: IndexID – 0x0001 Byte 10-16: Hash Key value – 0x 02014F0BEC4E For more information about how to decode this value, see also… Inside SQL Server 2000, pages 803 and 806. Key Range Locking Key Range Locking To support SERIALIZABLE transaction semantics, SQL Server needs to lock sets of rows specified by a predicate, such as WHERE salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000 SQL Server needs to lock data that does not exist! If no rows satisfy the WHERE condition the first time the range is scanned, no rows should be returned on any subsequent scans. Key range locks are similar to row locks on index keys (whether clustered or not). The locks are placed on individual keys rather than at the node level. The hash value consists of all the key components and the locator. So, for a nonclustered index over a heap, where columns c1 and c2 where indexed, the hash would contain contributions from c1, c2 and the RID. A key range lock applied to a particular key means that all keys between the value locked and the next value would be locked for all data modification. Key range locks can lock a slightly larger range than that implied by the WHERE clause. Suppose the following select was executed in a transaction with isolation level SERIALIZABLE: SELECT * FROM members WHERE first_name between ‘Al’ and ‘Carl’ If 'Al', 'Bob', and 'Dave' are index keys in the table, the first two of these would acquire key range locks. Although this would prevent anyone from inserting either 'Alex' or 'Ben', it would also prevent someone from inserting 'Dan', which is not within the range of the WHERE clause. Prior to SQL Server 7.0, page locking was used to prevent phantoms by locking the entire set of pages on which the phantom would exist. This can be too conservative. Key Range locking lets SQL Server lock only a much more restrictive area of the table. Impact Key-range locking ensures that these scenarios are SERIALIZABLE:  Range scan query  Singleton fetch of nonexistent row  Delete operation  Insert operation However, the following conditions must be satisfied before key-range locking can occur:  The transaction-isolation level must be set to SERIALIZABLE.  The operation performed on the data must use an index range access. Range locking is activated only when query processing (such as the optimizer) chooses an index path to access the data. Key Range Lock Mode Again, the req_mode column of master.dbo.syslockinfo has lock mode code that is one less than the code values shown here. Dynamic Locking When modifying individual rows, SQL Server typically would take row locks to maximize concurrency (for example, OLTP, order-entry application). When scanning larger volumes of data, it would be more appropriate to take page or table locks to minimize the cost of acquiring locks (for example, DSS, data warehouse, reporting). Locking Decision The decision about which unit to lock is made dynamically, taking many factors into account, including other activity on the system. For example, if there are multiple transactions currently accessing a table, SQL Server will tend to favor row locking more so than it otherwise would. It may mean the difference between scanning the table now and paying a bit more in locking cost, or having to wait to acquire a more coarse lock. A preliminary locking decision is made during query optimization, but that decision can be adjusted when the query is actually executed. Lock Escalation When the lock count for the transaction exceeds and is a multiple of ESCALATION_THRESHOLD (1250), the Lock Manager attempts to escalate. For example, when a transaction acquired 1250 locks, lock manager will try to escalate. The number of locks held may continue to increase after the escalation attempt (for example, because new tables are accessed, or the previous lock escalation attempts failed due to incompatible locks held by another spid). If the lock count for this transaction reaches 2500 (1250 * 2), Lock Manager will attempt escalation again. The Lock Manager looks at the lock memory it is using and if it is more than 40 percent of SQL Server’s allocated buffer pool memory, it tries to find a scan (SDES) where no escalation has already been performed. It then repeats the search operation until all scans have been escalated or until the memory used drops under the MEMORY_LOAD_ESCALATION_THRESHOLD (40%) value. If lock escalation is not possible or fails to significantly reduce lock memory footprint, SQL Server can continue to acquire locks until the total lock memory reaches 60 percent of the buffer pool (MAX_LOCK_RESOURCE_MEMORY_PERCENTAGE=60). Lock escalation may be also done when a single scan (SDES) holds more than LOCK_ESCALATION_THRESHOLD (765) locks. There is no lock escalation on temporary tables or system tables. Trace Flag 1211 disables lock escalation. Important Do not relay this to the customer without careful consideration. Lock escalation is a necessary feature, not something to be avoided completely. Trace flags are global and disabling lock escalation could lead to out of memory situations, extremely poor performing queries, or other problems. Lock escalation tracing can be seen using the Profiler or with the general locking trace flag, -T1200. However, Trace Flag 1200 shows all lock activity so it should not be usable on a production system. For more information, see also… SOX000925700237 “TITLE: SQL 7.0 Lock escalation in SQL 7.0” Lock Timeout Application Lock Timeout An application can set lock timeout for a session with the SET option: SET LOCK_TIMEOUT N where N is a number of milliseconds. A value of -1 means that there will be no timeout, which is equivalent to the version 6.5 behavior. A value of 0 means that there will be no waiting; if a process finds a resource locked, it will generate error message 1222 and continue with the next statement. The current value of LOCK_TIMEOUT is stored in the global variable @@lock_timeout. Note After a lock timeout any transaction containing the statement, is rolled back or canceled by SQL Server 2000 (bug#352640 was filed). This behavior is different from that of SQL Server 7.0. With SQL Server 7.0, the application must have an error handler that can trap error 1222 and if an application does not trap the error, it can proceed unaware that an individual statement within a transaction has been canceled, and errors can occur because statements later in the transaction may depend on the statement that was never executed. Bug#352640 is fixed in hotfix build 8.00.266 whereby a lock timeout will only Internal Lock Timeout At time, internal operations within SQL Server will attempt to acquire locks via lock manager. Typically, these lock requests are issued with “no waiting.” For example, the ghost record processing might try to clean up rows on a particular page, and before it can do that, it needs to lock the page. Thus, the ghost record manager will request a page lock with no wait so that if it cannot lock the page, it will just move on to other pages; it can always come back to this page later. If you look at SQL Profiler Lock: Timeout events, internal lock timeout typically have a duration value of zero. Lock Duration Lock Mode and Transaction Isolation Level For REPEATABLE READ transaction isolation level, update locks are held until data is read and processed, unless promoted to exclusive locks. "Data is processed" means that we have decided whether the row in question matched the search criteria; if not then the update lock is released, otherwise, we get an exclusive lock and make the modification. Consider the following query: use northwind go dbcc traceon(3604, 1200, 1211) -- turn on lock tracing -- and disable escalation go set transaction isolation level repeatable read begin tran update dbo.[order details] set discount = convert (real, discount) where discount = 0.0 exec sp_lock Update locks are promoted to exclusive locks when there is a match; otherwise, the update lock is released. The sp_lock output verifies that the SPID does not hold any update locks or shared locks at the end of the query. Lock escalation is turned off so that exclusive table lock is not held at the end. Warning Do not use trace flag 1200 in a production environment because it produces a lot of output and slows down the server. Trace flag 1211 should not be used unless you have done extensive study to make sure it helps with performance. These trace flags are used here for illustration and learning purposes only. Lock Ownership Most of the locking discussion in this lesson relates to locks owned by “transactions.” In addition to transaction, cursor and session can be owners of locks and they both affect how long locks are held. For every row that is fetched, when SCROLL_LOCKS option is used, regardless of the state of a transaction, a cursor lock is held until the next row is fetched or when the cursor is closed. Locks owned by session are outside the scope of a transaction. The duration of these locks are bounded by the connection and the process will continue to hold these locks until the process disconnects. A typical lock owned by session is the database (DB) lock. Locking – Read Committed Scan Under read committed isolation level, when database pages are scanned, shared locks are held when the page is read and processed. The shared locks are released “behind” the scan and allow other transactions to update rows. It is important to note that the shared lock currently acquired will not be released until shared lock for the next page is successfully acquired (this is commonly know as “crabbing”). If the same pages are scanned again, rows may be modified or deleted by other transactions. Locking – Repeatable Read Scan Under repeatable read isolation level, when database pages are scanned, shared locks are held when the page is read and processed. SQL Server continues to hold these shared locks, thus preventing other transactions to update rows. If the same pages are scanned again, previously scanned rows will not change but new rows may be added by other transactions. Locking – Serializable Read Scan Under serializable read isolation level, when database pages are scanned, shared locks are held not only on rows but also on scanned key range. SQL Server continues to hold these shared locks until the end of transaction. Because key range locks are held, not only will this prevent other transactions from modifying the rows, no new rows can be inserted. Prefetch and Isolation Level Prefetch and Locking Behavior The prefetch feature is available for use with SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000. When searching for data using a nonclustered index, the index is searched for a particular value. When that value is found, the index points to the disk address. The traditional approach would be to immediately issue an I/O for that row, given the disk address. The result is one synchronous I/O per row and, at most, one disk at a time working to evaluate the query. This does not take advantage of striped disk sets. The prefetch feature takes a different approach. It continues looking for more record pointers in the nonclustered index. When it has collected a number of them, it provides the storage engine with prefetch hints. These hints tell the storage engine that the query processor will need these particular records soon. The storage engine can now issue several I/Os simultaneously, taking advantage of striped disk sets to execute multiple operations simultaneously. For example, if the engine is scanning a nonclustered index to determine which rows qualify but will eventually need to visit the data page as well to access columns that are not in the index, it may decide to submit asynchronous page read requests for a group of qualifying rows. The prefetch data pages are then revisited later to avoid waiting for each individual page read to complete in a serial fashion. This data access path requires that a lock be held between the prefetch request and the row lookup to stabilize the row on the page so it is not to be moved by a page split or clustered key update. For our example, the isolation level of the query is escalated to REPEATABLE READ, overriding the transaction isolation level. With SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000, portions of a transaction can execute at a different transaction isolation level than the entire transaction itself. This is implemented as lock classes. Lock classes are used to control lock lifetime when portions of a transaction need to execute at a stricter isolation level than the underlying transaction. Unfortunately, in SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000, the lock class is created at the topmost operator of the query and hence released only at the end of the query. Currently there is no support to release the lock (lock class) after the row has been discarded or fetched by the filter or join operator. This is because isolation level can be set at the query level via a lock class, but no lower. Because of this, locks acquired during the query will not be released until the query completes. If prefetch is occurring you may see a single SPID that holds hundreds of Shared KEY or PAG locks even though the connection’s isolation level is READ COMMITTED. Isolation level can be determined from DBCC PSS output. For details about this behavior see “SOX001109700040 INF: Queries with PREFETCH in the plan hold lock until the end of transaction”. Other Locking Mechanism Lock manager does not manage latches and spinlocks. Latches Latches are internal mechanisms used to protect pages while doing operations such as placing a row physically on a page, compressing space on a page, or retrieving rows from a page. Latches can roughly be divided into I/O latches and non-I/O latches. If you see a high number of non-I/O related latches, SQL Server is usually doing a large number of hash or sort operations in tempdb. You can monitor latch activities via DBCC SQLPERF(‘WAITSTATS’) command. Spinlock A spinlock is an internal data structure that is used to protect vital information that is shared within SQL Server. On a multi-processor machine, when SQL Server tries to access a particular resource protected by a spinlock, it must first acquire the spinlock. If it fails, it executes a loop that will check to see if the lock is available and if not, decrements a counter. If the counter reaches zero, it yields the processor to another thread and goes into a “sleep” (wait) state for a pre-determined amount of time. When it wakes, hopefully, the lock is free and available. If not, the loop starts again and it is terminated only when the lock is acquired. The reason for implementing a spinlock is that it is probably less costly to “spin” for a short time rather than yielding the processor. Yielding the processor will force an expensive context switch where:  The old thread’s state must be saved  The new thread’s state must be reloaded  The data stored in the L1 and L2 cache are useless to the processor On a single-processor computer, the loop is not useful because no other thread can be running and thus, no one can release the spinlock for the currently executing thread to acquire. In this situation, the thread yields the processor immediately. Lesson 2: Concepts – Batch and Transaction This lesson outlines some of the common causes that contribute to the perception of a slow server. What You Will Learn After completing this lesson, you will be able to:  Review batch processing and error checking.  Review explicit, implicit and autocommit transactions and transaction nesting level.  Discuss how commit and rollback transaction done in stored procedure and trigger affects transaction nesting level.  Discuss various transaction isolation level and their impact on locking.  Discuss the difference between aborting a statement, a transaction, and a batch.  Describe how @@error, @@transcount, and @@rowcount can be used for error checking and handling. Recommended Reading  Charter 12 “Transactions and Triggers”, Inside SQL Server 2000 by Kalen Delaney Batch Definition SQL Profiler Statements and Batches To help further your understanding of what is a batch and what is a statement, you can use SQL Profiler to study the definition of batch and statement.  Try This: Using SQL Profiler to Analyze Batch 1. Log on to a server with Query Analyzer 2. Startup the SQL Profiler against the same server 3. Start a trace using the “StandardSQLProfiler” template 4. Execute the following using Query Analyzer: SELECT @@VERSION SELECT @@SPID The ‘SQL:BatchCompleted’ event is captured by the trace. It shows both the statements as a single batch. 5. Now execute the following using Query Analyzer {call sp_who()} What shows up? The ‘RPC:Completed’ with the sp_who information. RPC is simply another entry point to the SQL Server to call stored procedures with native data types. This allows one to avoid parsing. The ‘RPC:Completed’ event should be considered the same as a batch for the purposes of this discussion. Stop the current trace and start a new trace using the “SQLProfilerTSQL_SPs” template. Issue the same command as outlines in step 5 above. Looking at the output, not only can you see the batch markers but each statement as executed within the batch. Autocommit, Explicit, and Implicit Transaction Autocommit Transaction Mode (Default) Autocommit mode is the default transaction management mode of SQL Server. Every Transact-SQL statement, whether it is a standalone statement or part of a batch, is committed or rolled back when it completes. If a statement completes successfully, it is committed; if it encounters any error, it is rolled back. A SQL Server connection operates in autocommit mode whenever this default mode has not been overridden by either explicit or implicit transactions. Autocommit mode is also the default mode for ADO, OLE DB, ODBC, and DB-Library. A SQL Server connection operates in autocommit mode until a BEGIN TRANSACTION statement starts an explicit transaction, or implicit transaction mode is set on. When the explicit transaction is committed or rolled back, or when implicit transaction mode is turned off, SQL Server returns to autocommit mode. Explicit Transaction Mode An explicit transaction is a transaction that starts with a BEGIN TRANSACTION statement. An explicit transaction can contain one or more statements and must be terminated by either a COMMIT TRANSACTION or a ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement. Implicit Transaction Mode SQL Server can automatically or, more precisely, implicitly start a transaction for you if a SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS ON statement is run or if the implicit transaction option is turned on globally by running sp_configure ‘user options’ 2. (Actually, the bit mask 0x2 must be turned on for the user option so you might have to perform an ‘OR’ operation with the existing user option value.) See SQL Server 2000 Books Online on how to turn on implicit transaction under ODBC and OLE DB (acdata.chm::/ac_8_md_06_2g6r.htm). Transaction Nesting Explicit transactions can be nested. Committing inner transactions is ignored by SQL Server other than to decrements @@TRANCOUNT. The transaction is either committed or rolled back based on the action taken at the end of the outermost transaction. If the outer transaction is committed, the inner nested transactions are also committed. If the outer transaction is rolled back, then all inner transactions are also rolled back, regardless of whether the inner transactions were individually committed. Each call to COMMIT TRANSACTION applies to the last executed BEGIN TRANSACTION. If the BEGIN TRANSACTION statements are nested, then a COMMIT statement applies only to the last nested transaction, which is the innermost transaction. Even if a COMMIT TRANSACTION transaction_name statement within a nested transaction refers to the transaction name of the outer transaction, the commit applies only to the innermost transaction. If a ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement without a transaction_name parameter is executed at any level of a set of nested transaction, it rolls back all the nested transactions, including the outermost transaction. The @@TRANCOUNT function records the current transaction nesting level. Each BEGIN TRANSACTION statement increments @@TRANCOUNT by one. Each COMMIT TRANSACTION statement decrements @@TRANCOUNT by one. A ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement that does not have a transaction name rolls back all nested transactions and decrements @@TRANCOUNT to 0. A ROLLBACK TRANSACTION that uses the transaction name of the outermost transaction in a set of nested transactions rolls back all the nested transactions and decrements @@TRANCOUNT to 0. When you are unsure if you are already in a transaction, SELECT @@TRANCOUNT to determine whether it is 1 or more. If @@TRANCOUNT is 0 you are not in a transaction. You can also find the transaction nesting level by checking the sysprocess.open_tran column. See SQL Server 2000 Books Online topic “Nesting Transactions” (acdata.chm::/ac_8_md_06_66nq.htm) for more information. Statement, Transaction, and Batch Abort One batch can have many statements and one transaction can have multiple statements, also. One transaction can span multiple batches and one batch can have multiple transactions. Statement Abort Currently executing statement is aborted. This can be a bit confusing when you start talking about statements in a trigger or stored procedure. Let us look closely at the following trigger: CREATE TRIGGER TRG8134 ON TBL8134 AFTER INSERT AS BEGIN SELECT 1/0 SELECT 'Next command in trigger' END To fire the INSERT trigger, the batch could be as simple as ‘INSERT INTO TBL8134 VALUES(1)’. However, the trigger contains two statements that must be executed as part of the batch to satisfy the clients insert request. When the ‘SELECT 1/0’ causes the divide by zero error, a statement abort is issued for the ‘SELECT 1/0’ statement. Batch and Transaction Abort On SQL Server 2000 (and SQL Server 7.0) whenever a non-informational error is encountered in a trigger, the statement abort is promoted to a batch and transactional abort. Thus, in the example the statement abort for ‘select 1/0’ promotion results in an entire batch abort. No further statements in the trigger or batch will be executed and a rollback is issued. On SQL Server 6.5, the statement aborts immediately and results in a transaction abort. However, the rest of the statements within the trigger are executed. This trigger could return ‘Next command in trigger’ as a result set. Once the trigger completes the batch abort promotion takes effect. Conversely, submitting a similar set of statements in a standalone batch can result in different behavior. SELECT 1/0 SELECT 'Next command in batch' Not considering the set option possibilities, a divide by zero error generally results in a statement abort. Since it is not in a trigger, the promotion to a batch abort is avoided and subsequent SELECT statement can execute. The programmer should add an “if @@ERROR” check immediately after the ‘select 1/0’ to T-SQL execution to control the flow correctly. Aborting and Set Options ARITHABORT If SET ARITHABORT is ON, these error conditions cause the query or batch to terminate. If the errors occur in a transaction, the transaction is rolled back. If SET ARITHABORT is OFF and one of these errors occurs, a warning message is displayed, and NULL is assigned to the result of the arithmetic operation. When an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement encounters an arithmetic error (overflow, divide-by-zero, or a domain error) during expression evaluation when SET ARITHABORT is OFF, SQL Server inserts or updates a NULL value. If the target column is not nullable, the insert or update action fails and the user receives an error. XACT_ABORT When SET XACT_ABORT is ON, if a Transact-SQL statement raises a run-time error, the entire transaction is terminated and rolled back. When OFF, only the Transact-SQL statement that raised the error is rolled back and the transaction continues processing. Compile errors, such as syntax errors, are not affected by SET XACT_ABORT. For example: CREATE TABLE t1 (a int PRIMARY KEY) CREATE TABLE t2 (a int REFERENCES t1(a)) GO INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1) INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (3) INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (4) INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (6) GO SET XACT_ABORT OFF GO BEGIN TRAN INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (1) INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (2) /* Foreign key error */ INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (3) COMMIT TRAN SELECT 'Continue running batch 1...' GO SET XACT_ABORT ON GO BEGIN TRAN INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (4) INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (5) /* Foreign key error */ INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (6) COMMIT TRAN SELECT 'Continue running batch 2...' GO /* Select shows only keys 1 and 3 added. Key 2 insert failed and was rolled back, but XACT_ABORT was OFF and rest of transaction succeeded. Key 5 insert error with XACT_ABORT ON caused all of the second transaction to roll back. Also note that 'Continue running batch 2...' is not Returned to indicate that the batch is aborted. */ SELECT * FROM t2 GO DROP TABLE t2 DROP TABLE t1 GO Compile and Run-time Errors Compile Errors Compile errors are encountered during syntax checks, security checks, and other general operations to prepare the batch for execution. These errors can prevent the optimization of the query and thus lead to immediate abort. The statement is not run and the batch is aborted. The transaction state is generally left untouched. For example, assume there are four statements in a particular batch. If the third statement has a syntax error, none of the statements in the batch is executed. Optimization Errors Optimization errors would include rare situations where the statement encounters a problem when attempting to build an optimal execution plan. Example: “too many tables referenced in the query” error is reported because a “work table” was added to the plan. Runtime Errors Runtime errors are those that are encountered during the execution of the query. Consider the following batch: SELECT * FROM pubs.dbo.titles UPDATE pubs.dbo.authors SET au_lname = au_lname SELECT * FROM foo UPDATE pubs.dbo.authors SET au_lname = au_lname If you run the above statements in a batch, the first two statements will be executed, the third statement will fail because table foo does not exist, and the batch will terminate. Deferred Name Resolution is the feature that allows this batch to start executing before resolving the object foo. This feature allows SQL Server to delay object resolution and place a “placeholder” in the query’s execution. The object referenced by the placeholder is resolved until the query is executed. In our example, the execution of the statement “SELECT * FROM foo” will trigger another compile process to resolve the name again. This time, error message 208 is returned. Error: 208, Level 16, State 1, Line 1 Invalid object name 'foo'. Message 208 can be encountered as a runtime or compile error depending on whether the Deferred Name Resolution feature is available. In SQL Server 6.5 this would be considered a compile error and on SQL Server 2000 (and SQL Server7.0) as a runtime error due to Deferred Name Resolution. In the following example, if a trigger referenced authors2, the error is detected as SQL Server attempts to execute the trigger. However, under SQL Server 6.5 the create trigger statement fails because authors2 does not exist at compile time. When errors are encountered in a trigger, generally, the statement, batch, and transaction are aborted. You should be able to observe this by running the following script in pubs database: Create table tblTest(iID int) go create trigger trgInsert on tblTest for INSERT as begin select * from authors select * from authors2 select * from titles end go begin tran select 'Before' insert into tblTest values(1) select 'After' go select @@TRANCOUNT go When run in a batch, the statement and the batch are aborted but the transaction remains active. The follow script illustrates this: begin tran select 'Before' select * from authors2 select 'After' go select @@TRANCOUNT go One other factor in a compile versus runtime error is implicit data type conversions. If you were to run the following statements on SQL Server 6.5 and SQL Server 2000 (and SQL Server 7.0): create table tblData(dtData datetime) go select 1 insert into tblData values(12/13/99) go On SQL Server 6.5, you get an error before execution of the batch begins so no statements are executed and the batch is aborted. Error: 206, Level 16, State 2, Line 2 Operand type clash: int is incompatible with datetime On SQL Server 2000, you get the default value (1900-01-01 00:00:00.000) inserted into the table. SQL Server 2000 implicit data type conversion treats this as integer division. The integer division of 12/13/99 is 0, so the default date and time value is inserted, no error returned. To correct the problem on either version is to wrap the date string with quotes. See Bug #56118 (sqlbug_70) for more details about this situation. Another example of a runtime error is a 605 message. Error: 605 Attempt to fetch logical page %S_PGID in database '%.*ls' belongs to object '%.*ls', not to object '%.*ls'. A 605 error is always a runtime error. However, depending on the transaction isolation level, (e.g. using the NOLOCK lock hint), established by the SPID the handling of the error can vary. Specifically, a 605 error is considered an ACCESS error. Errors associated with buffer and page access are found in the 600 series of errors. When the error is encountered, the isolation level of the SPID is examined to determine proper handling based on information or fatal error level. Transaction Error Checking Not all errors cause transactions to automatically rollback. Although it is difficult to determine exactly which errors will rollback transactions and which errors will not, the main idea here is that programmers must perform error checking and handle errors appropriately. Error Handling Raiserror Details Raiserror seems to be a source of confusion but is really rather simple. Raiserror with severity levels of 20 or higher will terminate the connection. Of course, when the connection is terminated a full rollback of any open transaction will immediately be instantiated by the SQL Server (except distributed transaction with DTC involved). Severity levels lower than 20 will simply result in the error message being returned to the client. They do not affect the transaction scope of the connection. Consider the following batch: use pubs begin tran update authors set au_lname = 'smith' raiserror ('This is bad', 19, 1) with log select @@trancount With severity set at 19, the 'select @@trancount' will be executed after the raiserror statement and will return a value of 1. If severity is changed to 20, then the select statement will not run and the connection is broken. Important Error handling must occur not only in T-SQL batches and stored procedures, but also in application program code. Transactions and Triggers (1 of 2) Basic behavior assumes the implicit transactions setting is set to OFF. This behavior makes it possible to identify business logic errors in a trigger, raise an error, rollback the action, and add an audit table entry. Logically, the insert to the audit table cannot take place before the ROLLBACK action and you would not want to build in the audit table insert into every applications error handler that violated the business rule of the trigger. For more information, see also… SQL Server 2000 Books Online topic “Rollbacks in stored procedure and triggers“ (acdata.chm::/ac_8_md_06_4qcz.htm) IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS ON Behavior The behavior of firing other triggers on the same table can be tricky. Say you added a trigger that checks the CODE field. Read only versions of the rows contain the code ‘RO’ and read/write versions use ‘RW.’ Whenever someone tries to delete a row with a code ‘RO’ the trigger issues the rollback and logs an audit table entry. However, you also have a second trigger that is responsible for cascading delete operations. One client could issue the delete without implicit transactions on and only the current trigger would execute and then terminate the batch. However, a second client with implicit transactions on could issue the same delete and the secondary trigger would fire. You end up with a situation in which the cascading delete operations can take place (are committed) but the initial row remains in the table because of the rollback operation. None of the delete operations should be allowed but because the transaction scope was restarted because of the implicit transactions setting, they did. Transactions and Triggers (2 of 2) It is extremely difficult to determine the execution state of a trigger when using explicit rollback statements in combination with implicit transactions. The RETURN statement is not allowed to return a value. The only way I have found to set the @@ERROR is using a ‘raiserror’ as the last execution statement in the last trigger to execute. If you modify the example, this following RAISERROR statement will set @@ERROR to 50000: CREATE TRIGGER trgTest on tblTest for INSERT AS BEGIN ROLLBACK INSERT INTO tblAudit VALUES (1) RAISERROR('This is bad', 14,1) END However, this value does not carry over to a secondary trigger for the same table. If you raise an error at the end of the first trigger and then look at @@ERROR in the secondary trigger the @@ERROR remains 0. Carrying Forward an Active/Open Transaction It is possible to exit from a trigger and carry forward an open transaction by issuing a BEGIN TRAN or by setting implicit transaction on and doing INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Warning It is never recommended that a trigger call BEGIN TRANSACTION. By doing this you increment the transaction count. Invalid code logic, not calling commit transaction, can lead to a situation where the transaction count remains elevated upon exit of the trigger. Transaction Count The behavior is better explained by understanding how the server works. It does not matter whether you are in a transaction, when a modification takes place the transaction count is incremented. So, in the simplest form, during the processing of an insert the transaction count is 1. On completion of the insert, the server will commit (and thus decrement the transaction count). If the commit identifies the transaction count has returned to 0, the actual commit processing is completed. Issuing a commit when the transaction count is greater than 1 simply decrements the nested transaction counter. Thus, when we enter a trigger, the transaction count is 1. At the completion of the trigger, the transaction count will be 0 due to the commit issued at the end of the modification statement (insert). In our example, if the connection was already in a transaction and called the second INSERT, since implicit transaction is ON, the transaction count in the trigger will be 2 as long as the ROLLBACK is not executed. At the end of the insert, the commit is again issued to decrement the transaction reference count to 1. However, the value does not return to 0 so the transaction remains open/active. Subsequent triggers are only fired if the transaction count at the end of the trigger remains greater than or equal to 1. The key to continuation of secondary triggers and the batch is the transaction count at the end of a trigger execution. If the trigger that performs a rollback has done an explicit begin transaction or uses implicit transactions, subsequent triggers and the batch will continue. If the transaction count is not 1 or greater, subsequent triggers and the batch will not execute. Warning Forcing the transaction count after issuing a rollback is dangerous because you can easily loose track of your transaction nesting level. When performing an explicit rollback in a trigger, you should immediately issue a return statement to maintain consistent behavior between a connection with and without implicit transaction settings. This will force the trigger(s) and batch to terminate immediately. One of the methods of dealing with this issue is to run ‘SET IMPLICIT_TRANSACTIONS OFF’ as the first statement of any trigger. Other methods may entails checking @@TRANCOUNT at the end of the trigger and continue to COMMIT the transaction as long as @@TRANCOUNT is greater than 1. Examples The following examples are based on this table: create table tbl50000Insert (iID int NOT NULL) go Note If more than one trigger is used, to guarantee the trigger firing sequence, the sp_settriggerorder command should be used. This command is omitted in these examples to simplify the complexity of the statements. First Example In the first example, the second trigger was never fired and the batch, starting with the insert statement, was aborted. Thus, the print statement was never issued. print('Trigger issues rollback - cancels batch') go create trigger trg50000Insert on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'Inserted', * from inserted rollback tran select 'End of trigger', @@TRANCOUNT as 'TRANCOUNT' end go create trigger trg50000Insert2 on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'In Trigger2' select 'Trigger 2 Inserted', * from inserted end go insert into tbl50000Insert values(1) print('---------------------- In same batch') select * from tbl50000Insert go -- Cleanup drop trigger trg50000Insert drop trigger trg50000Insert2 go delete from tbl50000Insert Second Example The next example shows that since a new transaction is started, the second trigger will be fired and the print statement in the batch will be executed. Note that the insert is rolled back. print('Trigger issues rollback - increases tran count to continue batch') go create trigger trg50000Insert on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'Inserted', * from inserted rollback tran begin tran end go create trigger trg50000Insert2 on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'In Trigger2' select 'Trigger 2 Inserted', * from inserted end go insert into tbl50000Insert values(2) print('---------------------- In same batch') select * from tbl50000Insert go -- Cleanup drop trigger trg50000Insert drop trigger trg50000Insert2 go delete from tbl50000Insert Third Example In the third example, the raiserror statement is used to set the @@ERROR value and the BEGIN TRAN statement is used in the trigger to allow the batch to continue to run. print('Trigger issues rollback - uses raiserror to set @@ERROR') go create trigger trg50000Insert on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'Inserted', * from inserted rollback tran begin tran -- Increase @@trancount to allow -- batch to continue select @@trancount as ‘Trancount’ raiserror('This is from the trigger', 14,1) end go insert into tbl50000Insert values(3) select @@ERROR as 'ERROR', @@TRANCOUNT as 'Trancount' go -- Cleanup drop trigger trg50000Insert go delete from tbl50000Insert Fourth Example For the fourth example, a second trigger is added to illustrate the fact that @@ERROR value set in the first trigger will not be seen in the second trigger nor will it show up in the batch after the second trigger is fired. print('Trigger issues rollback - uses raiserror to set @@ERROR, not seen in second trigger and cleared in batch') go create trigger trg50000Insert on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select 'Inserted', * from inserted rollback begin tran -- Increase @@trancount to -- allow batch to continue select @@TRANCOUNT as 'Trancount' raiserror('This is from the trigger', 14,1) end go create trigger trg50000Insert2 on tbl50000Insert for INSERT as begin select @@ERROR as 'ERROR', @@TRANCOUNT as 'Trancount' end go insert into tbl50000Insert values(4) select @@ERROR as 'ERROR', @@TRANCOUNT as 'Trancount' go -- Cleanup drop trigger trg50000Insert drop trigger trg50000Insert2 go delete from tbl50000Insert Lesson 3: Concepts – Locks and Applications This lesson outlines some of the common causes that contribute to the perception of a slow server. What You Will Learn After completing this lesson, you will be able to:  Explain how lock hints are used and their impact.  Discuss the effect on locking when an application uses Microsoft Transaction Server.  Identify the different kinds of deadlocks including distributed deadlock. Recommended Reading  Charter 14 “Locking”, Inside SQL Server 2000 by Kalen Delaney  Charter 16 “Query Tuning”, Inside SQL Server 2000 by Kalen Delaney Q239753 – Deadlock Situation Not Detected by SQL Server Q288752 – Blocked SPID Not Participating in Deadlock May Incorrectly be Chosen as victim Locking Hints UPDLOCK If update locks are used instead of shared locks while reading a table, the locks are held until the end of the statement or transaction. UPDLOCK has the advantage of allowing you to read data (without blocking other readers) and update it later with the assurance that the data has not changed since you last read it. READPAST READPAST is an optimizer hint for use with SELECT statements. When this hint is used, SQL Server will read past locked rows. For example, assume table T1 contains a single integer column with the values of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. If transaction A changes the value of 3 to 8 but has not yet committed, a SELECT * FROM T1 (READPAST) yields values 1, 2, 4, 5. Tip READPAST only applies to transactions operating at READ COMMITTED isolation and only reads past row-level locks. This lock hint can be used to implement a work queue on a SQL Server table. For example, assume there are many external work requests being thrown into a table and they should be serviced in approximate insertion order but they do not have to be completely FIFO. If you have 4 worker threads consuming work items from the queue they could each pick up a record using read past locking and then delete the entry from the queue and commit when they're done. If they fail, they could rollback, leaving the entry on the queue for the next worker thread to pick up. Caution The READPAST hint is not compatible with HOLDLOCK.  Try This: Using Locking Hints 1. Open a Query Window and connect to the pubs database. 2. Execute the following statements (--Conn 1 is optional to help you keep track of each connection): BEGIN TRANSACTION -- Conn 1 UPDATE titles SET price = price * 0.9 WHERE title_id = 'BU1032' 3. Open a second connection and execute the following statements: SELECT @@lock_timeout -- Conn 2 GO SELECT * FROM titles SELECT * FROM authors 4. Open a third connection and execute the following statements: SET LOCK_TIMEOUT 0 -- Conn 3 SELECT * FROM titles SELECT * FROM authors 5. Open a fourth connection and execute the following statement: SELECT * FROM titles (READPAST) -- Conn 4 WHERE title_ID < 'C' SELECT * FROM authors How many records were returned? 3 6. Open a fifth connection and execute the following statement: SELECT * FROM titles (NOLOCK) -- Conn 5 WHERE title_ID 0 the lock manager also checks for deadlocks every time a SPID gets blocked. So a single deadlock will trigger 20 seconds of more immediate deadlock detection, but if no additional deadlocks occur in that 20 seconds, the lock manager no longer checks for deadlocks at each block and detection again only happens every 5 seconds. Although normally not needed, you may use trace flag -T1205 to trace the deadlock detection process. Note Please note the distinction between application lock and other locks’ deadlock detection. For application lock, we do not rollback the transaction of the deadlock victim but simply return a -3 to sp_getapplock, which the application needs to handle itself. Deadlock Resolution How is a deadlock resolved? SQL Server picks one of the connections as a deadlock victim. The victim is chosen based on either which is the least expensive transaction (calculated using the number and size of the log records) to roll back or in which process “SET DEADLOCK_PRIORITY LOW” is specified. The victim’s transaction is rolled back, held locks are released, and SQL Server sends error 1205 to the victim’s client application to notify it that it was chosen as a victim. The other process can then obtain access to the resource it was waiting on and continue. Error 1205: Your transaction (process ID #%d) was deadlocked with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. Rerun your transaction. Symptoms of deadlocking Error 1205 usually is not written to the SQL Server errorlog. Unfortunately, you cannot use sp_altermessage to cause 1205 to be written to the errorlog. If the client application does not capture and display error 1205, some of the symptoms of deadlock occurring are:  Clients complain of mysteriously canceled queries when using certain features of an application.  May be accompanied by excessive blocking. Lock contention increases the chances that a deadlock will occur. Triggers and Deadlock Triggers promote the deadlock priority of the SPID for the life of the trigger execution when the DEADLOCK PRIORITY is not set to low. When a statement in a trigger causes a deadlock to occur, the SPID executing the trigger is given preferential treatment and will not become the victim. Warning Bug 235794 is filed against SQL Server 2000 where a blocked SPID that is not a participant of a deadlock may incorrectly be chosen as a deadlock victim if the SPID is blocked by one of the deadlock participants and the SPID has the least amount of transaction logging. See KB article Q288752: “Blocked Spid Not Participating in Deadlock May Incorrectly be Chosen as victim” for more information. Distributed Deadlock – Scenario 1 Distributed Deadlocks The term distributed deadlock is ambiguous. There are many types of distributed deadlocks. Scenario 1 Client application opens connection A, begins a transaction, acquires some locks, opens connection B, connection B gets blocked by A but the application is designed to not commit A’s transaction until B completes. Note SQL Server has no way of knowing that connection A is somehow dependent on B – they are two distinct connections with two distinct transactions. This situation is discussed in scenario #4 in “Q224453 INF: Understanding and Resolving SQL Server 7.0 Blocking Problems”. Distributed Deadlock – Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Distributed deadlock involving bound connections. Two connections can be bound into a single transaction context with sp_getbindtoken/sp_bindsession or via DTC. Spid 60 enlists in a transaction with spid 61. A third spid 62 is blocked by spid 60, but spid 61 is blocked by spid 62. Because they are doing work in the same transaction, spid 60 cannot commit until spid 61 finishes his work, but spid 61 is blocked by 62 who is blocked by 60. This scenario is described in article “Q239753 - Deadlock Situation Not Detected by SQL Server.” Note SQL Server 6.5 and 7.0 do not detect this deadlock. The SQL Server 2000 deadlock detection algorithm has been enhanced to detect this type of distributed deadlock. The diagram in the slide illustrates this situation. Resources locked by a spid are below that spid (in a box). Arrows indicate blocking and are drawn from the blocked spid to the resource that the spid requires. A circle represents a transaction; spids in the same transaction are shown in the same circle. Distributed Deadlock – Scenario 3 Scenario 3 Distributed deadlock involving linked servers or server-to-server RPC. Spid 60 on Server 1 executes a stored procedure on Server 2 via linked server. This stored procedure does a loopback linked server query against a table on Server 1, and this connection is blocked by a lock held by Spid 60. Note No version of SQL Server is currently designed to detect this distributed deadlock. Lesson 4: Information Collection and Analysis This lesson outlines some of the common causes that contribute to the perception of a slow server. What You Will Learn After completing this lesson, you will be able to:  Identify specific information needed for troubleshooting issues.  Locate and collect information needed for troubleshooting issues.  Analyze output of DBCC Inputbuffer, DBCC PSS, and DBCC Page commands.  Review information collected from master.dbo.sysprocesses table.  Review information collected from master.dbo.syslockinfo table.  Review output of sp_who, sp_who2, sp_lock.  Analyze Profiler log for query usage pattern.  Review output of trace flags to help troubleshoot deadlocks. Recommended Reading Q244455 - INF: Definition of Sysprocesses Waittype and Lastwaittype Fields Q244456 - INF: Description of DBCC PSS Command for SQL Server 7.0 Q271509 - INF: How to Monitor SQL Server 2000 Blocking Q251004 - How to Monitor SQL Server 7.0 Blocking Q224453 - Understanding and Resolving SQL Server 7.0 Blocking Problem Q282749 – BUG: Deadlock information reported with SQL Server 2000 Profiler Locking and Blocking  Try This: Examine Blocked Processes 1. Open a Query Window and connect to the pubs database. Execute the following statements: BEGIN TRAN -- connection 1 UPDATE titles SET price = price + 1 2. Open another connection and execute the following statement: SELECT * FROM titles-- connection 2 3. Open a third connection and execute sp_who; note the process id (spid) of the blocked process. (Connection 3) 4. In the same connection, execute the following: SELECT spid, cmd, waittype FROM master..sysprocesses WHERE waittype 0 -- connection 3 5. Do not close any of the connections! What was the wait type of the blocked process?  Try This: Look at locks held Assumes all your connections are still open from the previous exercise. • Execute sp_lock -- Connection 3 What locks is the process from the previous example holding? Make sure you run ROLLBACK TRAN in Connection 1 to clean up your transaction. Collecting Information See Module 2 for more about how to gather this information using various tools. Recognizing Blocking Problems How to Recognize Blocking Problems  Users complain about poor performance at a certain time of day, or after a certain number of users connect.  SELECT * FROM sysprocesses or sp_who2 shows non-zero values in the blocked or BlkBy column.  More severe blocking incidents will have long blocking chains or large sysprocesses.waittime values for blocked spids.  Possibl
CE中文版-启点CE过NP中文.exe
启点CE过NP中文December 24 2018:Cheat Engine 6.8.2 Released: Here's a new version for the hollidays. Mainly minor improvements and some small bugfixes, but also a new 'ultimap like' feature called Code Filter for which you don't need any special hardware for. (Just an extensive list of addresses) Download: Cheat Engine 6.8.2 Fixes: Disassembler: Several disassembler instructions had a comma too many or too few ,fixed those Disassembler: Fixed the description for ret # Disassembler/Debug: Fixed the address that is being edited when a breakpoint hits while editing an instruction Assembler: Fixed assembling reg*2/4/8+unquotedsymbol Plugin: Fixed the SDK for C plugins that use the disassembler callback Hotkeys: Fixed the attach to foreground hotkey Memory Scan: Fixed the percentage scan Memory Scan: Fixed a rare situation that could cause an error Memory Scan: Simple values now works with groupscan Memory Scan Lua: Scanfiles now also get deleted if the memory scan object is freed before the scan is fully done Fill Memory: Now allows 64-bit addresses Structure Dissect: Fixed the popupmenu "change type" so it now affects all selected entries instead of just the first PointerOrPointee window: Fix the debug pointer or pointee window button text when using access instead of writes GUI: Fixed and restored the DPI Aware option in setting GUI: Some DPI fixes/adjustments here and there Graphical Memory view: Fixed DPI issues Symbolhandler: When the symbolhandler now waits till it's done, it won't wait for the structures to be parsed anymore Additions and Changes: Lua Engine: Added autocomplete DLL injection: On DLL injection failure CE tries to fall back on forced injection methods Assembler: Added multibyte NOP Plugins: Plugins can now have side dll's that are statically linked in their own folder (Windows 7 with updates and later) Debugging: Improved the FPU window editing when single stepping, allowing you to change the FPU registers Debugging: Threadview now updates when single stepping and cnanges made there will affect the currently debugged thread (before it didn't) Debugging: Added Code Filter. This lets you filter out code based on if it has been executed or not (Uses software breakpoints) Debugging: Added an option to chose if you wish to break on unexpected breakpoints, and if CE should break on unexpected breakpoints, or only on specified regions (like AA scripts) Disassembler: The comments now show multiple parameters Pointerscan: Add option to allow negative offset scanning Pointerscan: Add extra types to the display Advanced Options/CodeList: Now uses symbolnames Tutorial Game: Added a levelskip option when you've solved a step Tutorial Game: Added a secondary test Compare memory: Added a limit to the number of address values shown per row (can be changed) Address List: When the option to deactivate children is set, the children will get deactivated first Memory Scan: Add a lua script in autorun that lets you specify which module to scan Lua: ExecuteCodeEx(Let's you execute code in the target and pass parameters) Added 2 new parameters to getNameFromAddress (ModuleNames and Symbols) Added addModule and deleteModule to the symbollist class Added the ModuleLoader class which can force load dll's Fixed endUpdate for the listview Thanks go out to SER[G]ANT for updating the russion translation files already June 23 2018:Cheat Engine 6.8.1 Released: Apparently 6.8 contained a couple of annoying bugs, so here's an update that should hopefully resolve most issues. Also a few new features that can come handy Download: Cheat Engine 6.8.1 Fixes: Fixed several issues with the structure compare Fixed the commonality scanner from picking up unrelated registers for comparison Fixed speedhack hotkeys Fixed ultimap 1 Fixed a bunch of random access violations Fixed Lua dissectCode.getStringReferences now also returns the string Fixed Lua breakpoints that specify a specific function Fixed Lua toAddress when the 2nd parameter is an address Fixed assembling xmm,m32 Fixed issue when disassembling AVX instructions Fixed rightclicking r8-r9 in the registers window Fixed the plugin system for DBVM Fixed DBVM memory allocations when smaller than 4KB Additions and changes: Added translation strings for the all type settings You can now drop files into the auto assembler auto assembler commands allocnx (allocate no execute) and allocxo (allocate execute only) The memoryview windows's hexadecimalview now shows the allocationbase as well, and can be doubleclicked to go there Added support for mono dll's that do not export g_free Changed "make page writable" to multiple options Improved DBVM speed slightly Lua: added RemoteThread class object June 8 2018:Cheat Engine 6.8 Released: Cheat Engine 6.8 has been released. Lots of new features like structure compare, AVX disassembling support, lua functions, etc... Download: If you encounter bugs or have suggestions, please do not hesitate to report them in the forum, bugtracker or by e-mail. And if you have questions, don't hesitate to ask them in the forum Fixes: Fixed some more high dpi issues Fixed issues with the dropdown list in memory records Fixed pointer offset symbols not calculating properly Fixed registered binutils Fixed graphical issues with the tablist Fixed issue where memory blocks would get cut of before the page end Fixed some memory leaks Fixed some graphical issues in the addresslist Fixed rightclick on r8 and r9 in memoryview Fixed disassembling some instructions Fixed DBVM so it works on windows 1709 and later (tested on 1803) Fixed several DBVM offload crashes Fixed freeze with allow increase/decrease for 8 byte long values Fixed several issues where minimizing a window and then close it would hang CE Fixed file scanning Fixed crashes when editing memory in some some emulators Additions and changes: Text editor improvements Added hundreds of new cpu instructions Mono now has some new features like instancing of objects Mono instances window is now a treeview where you can see the fields and values "find what addresses this code accesses" can also be used on RET instructions now (useful to find callers) The graphical memory view now has a lot more options to set it just the way you need Codepage support in hexview structure data from PDB files can now be used, and are stored in a database for lookup later dissect structures form can now show a list of known structures (pdb, mono, ...) Added a "revert to saved scan" option (lets you undo changes) Added a "forgot scan" option (in case you forgot what you're doing) Pointerscan limit nodes is default on in a new ce install (remembers your choice when you disable it) Autoattach now happens using a thread instead of a gui blocking timer Some colorscheme enhancements Added a DBVM based "Find what writes/accesses" feature. (For pro users, enable kernelmode options for it to show) Changed the dissect data setup from seperate yes/no/value dialogs to a single window Added a bypass option for ultimap2 on windows 1709. When using ranges, do not use interrupts, or use DBVM Added find what writes/access to the foundlist Autoassembler scriptblocks are now grouped when written to memory Added {$try}/{$except} to auto assembler scripts Added an extra tutorial/practice target Added cut/copy/paste context menu items to pointer offset fields in add/change address, and added a context menu to the pointer destination Added an automated structure compare for two groups of addresses to find ways to distinguish between them lua: added automatic garbage collection and settings to configure it added new functions: gc_setPassive gc_setActive reinitializeSelfSymbolhandler registerStructureAndElementListCallback showSelectionList changed the getWindowlist output MainForm.OnProcessOpened (better use this instead of onOpenProcess) enumStructureForms cpuid getHotkeyHandlerThread bunch of dbvm_ functions (needs dbvm capable cpu, and intel only atm) and more, including class methods and fields (read celua.txt) Minor patches: 06/08/2018: 6.8.0.4 - Fixed speedhack hotkey speed asignments and some commonalityscanner issues 06/09/2018: 6.8.0.5 - Fixed only when down speedhack option 06/10/2018: 6.8.0.6 - Fixed ultimap1 - Fixed ultimap2 on some systems - Fixed enableDRM() from crashing - Fixed one disassembler instruction Russian translation has been updated November 13 2017:Can't run Cheat Engine There is apparently some malware going around that blocks execution of Cheat Engine (Saying file missing, check filename, etc...) If you have been a victim of this then try this windows repair tool to fix your windows install: Download Repair Tool November 9 2017:Spanish(Latin) translation added Manuel Ibacache M. from Chile has provided us with spanish(Latin) translation files for Cheat Engine. They can be downloaded from the download section where you can find the other translation files, or right here June 7 2017:Cheat Engine 6.7 Released: Cheat Engine 6.7 has been released. New lua functions, GUI improvements, codepage scanning, several bugfixes and more(See below). Download: Cheat Engine 6.7 If you encounter bugs or have suggestions, please do not hesitate to report them in the forum, bugtracker, irc or by e-mail. And if you have questions, don't hesitate to ask them in the forum , irc Fixes: Fixed some DPI issues at some spots Fixed the "Not" scan for ALL "simple values" now also applies to the All type Fixed not adding the 0-terminator to strings when the option was set to add it Fixed ultimap hotkeys Fixed ultimap2 filtering Changing pointers in the change address dialog won't set/override global memrec and address anymore (local now) Fixed show as signed not working for custom types Fixed several issues with the structure spider Fixed 64-bit registers in the tracer getting truncated on doubleclick, and fix r8 to r15 Fixed copy/paste in the scanvalue Fixed kernelmode QueryMemoryRegions for windows build 1607 Fixed some disassembler errors Fixed lua command fullAccess Fixed text to speech if launched from a different thread Fixed clicking on checkboxes when the dpi is different Fixed the found code dialog count size Fixed mono freezing Cheat Engine when it crashes/freezes Additions and changes: Changed the processlist and added an Applications view similar to the taskmanager Small change to the tutorial first step wording Structure Dissect: Added RLE compression (by mgr.inz.player) and other things to improve filesize Structure Dissect: If setting a name, it will also be shown in the header The symbolhandler can now deal with complex pointer notations Added support for single-ToPA systems for ultimap2 Added some more spots where the history will be remebered in memoryview Memoryrecords with auto assembler scripts can now execute their code asynchronous (rightclick and set "Execute asynchronous") Kernelmode memory reading/writing is safer now Added an option to filter out readable paths in the pointerscan rescan Added "codePage" support Added font/display options to several places in CE Added a search/replace to the script editors You can now delete addresses and reset the count from "Find what addresses this code accesses" Added a statusbar to the hexview in memoryview Pointerscan for value scans now add the results to the overflow queue Opening a file and changing bytes do not change them to the file anymore (you need to explicitly save now) Added an option to the processlist to filter out system processes Added a system to let users sign their tables so you know you can trust their tables. Memory record dropdown lists can now reference those of others. USe as entry text: (memoryrecorddescription) Added an option to notify users of new versions of Cheat Engine lua: Custom Types can now be referenced from Lua Auto assembler lua sections now have access to "memrec" which is the memory record they get executed from. Can be nil stringToMD5String now support strings with a 0 byte in them autoAssemble() now also returns a disableInfo object as 2nd parameter. You can use this to disable a script added Action and Value properties to MemoryRecordHotkey objects added screenToClient and clientToScreen for Control objects added readSmallInteger and writeSmallInteger added enableDRM() added openFileAsProcess/saveOpenedFile added saveCurrentStateAsDesign for CEForm objects added disableWithoutExecute and disableAllWithoutExecute added OnCustomDraw* events to the listview added being/endUpdate for the Strings class added SQL support added color overrides to the disassembler text added OnPaint to the CustomControl class added autoAssembleCheck to syntax check an AA script fixed the addresslist returning nil for PopupMenu (while popupMenu did work) added an timeout option for pipes added some graphical options added some low level system functions Russian translation has been updated Chinese translation has been updated May 15 2017:Korean language files Thanks to Petrus Kim there are now Korean language files for Cheat Engine. You can get them here Just extract it to the language folder in the Cheat Engine installation folder and you'll be able to use it April 13 2017:Cheat Engine for Macintosh download For the Mac users under us there is now a mac version available for download. It's based on Cheat engine 6.2 but I will be upgrading it to 6.6 and later based on the feedback I get. Tip:if you have trouble opening processes: Reboot your Mac and hold CMD+R during boot to enter the recovery console. There open the terminal (using the top menu) and enter "csrutil disable" . Then reboot and you'll be able to open most processes (Youtube video by NewAgeSoldier in case it's not clear) October 6 2016:Cheat Engine 6.6 Released: Cheat Engine 6.6 has been released. It has several fixes, new scan functionality, gui changes/improvements, Ultimap 2, better hotkeys, more programming options, and more(See below). Download: Cheat Engine 6.6 If you encounter bugs or have suggestions, please do not hesitate to report them in the forum, bugtracker, irc or by e-mail. And if you have questions, don't hesitate to ask them in the forum or irc Fixes: Fixed saving of hotkey sounds Fixed the CF flag in the disassembler stepping mode Fixed Kernelmode VirtualQueryEx for Windows 10 build 14393 Fixed DBVM for Windows 10 build 14393 Fixed the shortest assembler instruction picking for some instructions Fixed a few bugs in the break and trace routine when you'd stop it while the thread still had a single step set Fixed several ansi to UTF8 incompatbilities that poped up between 6.5 and 6.5.1 Fixed the stackview not properly setting the color, and giving an error when trying to change a color Fixed the exe generator not adding both .sys files or the .sig files when using kernel functions Fixed some places of the disassembler where it helps guessing if something is a float or not When using the code finder, it won't show the previous instruction anymore if it's on a REP MOVS* instruction Fixed an issue when editing memoryrecords with strings, where wordwrap would add newline characters Fixed D3D alpha channel for textures and fontmaps Fixed the helpfile not being searchable The installer will now mark the CE destination folder as accessible by APPS. (fixes speedhack for some APPS) Fixed the form designed crashing is resized 'wrong' Additions and changes: Ultimap 2 for Intel CPU's of generation 6 and later (no DBVM needed for those) Language select if you have multiple language files for CE Memoryrecord pointer offsets can use calculations, symbols and lua code now While stepping in the debugger you can now easily change the EIP/RIP register by pressing ctrl+f4 changed the way CE is brought to front when a hotkey is pressed Made the GUI more adaptive to different fontsizes and DPI Several font and minor GUI changes Added DPIAware and a font override to the settings window. (DPI aware is on by default, but can be turned of if experiencing issues) Added option to enable pause by default Disassembling mega jumps/calls now show the code in one line The standalone auto assembler window will now give an option to go to the first allocated memory address Changed the point where the settings are loaded in CE's startup sequence The formdesigner now allows copy and paste of multiple objects, and uses text Added scrollbox and radiogroup to the formdesigner Added Middle, MB4 and MB5 as allowable hotkeys Added controller keys as hotkeys Single stepping now shows an indication if an condition jump will be taken Added a watchlist to the debugger Added the 'align' assembler pseudo command (allocates memory so the next line is aligned on a block of the required size) Added the 'Not' option for scans, which causes all addresses that match the given entry as invalid Changed the Unicode text to UTF-16. Text scans are now UTF8/UTF16 (no codepage) Hexview can now show and edit values in 3 different textencodings. (Ascii, UTF-8 and UTF-16) Rescan pointerscans on pointerscans that where done on a range can now change the offset lua: speak(): Text to speech hookWndProc: a function that lets you hook the windows message handler of a window registerEXETrainerFeature: Lets you add extra files to the exe trainer file packer getFileVersion(): A function to get version information from a file mouse_event() : Lets you send mouse events to windows. (move, click, etc...) loadFontFromStream() : Lets you load a font from a memory stream. (Useful for trainers that use a custom font) added several thread synchronization objects control class: added bringToFront and sendToBack lua changes: dbk_writesIgnoreWriteProtection() now also disables virtualprotectex calls from CE loadTable() can now also load from a Stream object. the addresslist has some Color properties published for better customization the LUA server has had some new commands added so hooked code can do more efficient calls. (LUAClient dll has been updated to use them in a basic way) Russian translation has been updated French tutorial only translation has been updated as well 10/10/2016:6.6.0.1: Fixed align May 19 2016:Cheat Engine 6.5.1 Released: 6.5.1 has been released. It's mainly a bugfix version to replace 6.5 which had a few minor bugs that needed solving. Download: Cheat Engine 6.5.1 Fixes: Fixed increased value by/decreased value by for float values Fixed disassembling/assembling some instructions (64-bit) Fixed the autoassembler tokenizing wrong words Fixed several bugs related to the structure dissect window (mainly shown when autodestroy was on) Fixed a small saving issue Groupscans now deal with alignment issues better Fixed java support for 32-bit Additions and changes: Signed with a sha256 signature as well (for OS'es that support it) Changed Ultimap to use an official way to get the perfmon interrupt instead of IDT hooking (less BSOD on win10 and 8) Individual hotkeys can now play sounds Now compiled with fpc 3.0/lazarus 1.6 (Previously 2.7/1.1) You can now search in the string list PEInfo now has a copy to clipboard Some places can now deal better with mistakes Lazarus .LFM files can now be loaded and saved lua: Fixed several incompatibilities between lua that popped up in 6.5 (due to the lua 5.1 to 5.3 change) Fixed the OnSelectionChange callback property in the memoryview object MemoryRecords now have an Collapsed property Added TCanResizeEvent to the splitter Fixed setBreakpoint not setting a proper trigger if not provided Fixed executeCode* parameter passing Fixed several memory leaks where unregistering hooks/addons didn't free the internal call object Some tableFile additions Fixed registerAssemble assembler commands Added kernelmode alloc and (un)mapping functionality Added an easy way to add auto assembler templates Added window related functions including sendMessage Added Xbox360 controller support functions Added more thread functions Post release fixes: Dealt with several gui issues like the mainform to front on modal dialogs, header resizing stuck with the cursor, treeview item selection/deletion being weird, etc... Added a disconnect to the client in pointerscans Fixed pointerscan issue with 32-bit aligned pointers in a 64-bit process Fixed a deadlock in threads when lua custom types where used Post release fixes: Dealt with several gui issues like the mainform to front on modal dialogs, header resizing stuck with the cursor, treeview item selection/deletion being weird, etc... Added a disconnect to the client in pointerscans fixed pointerscan issue with 32-bit aligned pointers in a 64-bit process Fixed a deadlock in threads when lua custom types where used Fixed pointerscan resume 6/1/2016: (major bugfix) properly fixed resume of pointerscans and alignment fix December 31 2015:Cheat Engine 6.5 Released: I'd like to announce the release of Cheat Engine 6.5 If you encounter bugs or have suggestions, please do not hesitate to report them in the forum, bugtracker, irc or by e-mail. And if you have questions, don't hesitate to ask them in the forum or irc Fixes: Fixed page exception breakpoints from not working Fixed the save as button in the lua script assigned to the table Fixed the dotnetdatacollector from not fetching parent fields Fixed disassembling of some instructions Fixed assembling some instructions Fixed assembling instructions that referenced address 80000000 to ffffffff in 64-bit targets Fixed dealing with unexpected breakpoints Fixed several issues with the network scanner. (symbols, scanspeed, threads, etc...) Fixed "going to" 64-bit registers. Fixed pointerstrings for 64-bit Fixed the addressparser in memview's hexview not handing static 64-bit addresses Fixed r8 and r9 looking broken in the memoryview window Fixed hotkeys that set a value as hexadecimal and the value is smaller than 0x10 Fixed multiline string editing for memory records Fixed dragging cheat tables into CE Fixed VEH debug for 'Modern' apps Fixed several translation issues lua: fixed getStructureCount, writeRegionToFile, readRegionFromFile, readInteger, ListColum.GetCount fixed memoryleak in MemoryStream Several fixes to DBVM: added support for Windows 10 support for more than 8 cpu's support for newer cpu's fixed issue where calling CPUID right after setting the TF flag wouldn't trigger a breakpoint after it Additions and changes: Array of Byte's can now deal with nibble's. (e.g: 9* *0 90 is now a valid input- and scanstring) The auto assembler can now deal with some mistakes like forgetting to declare a label Added support to use binutils as assembler and disassembler, and a special scripting language for it Added support for 64-bit mono, and script support for cases where mono.dll isn't called mono.dll Added an option to get a list of all recently accessed memory regions. This is useful for the pointerscanner The pointerscanner can now use multiple snapshots (pointermaps) to do a scan. This basically lets you do a rescan during the first scan, saving your harddisk Made the pointerscan network scanner a bit easier to use. You can now join and leave a pointerscan session You can now stop pointerscans and resume them at a later time Pointerscan files can get converted to and from sqlite database files The pointerscan configuration window now has an advanced and basic mode display The all type now has a setting that lets you define what under "all" falls Custom types now also have access to the address they're being used on Split up the "(de)activating this (de)activates children" into two seperate options (one for activate, one for deactivate) Added some basic Thumb disassembling The xmplayer has been replaced with mikmod which supports many different module types (in lua you still call it xmplayer) Rightlicking on "your system supports dbvm" will let you manually load DBVM for each cpu. This is usefull if for some reason your system crashes when it's done too quickly In "Find what addresses this instruction accesses" you can now open the structure dissect window of your choice in case there are others. It will also fill in the base address, so no need to recalculate yourself AA command GlobalAlloc now has an optional 3th parameter that lets you specify the prefered region Added an option to record and undo writes. (Off by default, can be enabled in settings. Memview ctrl+z will undo the last edit) Added aobscanregion(name,startaddress,stopaddress,aob) lua: switched from Lua 5.1 to 5.3 debug_setBreakpoint can now take an OnBreakpoint parameter that lets you set a specific function just for that breakpoint added dbk_getPhysicalAddress(int) added dbk_writesIgnoreWriteProtection(bool) added getWindowList() And a bunch of other lua functions. (check out main.lua) Post release fixes (max 7 days after initial release *or 30 if a HUGE bug): 1/6/2016:Fixed structure dissect from crashing when autodestroy is on 1/6/2016:Fixed window position loading on multi monitor systems 1/6/2016:Fixed the lua customtype and 1/6/2016:Several minor gui fixe
python3.6.5参考手册 chm
Python参考手册，官方正式版参考手册，chm版。以下摘取部分内容:Navigation index modules | next | Python » 3.6.5 Documentation » Python Documentation contents What’s New in Python What’s New In Python 3.6 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 498: Formatted string literals PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order New dict implementation PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython PYTHONMALLOC environment variable DTrace and SystemTap probing support Other Language Changes New Modules secrets Improved Modules array ast asyncio binascii cmath collections concurrent.futures contextlib datetime decimal distutils email encodings enum faulthandler fileinput hashlib http.client idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect json logging math multiprocessing os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pydoc random re readline rlcompleter shlex site sqlite3 socket socketserver ssl statistics struct subprocess sys telnetlib time timeit tkinter traceback tracemalloc typing unicodedata unittest.mock urllib.request urllib.robotparser venv warnings winreg winsound xmlrpc.client zipfile zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python behavior Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods asynchat asyncore dbm distutils grp importlib os re ssl tkinter venv Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated Build Options Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.6 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API CPython bytecode changes Notable changes in Python 3.6.2 New make regen-all build target Removal of make touch build target Notable changes in Python 3.6.5 What’s New In Python 3.5 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray PEP 484 - Type Hints PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization Other Language Changes New Modules typing zipapp Improved Modules argparse asyncio bz2 cgi cmath code collections collections.abc compileall concurrent.futures configparser contextlib csv curses dbm difflib distutils doctest email enum faulthandler functools glob gzip heapq http http.client idlelib and IDLE imaplib imghdr importlib inspect io ipaddress json linecache locale logging lzma math multiprocessing operator os pathlib pickle poplib re readline selectors shutil signal smtpd smtplib sndhdr socket ssl Memory BIO Support Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support Other Changes sqlite3 subprocess sys sysconfig tarfile threading time timeit tkinter traceback types unicodedata unittest unittest.mock urllib wsgiref xmlrpc xml.sax zipfile Other module-level changes Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python Behavior Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.5 Changes in Python behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API What’s New In Python 3.4 Summary – Release Highlights New Features PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations Bootstrapping pip By Default Documentation Changes PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable Improvements to Codec Handling PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Other Language Changes New Modules asyncio ensurepip enum pathlib selectors statistics tracemalloc Improved Modules abc aifc argparse audioop base64 collections colorsys contextlib dbm dis doctest email filecmp functools gc glob hashlib hmac html http idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect ipaddress logging marshal mmap multiprocessing operator os pdb pickle plistlib poplib pprint pty pydoc re resource select shelve shutil smtpd smtplib socket sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sunau sys tarfile textwrap threading traceback types urllib unittest venv wave weakref xml.etree zipfile CPython Implementation Changes PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm PEP 436: Argument Clinic Other Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Significant Optimizations Deprecated Deprecations in the Python API Deprecated Features Removed Operating Systems No Longer Supported API and Feature Removals Code Cleanups Porting to Python 3.4 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API Changed in 3.4.3 PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients What’s New In Python 3.3 Summary – Release highlights PEP 405: Virtual Environments PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation Features API changes PEP 393: Flexible String Representation Functionality Performance and resource usage PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator PEP 409: Suppressing exception context PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary PEP 362: Function Signature Object PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation SimpleNamespace Using importlib as the Implementation of Import New APIs Visible Changes Other Language Changes A Finer-Grained Import Lock Builtin functions and types New Modules faulthandler ipaddress lzma Improved Modules abc array base64 binascii bz2 codecs collections contextlib crypt curses datetime decimal Features API changes email Policy Framework Provisional Policy with New Header API Other API Changes ftplib functools gc hmac http html imaplib inspect io itertools logging math mmap multiprocessing nntplib os pdb pickle pydoc re sched select shlex shutil signal smtpd smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sys tarfile tempfile textwrap threading time types unittest urllib webbrowser xml.etree.ElementTree zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated features Porting to Python 3.3 Porting Python code Porting C code Building C extensions Command Line Switch Changes What’s New In Python 3.2 PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules email elementtree functools itertools collections threading datetime and time math abc io reprlib logging csv contextlib decimal and fractions ftp popen select gzip and zipfile tarfile hashlib ast os shutil sqlite3 html socket ssl nntp certificates imaplib http.client unittest random poplib asyncore tempfile inspect pydoc dis dbm ctypes site sysconfig pdb configparser urllib.parse mailbox turtledemo Multi-threading Optimizations Unicode Codecs Documentation IDLE Code Repository Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.2 What’s New In Python 3.1 PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Optimizations IDLE Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.1 What’s New In Python 3.0 Common Stumbling Blocks Print Is A Function Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists Ordering Comparisons Integers Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit Overview Of Syntax Changes New Syntax Changed Syntax Removed Syntax Changes Already Present In Python 2.6 Library Changes PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting Changes To Exceptions Miscellaneous Other Changes Operators And Special Methods Builtins Build and C API Changes Performance Porting To Python 3.0 What’s New in Python 2.7 The Future for Python 2.x Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings Python 3.1 Features PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging PEP 3106: Dictionary Views PEP 3137: The memoryview Object Other Language Changes Interpreter Changes Optimizations New and Improved Modules New module: importlib New module: sysconfig ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk Updated module: unittest Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 Build and C API Changes Capsules Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.7 New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.6 Python 3.0 Changes to the Development Process New Issue Tracker: Roundup New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting PEP 3105: print As a Function PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes PEP 3112: Byte Literals PEP 3116: New I/O Library PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax PEP 3129: Class Decorators PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers The fractions Module Other Language Changes Optimizations Interpreter Changes New and Improved Modules The ast module The future_builtins module The json module: JavaScript Object Notation The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser ctypes Enhancements Improved SSL Support Deprecations and Removals Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: IRIX Porting to Python 2.6 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.5 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions PEP 309: Partial Function Application PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally PEP 342: New Generator Features PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method Other Language Changes Interactive Interpreter Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Removed Modules The ctypes package The ElementTree package The hashlib package The sqlite3 package The wsgiref package Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.5 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.4 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 289: Generator Expressions PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods PEP 322: Reverse Iteration PEP 324: New subprocess Module PEP 327: Decimal Data Type Why is Decimal needed? The Decimal type The Context type PEP 328: Multi-line Imports PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Other Language Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules cookielib doctest Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.4 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.3 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 263: Source Code Encodings PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT PEP 278: Universal Newline Support PEP 279: enumerate() PEP 282: The logging Package PEP 285: A Boolean Type PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils PEP 302: New Import Hooks PEP 305: Comma-separated Files PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements Extended Slices Other Language Changes String Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Date/Time Type The optparse Module Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.3 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.2 Introduction PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes Old and New Classes Descriptors Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule Attribute Access Related Links PEP 234: Iterators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator Unicode Changes PEP 227: Nested Scopes New and Improved Modules Interpreter Changes and Fixes Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.1 Introduction PEP 227: Nested Scopes PEP 236: __future__ Directives PEP 207: Rich Comparisons PEP 230: Warning Framework PEP 229: New Build System PEP 205: Weak References PEP 232: Function Attributes PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook PEP 208: New Coercion Model PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages New and Improved Modules Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.0 Introduction What About Python 1.6? New Development Process Unicode List Comprehensions Augmented Assignment String Methods Garbage Collection of Cycles Other Core Changes Minor Language Changes Changes to Built-in Functions Porting to 2.0 Extending/Embedding Changes Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install XML Modules SAX2 Support DOM Support Relationship to PyXML Module changes New modules IDLE Improvements Deleted and Deprecated Modules Acknowledgements Changelog Python 3.6.5 final? Tests Build Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.4 final? Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.3 final? Library Build Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows IDLE Tools/Demos Python 3.6.2 final? Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2? Security Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Documentation Tools/Demos Tests Windows Python 3.6.1 final? Core and Builtins Build Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Windows C API Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 final? Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library C API Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Python 3.6.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Windows Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Windows C API Build Tests Python 3.6.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE C API Tests Build Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.6.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Windows Build Python 3.6.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Build Tools/Demos Documentation Tests Python 3.6.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Windows Build Windows C API Tools/Demos Python 3.6.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.3 final? Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Security Library Security Library IDLE C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows Build Python 3.5.2 final? Core and Builtins Tests IDLE Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library Security Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Windows Python 3.5.1 final? Core and Builtins Windows Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Build Windows Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 final? Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4? Library Build Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Python 3.5.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Python 3.5.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Tests Documentation Build Python 3.5.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Build C API Windows Python 3.5.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Build C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows The Python Tutorial 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Strings 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops 4.5. pass Statements 4.6. Defining Functions 4.7. More on Defining Functions 4.7.1. Default Argument Values 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions 4.7.6. Documentation Strings 4.7.7. Function Annotations 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. User-defined Exceptions 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Python Setup and Usage 1. Command line and environment 1.1. Command line 1.1.1. Interface options 1.1.2. Generic options 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use 1.2. Environment variables 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables 2. Using Python on Unix platforms 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python 2.1.1. On Linux 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris 2.2. Building Python 2.3. Python-related paths and files 2.4. Miscellaneous 2.5. Editors and IDEs 3. Using Python on Windows 3.1. Installing Python 3.1.1. Supported Versions 3.1.2. Installation Steps 3.1.3. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation 3.1.4. Installing Without UI 3.1.5. Installing Without Downloading 3.1.6. Modifying an install 3.1.7. Other Platforms 3.2. Alternative bundles 3.3. Configuring Python 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable 3.4. Python Launcher for Windows 3.4.1. Getting started 3.4.1.1. From the command-line 3.4.1.2. Virtual environments 3.4.1.3. From a script 3.4.1.4. From file associations 3.4.2. Shebang Lines 3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines 3.4.4. Customization 3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files 3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions 3.4.5. Diagnostics 3.5. Finding modules 3.6. Additional modules 3.6.1. PyWin32 3.6.2. cx_Freeze 3.6.3. WConio 3.7. Compiling Python on Windows 3.8. Embedded Distribution 3.8.1. Python Application 3.8.2. Embedding Python 3.9. Other resources 4. Using Python on a Macintosh 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython 4.1.1. How to run a Python script 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI 4.1.3. Configuration 4.2. The IDE 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac 4.6. Other Resources The Python Language Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.1.1. Logical lines 2.1.2. Physical lines 2.1.3. Comments 2.1.4. Encoding declarations 2.1.5. Explicit line joining 2.1.6. Implicit line joining 2.1.7. Blank lines 2.1.8. Indentation 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1. Keywords 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4. Literals 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals 2.4.2. String literal concatenation 2.4.3. Formatted string literals 2.4.4. Numeric literals 2.4.5. Integer literals 2.4.6. Floating point literals 2.4.7. Imaginary literals 2.5. Operators 2.6. Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.3.1. Basic customization 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors 3.3.2.4. __slots__ 3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__ 3.3.3. Customizing class creation 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses 3.3.3.2. Determining the appropriate metaclass 3.3.3.3. Preparing the class namespace 3.3.3.4. Executing the class body 3.3.3.5. Creating the class object 3.3.3.6. Metaclass example 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5. Emulating callable objects 3.3.6. Emulating container types 3.3.7. Emulating numeric types 3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9. Special method lookup 3.4. Coroutines 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.2.1. Binding of names 4.2.2. Resolution of names 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features 4.3. Exceptions 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.2.1. Regular packages 5.2.2. Namespace packages 5.3. Searching 5.3.1. The module cache 5.3.2. Finders and loaders 5.3.3. Import hooks 5.3.4. The meta path 5.4. Loading 5.4.1. Loaders 5.4.2. Submodules 5.4.3. Module spec 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes 5.4.5. module.__path__ 5.4.6. Module reprs 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.5.1. Path entry finders 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Special considerations for __main__ 5.7.1. __main__.__spec__ 5.8. Open issues 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2. Literals 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5. List displays 6.2.6. Set displays 6.2.7. Dictionary displays 6.2.8. Generator expressions 6.2.9. Yield expressions 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods 6.2.9.2. Examples 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods 6.3. Primaries 6.3.1. Attribute references 6.3.2. Subscriptions 6.3.3. Slicings 6.3.4. Calls 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.10.1. Value comparisons 6.10.2. Membership test operations 6.10.3. Identity comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Conditional expressions 6.13. Lambdas 6.14. Expression lists 6.15. Evaluation order 6.16. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. Function definitions 8.7. Class definitions 8.8. Coroutines 8.8.1. Coroutine function definition 8.8.2. The async for statement 8.8.3. The async with statement 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification The Python Standard Library 1. Introduction 2. Built-in Functions 3. Built-in Constants 3.1. Constants added by the site module 4. Built-in Types 4.1. Truth Value Testing 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 4.3. Comparisons 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types 4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types 4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float 4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types 4.5. Iterator Types 4.5.1. Generator Types 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations 4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types 4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types 4.6.4. Lists 4.6.5. Tuples 4.6.6. Ranges 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 4.7.1. String Methods 4.7.2. printf-style String Formatting 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 4.8.1. Bytes Objects 4.8.2. Bytearray Objects 4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations 4.8.4. printf-style Bytes Formatting 4.8.5. Memory Views 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 4.10. Mapping Types — dict 4.10.1. Dictionary view objects 4.11. Context Manager Types 4.12. Other Built-in Types 4.12.1. Modules 4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances 4.12.3. Functions 4.12.4. Methods 4.12.5. Code Objects 4.12.6. Type Objects 4.12.7. The Null Object 4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object 4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object 4.12.10. Boolean Values 4.12.11. Internal Objects 4.13. Special Attributes 5. Built-in Exceptions 5.1. Base classes 5.2. Concrete exceptions 5.2.1. OS exceptions 5.3. Warnings 5.4. Exception hierarchy 6. Text Processing Services 6.1. string — Common string operations 6.1.1. String constants 6.1.2. Custom String Formatting 6.1.3. Format String Syntax 6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language 6.1.3.2. Format examples 6.1.4. Template strings 6.1.5. Helper functions 6.2. re — Regular expression operations 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax 6.2.2. Module Contents 6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects 6.2.4. Match Objects 6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples 6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair 6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf() 6.2.5.3. search() vs. match() 6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook 6.2.5.5. Text Munging 6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs 6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions 6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation 6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects 6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples 6.3.3. Differ Objects 6.3.4. Differ Example 6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 6.7.1. Init file 6.7.2. Line buffer 6.7.3. History file 6.7.4. History list 6.7.5. Startup hooks 6.7.6. Completion 6.7.7. Example 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 6.8.1. Completer Objects 7. Binary Data Services 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions 7.1.2. Format Strings 7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment 7.1.2.2. Format Characters 7.1.2.3. Examples 7.1.3. Classes 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes 7.2.1.1. Error Handlers 7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects 7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects 7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects 7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode 7.2.3. Standard Encodings 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings 7.2.4.1. Text Encodings 7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms 7.2.4.3. Text Transforms 7.2.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 7.2.6. encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepage 7.2.7. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature 8. Data Types 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 8.1.1. Available Types 8.1.2. timedelta Objects 8.1.3. date Objects 8.1.4. datetime Objects 8.1.5. time Objects 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects 8.1.7. timezone Objects 8.1.8. strftime() and strptime() Behavior 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 8.3. collections — Container datatypes 8.3.1. ChainMap objects 8.3.1.1. ChainMap Examples and Recipes 8.3.2. Counter objects 8.3.3. deque objects 8.3.3.1. deque Recipes 8.3.4. defaultdict objects 8.3.4.1. defaultdict Examples 8.3.5. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields 8.3.6. OrderedDict objects 8.3.6.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes 8.3.7. UserDict objects 8.3.8. UserList objects 8.3.9. UserString objects 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 8.5.1. Basic Examples 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes 8.5.3. Theory 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists 8.6.2. Other Examples 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 8.8. weakref — Weak references 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects 8.8.2. Example 8.8.3. Finalizer Objects 8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with __del__() methods 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types 8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions 8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects 8.11.2. Example 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 8.12.1. Repr Objects 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 8.13.1. Module Contents 8.13.2. Creating an Enum 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values 8.13.6. Using automatic values 8.13.7. Iteration 8.13.8. Comparisons 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations 8.13.11. Pickling 8.13.12. Functional API 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations 8.13.13.1. IntEnum 8.13.13.2. IntFlag 8.13.13.3. Flag 8.13.13.4. Others 8.13.14. Interesting examples 8.13.14.1. Omitting values 8.13.14.1.1. Using auto 8.13.14.1.2. Using object 8.13.14.1.3. Using a descriptive string 8.13.14.1.4. Using a custom __new__() 8.13.14.2. OrderedEnum 8.13.14.3. DuplicateFreeEnum 8.13.14.4. Planet 8.13.15. How are Enums different? 8.13.15.1. Enum Classes 8.13.15.2. Enum Members (aka instances) 8.13.15.3. Finer Points 8.13.15.3.1. Supported __dunder__ names 8.13.15.3.2. Supported _sunder_ names 8.13.15.3.3. Enum member type 8.13.15.3.4. Boolean value of Enum classes and members 8.13.15.3.5. Enum classes with methods 8.13.15.3.6. Combining members of Flag 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 9.1.1. The numeric tower 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations 9.2. math — Mathematical functions 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions 9.2.4. Angular conversion 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions 9.2.6. Special functions 9.2.7. Constants 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions 9.3.5. Classification functions 9.3.6. Constants 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial 9.4.2. Decimal objects 9.4.2.1. Logical operands 9.4.3. Context objects 9.4.4. Constants 9.4.5. Rounding modes 9.4.6. Signals 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision 9.4.7.2. Special values 9.4.8. Working with threads 9.4.9. Recipes 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions 9.6.2. Functions for integers 9.6.3. Functions for sequences 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions 9.6.5. Alternative Generator 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location 9.7.2. Measures of spread 9.7.3. Function details 9.7.4. Exceptions 10. Functional Programming Modules 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 10.1.1. Itertool functions 10.1.2. Itertools Recipes 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 10.2.1. partial Objects 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions 10.3.2. Inplace Operators 11. File and Directory Access 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 11.1.1. Basic use 11.1.2. Pure paths 11.1.2.1. General properties 11.1.2.2. Operators 11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts 11.1.2.4. Methods and properties 11.1.3. Concrete paths 11.1.3.1. Methods 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 11.5.1. The dircmp class 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 11.6.1. Examples 11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 11.10.1. Directory and files operations 11.10.1.1. copytree example 11.10.1.2. rmtree example 11.10.2. Archiving operations 11.10.2.1. Archiving example 11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 12. Data Persistence 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules 12.1.1.1. Comparison with marshal 12.1.1.2. Comparison with json 12.1.2. Data stream format 12.1.3. Module Interface 12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled? 12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances 12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects 12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables 12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects 12.1.6. Restricting Globals 12.1.7. Performance 12.1.8. Examples 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 12.2.1. Example 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 12.3.1. Restrictions 12.3.2. Example 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 12.5.1. dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm 12.5.2. dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm 12.5.3. dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementation 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 12.6.1. Module functions and constants 12.6.2. Connection Objects 12.6.3. Cursor Objects 12.6.4. Row Objects 12.6.5. Exceptions 12.6.6. SQLite and Python types 12.6.6.1. Introduction 12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases 12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself 12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable 12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types 12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters 12.6.7. Controlling Transactions 12.6.8. Using sqlite3 efficiently 12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods 12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index 12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager 12.6.9. Common issues 12.6.9.1. Multithreading 13. Data Compression and Archiving 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 13.2.1. Examples of usage 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 13.3.1. (De)compression of files 13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression 13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files 13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory 13.4.3. Miscellaneous 13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains 13.4.5. Examples 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 13.5.1. ZipFile Objects 13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects 13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects 13.5.4. Command-Line Interface 13.5.4.1. Command-line options 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 13.6.1. TarFile Objects 13.6.2. TarInfo Objects 13.6.3. Command-Line Interface 13.6.3.1. Command-line options 13.6.4. Examples 13.6.5. Supported tar formats 13.6.6. Unicode issues 14. File Formats 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 14.1.1. Module Contents 14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters 14.1.3. Reader Objects 14.1.4. Writer Objects 14.1.5. Examples 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 14.2.1. Quick Start 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes 14.2.3. Fallback Values 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure 14.2.5. Interpolation of values 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects 14.2.11. Exceptions 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 14.3.1. netrc Objects 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 14.4.1. Packer Objects 14.4.2. Unpacker Objects 14.4.3. Exceptions 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 14.5.1. Examples 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 15.1.1. Hash algorithms 15.1.2. SHAKE variable length digests 15.1.3. Key derivation 15.1.4. BLAKE2 15.1.4.1. Creating hash objects 15.1.4.2. Constants 15.1.4.3. Examples 15.1.4.3.1. Simple hashing 15.1.4.3.2. Using different digest sizes 15.1.4.3.3. Keyed hashing 15.1.4.3.4. Randomized hashing 15.1.4.3.5. Personalization 15.1.4.3.6. Tree mode 15.1.4.4. Credits 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets 15.3.1. Random numbers 15.3.2. Generating tokens 15.3.2.1. How many bytes should tokens use? 15.3.3. Other functions 15.3.4. Recipes and best practices 16. Generic Operating System Services 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables 16.1.2. Process Parameters 16.1.3. File Object Creation 16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations 16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal 16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors 16.1.5. Files and Directories 16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes 16.1.6. Process Management 16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler 16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information 16.1.9. Random numbers 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 16.2.1. Overview 16.2.1.1. Text I/O 16.2.1.2. Binary I/O 16.2.1.3. Raw I/O 16.2.2. High-level Module Interface 16.2.2.1. In-memory streams 16.2.3. Class hierarchy 16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes 16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O 16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams 16.2.3.4. Text I/O 16.2.4. Performance 16.2.4.1. Binary I/O 16.2.4.2. Text I/O 16.2.4.3. Multi-threading 16.2.4.4. Reentrancy 16.3. time — Time access and conversions 16.3.1. Functions 16.3.2. Clock ID Constants 16.3.3. Timezone Constants 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 16.4.1. Example 16.4.1.1. Creating a parser 16.4.1.2. Adding arguments 16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments 16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects 16.4.2.1. prog 16.4.2.2. usage 16.4.2.3. description 16.4.2.4. epilog 16.4.2.5. parents 16.4.2.6. formatter_class 16.4.2.7. prefix_chars 16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars 16.4.2.9. argument_default 16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev 16.4.2.11. conflict_handler 16.4.2.12. add_help 16.4.3. The add_argument() method 16.4.3.1. name or flags 16.4.3.2. action 16.4.3.3. nargs 16.4.3.4. const 16.4.3.5. default 16.4.3.6. type 16.4.3.7. choices 16.4.3.8. required 16.4.3.9. help 16.4.3.10. metavar 16.4.3.11. dest 16.4.3.12. Action classes 16.4.4. The parse_args() method 16.4.4.1. Option value syntax 16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments 16.4.4.3. Arguments containing - 16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) 16.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv 16.4.4.6. The Namespace object 16.4.5. Other utilities 16.4.5.1. Sub-commands 16.4.5.2. FileType objects 16.4.5.3. Argument groups 16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion 16.4.5.5. Parser defaults 16.4.5.6. Printing help 16.4.5.7. Partial parsing 16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing 16.4.5.9. Exiting methods 16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 16.6.1. Logger Objects 16.6.2. Logging Levels 16.6.3. Handler Objects 16.6.4. Formatter Objects 16.6.5. Filter Objects 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects 16.6.9. Thread Safety 16.6.10. Module-Level Functions 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 16.7.1. Configuration functions 16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema 16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details 16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration 16.7.2.3. Object connections 16.7.2.4. User-defined objects 16.7.2.5. Access to external objects 16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects 16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers 16.7.3. Configuration file format 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 16.8.1. StreamHandler 16.8.2. FileHandler 16.8.3. NullHandler 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler 16.8.8. SocketHandler 16.8.9. DatagramHandler 16.8.10. SysLogHandler 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler 16.8.12. SMTPHandler 16.8.13. MemoryHandler 16.8.14. HTTPHandler 16.8.15. QueueHandler 16.8.16. QueueListener 16.9. getpass — Portable password input 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 16.10.1. Functions 16.10.2. Window Objects 16.10.3. Constants 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 16.11.1. Textbox objects 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 16.13.1. Functions 16.13.2. Panel Objects 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 16.14.1. Cross Platform 16.14.2. Java Platform 16.14.3. Windows Platform 16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific 16.14.4. Mac OS Platform 16.14.5. Unix Platforms 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 16.16.1. ctypes tutorial 16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries 16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls 16.16.1.3. Calling functions 16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types 16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued 16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) 16.16.1.8. Return types 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions 16.16.1.13. Arrays 16.16.1.14. Pointers 16.16.1.15. Type conversions 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types 16.16.1.17. Callback functions 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls 16.16.1.19. Surprises 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types 16.16.2. ctypes reference 16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries 16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries 16.16.2.3. Foreign functions 16.16.2.4. Function prototypes 16.16.2.5. Utility functions 16.16.2.6. Data types 16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types 16.16.2.8. Structured data types 16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers 17. Concurrent Execution 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data 17.1.2. Thread Objects 17.1.3. Lock Objects 17.1.4. RLock Objects 17.1.5. Condition Objects 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example 17.1.7. Event Objects 17.1.8. Timer Objects 17.1.9. Barrier Objects 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 17.2.1. Introduction 17.2.1.1. The Process class 17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods 17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes 17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes 17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes 17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers 17.2.2. Reference 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module 17.2.2.7. Managers 17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers 17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup 17.2.2.9. Process Pools 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys 17.2.2.12. Logging 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module 17.2.3. Programming guidelines 17.2.3.1. All start methods 17.2.3.2. The spawn and forkserver start methods 17.2.4. Examples 17.3. The concurrent package 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 17.4.1. Executor Objects 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example 17.4.4. Future Objects 17.4.5. Module Functions 17.4.6. Exception classes 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor 17.5.1.3. Exceptions 17.5.2. Security Considerations 17.5.3. Popen Objects 17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers 17.5.4.1. Constants 17.5.5. Older high-level API 17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module 17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote 17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline 17.5.6.3. Replacing os.system() 17.5.6.4. Replacing the os.spawn family 17.5.6.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3() 17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module 17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions 17.5.8. Notes 17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows 17.6. sched — Event scheduler 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 17.7.1. Queue Objects 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 18.1.1. Socket families 18.1.2. Module contents 18.1.2.1. Exceptions 18.1.2.2. Constants 18.1.2.3. Functions 18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets 18.1.2.3.2. Other functions 18.1.3. Socket Objects 18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts 18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the connect method 18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the accept method 18.1.5. Example 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions 18.2.1.1. Socket creation 18.2.1.2. Context creation 18.2.1.3. Random generation 18.2.1.4. Certificate handling 18.2.1.5. Constants 18.2.2. SSL Sockets 18.2.3. SSL Contexts 18.2.4. Certificates 18.2.4.1. Certificate chains 18.2.4.2. CA certificates 18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate 18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates 18.2.5. Examples 18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support 18.2.5.2. Client-side operation 18.2.5.3. Server-side operation 18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets 18.2.7. Memory BIO Support 18.2.8. SSL session 18.2.9. Security considerations 18.2.9.1. Best defaults 18.2.9.2. Manual settings 18.2.9.2.1. Verifying certificates 18.2.9.2.2. Protocol versions 18.2.9.2.3. Cipher selection 18.2.9.3. Multi-processing 18.2.10. LibreSSL support 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 18.3.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects 18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects 18.3.3. Polling Objects 18.3.4. Kqueue Objects 18.3.5. Kevent Objects 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing 18.4.1. Introduction 18.4.2. Classes 18.4.3. Examples 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 18.5.1. Base Event Loop 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop 18.5.1.2. Calls 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls 18.5.1.4. Futures 18.5.1.5. Tasks 18.5.1.6. Creating connections 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals 18.5.1.13. Executor 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API 18.5.1.15. Debug mode 18.5.1.16. Server 18.5.1.17. Handle 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon() 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later() 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM 18.5.2. Event loops 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions 18.5.2.2. Available event loops 18.5.2.3. Platform support 18.5.2.3.1. Windows 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines 18.5.3.1. Coroutines 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError 18.5.3.4. Future 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete() 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever() 18.5.3.5. Task 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks 18.5.3.6. Task functions 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API) 18.5.4.1. Transports 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport 18.5.4.2. Protocols 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API) 18.5.5.1. Stream functions 18.5.5.2. StreamReader 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError 18.5.5.7. Stream examples 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams 18.5.6. Subprocess 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen 18.5.6.4. Constants 18.5.6.5. Process 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives 18.5.7.1. Locks 18.5.7.1.1. Lock 18.5.7.1.2. Event 18.5.7.1.3. Condition 18.5.7.2. Semaphores 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore 18.5.8. Queues 18.5.8.1. Queue 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio 18.5.9.2. Cancellation 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly 18.5.9.5. Logging 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client 18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 18.7.1. asynchat Example 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 18.8.1. General rules 18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers 18.8.1.2. Signals and threads 18.8.2. Module contents 18.8.3. Example 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 19. Internet Data Handling 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 19.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message 19.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages 19.1.2.1. FeedParser API 19.1.2.2. Parser API 19.1.2.3. Additional notes 19.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents 19.1.4. email.policy: Policy Objects 19.1.5. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes 19.1.6. email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects 19.1.7. email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content 19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances 19.1.8. email: Examples 19.1.9. email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API 19.1.10. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 19.1.11. email.header: Internationalized headers 19.1.12. email.charset: Representing character sets 19.1.13. email.encoders: Encoders 19.1.14. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities 19.1.15. email.iterators: Iterators 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 19.2.1. Basic Usage 19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders 19.2.3. Exceptions 19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability 19.2.4.1. Character Encodings 19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values 19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object 19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values 19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations 19.2.5. Command Line Interface 19.2.5.1. Command line options 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 19.4.1. Mailbox objects 19.4.1.1. Maildir 19.4.1.2. mbox 19.4.1.3. MH 19.4.1.4. Babyl 19.4.1.5. MMDF 19.4.2. Message objects 19.4.2.1. MaildirMessage 19.4.2.2. mboxMessage 19.4.2.3. MHMessage 19.4.2.4. BabylMessage 19.4.2.5. MMDFMessage 19.4.3. Exceptions 19.4.4. Examples 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 19.7.1. Notes 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application 20.2.2. HTMLParser Methods 20.2.3. Examples 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 20.4. XML Processing Modules 20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities 20.4.2. The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 20.5.1. Tutorial 20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements 20.5.1.2. Parsing XML 20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing 20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements 20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File 20.5.1.6. Building XML documents 20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces 20.5.1.8. Additional resources 20.5.2. XPath support 20.5.2.1. Example 20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax 20.5.3. Reference 20.5.3.1. Functions 20.5.3.2. Element Objects 20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects 20.5.3.4. QName Objects 20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects 20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects 20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects 20.5.3.8. Exceptions 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 20.6.1. Module Contents 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects 20.6.2.2. Node Objects 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects 20.6.2.5. Document Objects 20.6.2.6. Element Objects 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects 20.6.2.12. Exceptions 20.6.3. Conformance 20.6.3.1. Type Mapping 20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 20.7.1. DOM Objects 20.7.2. DOM Example 20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 20.9.1. SAXException Objects 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects 20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects 20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects 20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 20.12.1. XMLReader Objects 20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects 20.12.3. Locator Objects 20.12.4. InputSource Objects 20.12.5. The Attributes Interface 20.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 20.13.1. XMLParser Objects 20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions 20.13.3. Example 20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions 20.13.5. Expat error constants 21. Internet Protocols and Support 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 21.2.1. Introduction 21.2.2. Using the cgi module 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface 21.2.4. Functions 21.2.5. Caring about security 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes 21.4.6. Examples 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 21.6.1. Request Objects 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects 21.6.23. Examples 21.6.24. Legacy interface 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 21.8.1. URL Parsing 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results 21.8.4. URL Quoting 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 21.11. http — HTTP modules 21.11.1. HTTP status codes 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects 21.12.3. Examples 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 21.13.1. FTP Objects 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 21.14.1. POP3 Objects 21.14.2. POP3 Example 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 21.16.1. NNTP Objects 21.16.1.1. Attributes 21.16.1.2. Methods 21.16.2. Utility functions 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 21.17.1. SMTP Objects 21.17.2. SMTP Example 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 21.19.1. Telnet Objects 21.19.2. Telnet Example 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 21.20.1. Example 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes 21.21.2. Server Objects 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects 21.21.4. Examples 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 21.23.1. Cookie Objects 21.23.2. Morsel Objects 21.23.3. Example 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects 21.24.5. Cookie Objec
ZendFramework中文文档
1. Introduction to Zend Framework 1.1. 概述 1.2. 安装 2. Zend_Acl 2.1. 简介 2.1.1. 关于资源(Resource) 2.1.2. 关于角色(Role) 2.1.3. 创建访问控制列表(ACL) 2.1.4. 注册角色(Role) 2.1.5. 定义访问控制 2.1.6. 查询 ACL 2.2. 精细的访问控制 2.2.1. 精细的访问控制 2.2.2. 除去访问控制 2.3. 高级用法 2.3.1. 保存 ACL 数据确保持久性 2.3.2. 使用声明(Assert)来编写条件性的 ACL 规则 3. Zend_Auth 3.1. 简介 3.1.1. 适配器 3.1.2. 结果 3.1.3. 身份的持久（Persistence） 3.1.3.1. 在PHP Session 中的缺省持久（Persistence） 3.1.3.2. 实现订制存储 3.1.4. 使用Zend_Auth 3.2. 数据库表认证 3.2.1. 简介 3.2.2. 高级使用：持久一个 DbTable 结果对象 3.2.3. 高级用法示例 3.3. 摘要式认证 3.3.1. 简介 3.3.2. 规范（Specifics） 3.3.3. 身份（Identity） 3.4. HTTP 认证适配器 3.4.1. 简介 3.4.2. 设计回顾 3.4.3. 配置选项 3.4.4. Resolvers 3.4.4.1. 文件 Resolver 3.4.5. 基本用法 4. Zend_Cache 4.1. 简介 4.2. 缓存原理 4.2.1. Zend_Cache 工厂方法 4.2.2. 标记纪录 4.2.3. 缓存清理 4.3. Zend_Cache前端 4.3.1. Zend_Cache_Core 4.3.1.1. 简介 4.3.1.2. 可用选项 4.3.1.3. 例子 4.3.2. Zend_Cache_Frontend_Output 4.3.2.1. 简介 4.3.2.2. 可用的选项 4.3.2.3. 例子 4.3.3. Zend_Cache_Frontend_Function 4.3.3.1. Introduction 4.3.3.2. A可用的选项 4.3.3.3. 例子 4.3.4. Zend_Cache_Frontend_Class 4.3.4.1. Introduction 4.3.4.2. Available options 4.3.4.3. Examples 4.3.5. Zend_Cache_Frontend_File 4.3.5.1. Introduction 4.3.5.2. Available options 4.3.5.3. Examples 4.3.6. Zend_Cache_Frontend_Page 4.3.6.1. Introduction 4.3.6.2. Available options (for this frontend in Zend_Cache factory) 4.3.6.3. Examples 4.4. Zend_Cache后端 4.4.1. Zend_Cache_Backend_File 4.4.2. Zend_Cache_Backend_Sqlite 4.4.3. Zend_Cache_Backend_Memcached 4.4.4. Zend_Cache_Backend_Apc 4.4.5. Zend_Cache_Backend_ZendPlatform 5. Zend_Config 5.1. 简介 5.2. 操作理论 5.3. Zend_Config_Ini 5.4. Zend_Config_Xml 6. Zend_Console_Getopt 6.1. Getopt 简介 6.2. 声明 Getopt 规则 6.2.1. 用短语法声明选项 6.2.2. 用长语法声明选项 6.3. 读取（Fetching）选项和参数 6.3.1. 操作 Getopt 异常 6.3.2. 通过名字读取 （Fetching）选项 6.3.3. 报告选项 6.3.4. 读取非选项参数 6.4. 配置 Zend_Console_Getopt 6.4.1. 添加选项规则 6.4.2. 添加帮助信息 6.4.3. 添加选项别名 6.4.4. 添加参数列表 6.4.5. 添加配置 7. Zend_Controller 7.1. Zend_Controller 快速入门 7.1.1. 简介 7.1.2. 入门 7.1.2.1. 文件系统的组织结构 7.1.2.2. 设置文件根目录 7.1.2.3. 创建URL重写规则 7.1.2.4. 创建你的bootstrap文件 7.1.2.5. 创建默认的控制器（Action Controller） 7.1.2.6. 创建你的视图脚本 7.1.2.7. 创建你自己的错误控制器 7.1.2.8. 访问站点！ 7.2. Zend_Controller 基础 7.3. 前端控制器 7.3.1. 概述 7.3.2. 主要方法 7.3.2.1. getInstance() 7.3.2.2. setControllerDirectory() 和 addControllerDirectory() 7.3.2.3. dispatch() 7.3.2.4. run() 7.3.3. 环境访问器方法 7.3.4. 前端控制器参数 7.3.5. 继承前端控制器 7.4. 请求对象 7.4.1. 介绍 7.4.2. HTTP 请求 7.4.2.1. 访问请求数据 7.4.2.2. 基地址和子目录 7.4.2.3. 决定请求方式 7.4.2.4. 删除 AJAX 请求 7.4.3. 子类化请求对象 7.5. 标准路由器：Zend_Controller_Router_Rewrite 7.5.1. 简介 7.5.2. 使用路由器 7.5.3. 基本的Rewrite路由器操作 7.5.4. 缺省路由 7.5.5. 基本 URL 和子目录 7.5.6. Route Types 7.5.6.1. Zend_Controller_Router_Route 7.5.6.1.1. 变量缺省 7.5.6.1.2. 变量请求 7.5.6.2. Zend_Controller_Router_Route_Static 7.5.6.3. Zend_Controller_Router_Route_Regex 7.5.7. 使用 Zend_Config with the RewriteRouter 7.5.8. Subclassing the Router 7.6. 分发器 7.6.1. 概述 7.6.2. 子类化分发器 7.7. 动作控制器 7.7.1. 简介 7.7.2. 对象初始化 7.7.3. 派遣前后的钩子 7.7.4. 访问器 7.7.5. 视图集成 7.7.5.1. 视图初始化 7.7.5.2. 解析（Rendering）视图 7.7.6. 实用方法 7.7.7. 继承（Subclassing）动作控制器 7.8. 动作助手 7.8.1. 介绍 7.8.2. 初始化助手 7.8.3. 助手经纪人 7.8.4. 内建的动作助手 7.8.4.1. 动作堆栈（助手） 7.8.4.2. AutoComplete 7.8.4.2.1. AutoCompletion with Dojo 7.8.4.2.2. AutoCompletion with Scriptaculous 7.8.4.3. ContextSwitch and AjaxContext 7.8.4.3.1. 缺省可用的上下文 7.8.4.3.2. 创建定制的上下文 7.8.4.3.3. 为每个动作设置上下文 7.8.4.3.4. 初始化上下文开关 7.8.4.3.5. 另外的功能 7.8.4.3.6. AjaxContext 函数 7.8.4.4. FlashMessenger 7.8.4.4.1. 简介 7.8.4.4.2. Basic Usage Example 7.8.4.5. JSON 7.8.4.6. 转向器(Redirector) 7.8.4.6.1. 介绍 7.8.4.6.2. 基础用例 7.8.4.7. ViewRenderer 7.8.4.7.1. 介绍 7.8.4.7.2. API 7.8.4.7.3. 基础用法示例 7.8.4.7.4. 高级用法示例 7.8.5. 编写自己的助手 7.9. 响应对象 7.9.1. 用法 7.9.2. 处理消息头 7.9.3. 命名片段 7.9.4. 在响应对象中测试异常 7.9.5. 子类化响应对象 7.10. 插件 7.10.1. 简介 7.10.2. 编写插件 7.10.3. 使用插件 7.10.4. 获取和控制插件 7.10.5. 包含在标准发行包中的插件 7.10.5.1. 动作堆栈 7.10.5.2. Zend_Controller_Plugin_ErrorHandler 7.10.5.2.1. 使用 ErrorHandler 作为一个 404 处理器（handler） 7.10.5.2.2. 处理以前呈现的(rendered)输出 7.10.5.2.3. 插件用法示例 7.10.5.2.4. 错误控制器示例 7.11. 使用传统的模块目录结构 7.11.1. 简介 7.11.2. 指定模块控制器目录 7.11.3. Routing to modules 7.11.4. 模块或全局缺省控制器 7.12. MVC 异常 7.12.1. 介绍 7.12.2. 如何处理异常? 7.12.3. 可能遭遇的MVC异常 7.13. 从以前的版本移植 7.13.1. 从 1.0.x 到 1.5.0 或更新的版本的移植 7.13.2. 从 0.9.3 到 1.0.0RC1 或更新的版本的移植 7.13.3. 从 0.9.2 移植到 0.9.3 或更新的版本 7.13.4. 从 0.6.0 移植到 0.8.0 或更新的版本 7.13.5. 从 0.2.0 或以前的版本移植到 0.6.0 8. Zend_Currency 8.1. Zend_Currency 简介 8.1.1. 为什么使用 Zend_Currency ？ 8.2. 如何使用货币 8.2.1. 从货币创建输出 8.2.2. 修改货币格式 8.2.3. Zend_Currency 的信息方法 8.2.4. 设置新缺省值 8.2.5. 加速 Zend_Currency 8.3. 从前面的版本迁移 8.3.1. 从 1.0.2 到 1.0.3 或更新的迁移 9. Zend_Date 9.1. Introduction 9.1.1. Always Set a Default Timezone 9.1.2. Why Use Zend_Date? 9.2. 操作理论 9.2.1. 内部（Internals） 9.3. Basic Methods 9.3.1. The current date 9.3.2. Zend_Date by Example 9.3.2.1. Ouput a Date 9.3.2.2. Setting a Date 9.3.2.3. Adding and Subtracting Dates 9.3.2.4. Comparation of dates 9.4. Zend_Date API Overview 9.4.1. Zend_Date Options 9.4.1.1. Selecting the date format type 9.4.1.2. DST and Date Math 9.4.1.3. Month Calculations 9.4.1.4. Speed up date localization and normalization with Zend_Cache 9.4.1.5. Receiving syncronised timestamps with Zend_TimeSync 9.4.2. Working with Date Values 9.4.3. Basic Zend_Date Operations Common to Many Date Parts 9.4.3.1. List of Date Parts 9.4.3.2. List of Date Operations 9.4.4. Comparing Dates 9.4.5. Getting Dates and Date Parts 9.4.6. Working with Fractions of Seconds 9.4.7. Sunrise / Sunset 9.5. Creation of dates 9.5.1. Create the actual date 9.5.2. Create a date from database 9.5.3. Create dates from an array 9.6. Constants for General Date Functions 9.6.1. Using Constants 9.6.2. List of All Constants 9.6.3. Self-Defined OUTPUT Formats with ISO 9.6.4. Self-defined OUTPUT formats using PHP's date() format specifiers 9.7. Working examples 9.7.1. Checking dates 9.7.2. Sunrise and Sunset 9.7.3. Timezones 10. Zend_Db 10.1. Zend_Db_Adapter 10.1.1. 简介 10.1.2. 添加引号防止数据库攻击 10.1.3. 直接查询 10.1.4. 事务处理 10.1.5. 插入数据行 10.1.6. 更新数据行 10.1.7. 删除数据行 10.1.8. 取回查询结果 10.2. Zend_Db_Statement 10.2.1. Creating a Statement 10.2.2. Executing a Statement 10.2.3. Fetching Results from a SELECT Statement 10.2.3.1. Fetching a Single Row from a Result Set 10.2.3.2. Fetching a Complete Result Set 10.2.3.3. Changing the Fetch Mode 10.2.3.4. Fetching a Single Column from a Result Set 10.2.3.5. Fetching a Row as an Object 10.3. Zend_Db_Profiler 10.3.1. Introduction 10.3.2. Using the Profiler 10.3.3. Advanced Profiler Usage 10.3.3.1. Filter by query elapsed time 10.3.3.2. Filter by query type 10.3.3.3. Retrieve profiles by query type 10.4. Zend_Db_Select 10.4.1. 简介 10.4.2. 同一表中查询多列数据 10.4.3. 多表联合查询 10.4.4. WHERE条件 10.4.5. GROUP BY分句 10.4.6. HAVING 条件 10.4.7. ORDER BY 分句 10.4.8. 通过总数和偏移量进行LIMIT限制 10.4.9. 通过页数和总数进行LIMIT限制 10.5. Zend_Db_Table 10.5.1. 简介 10.5.2. 开始 10.5.3. 表名和主键 10.5.4. 插入数据 10.5.5. 更新数据 10.5.6. Deleting Rows 10.5.7. 根据主键查找数据 10.5.8. 取回一条记录 10.5.9. 取回多条记录 10.5.10. Adding Domain Logic 10.6. Zend_Db_Table_Row 10.6.1. 简介 10.6.2. 取回一条记录 10.6.3. 修改数据 10.7. Zend_Db_Table_Rowset 10.7.1. 简介 10.7.2. 取回结果集 10.7.3. 遍历结果集 10.8. Zend_Db_Table Relationships 10.8.1. Introduction 10.8.2. Defining Relationships 10.8.3. Fetching a Dependent Rowset 10.8.4. Fetching a Parent Row 10.8.5. Fetching a Rowset via a Many-to-many Relationship 10.8.6. Cascading Write Operations 10.8.6.1. Notes Regarding Cascading Operations 11. Zend_Debug 11.1. 输出变量的值 (Dumping Variables) 12. Zend_Exception 12.1. 使用“异常” 13. Zend_Feed 13.1. 介绍 13.2. 导入Feeds 13.2.1. 定制 feeds 13.2.1.1. 导入定制的数组 13.2.1.2. 导入定制的数据源 13.2.1.3. Dumping feed 内容 13.3. 从网页上获得Feed 13.4. RSS Feed的使用 13.5. Atom Feed的使用 13.6. 单个Atom条目的处理 13.7. 修改Feed和条目结构 13.8. 自定义Feed和条目类 14. Zend_Filter 14.1. 简介 14.1.1. 什么是过滤器(filter)？ 14.1.2. 过滤器的基本用法 14.1.3. 使用静态 get() 方法 14.2. 标准过滤器类 14.2.1. Alnum 14.2.2. Alpha 14.2.3. BaseName 14.2.4. Digits 14.2.5. Dir 14.2.6. HtmlEntities 14.2.7. Int 14.2.8. RealPath 14.2.9. StringToLower 14.2.10. StringToUpper 14.2.11. StringTrim 14.2.12. StripTags 14.3. 过滤器链 14.4. 编写过滤器 14.5. Zend_Filter_Input 14.5.1. Declaring Filter and Validator Rules 14.5.2. Creating the Filter and Validator Processor 14.5.3. Retrieving Validated Fields and other Reports 14.5.3.1. Querying if the input is valid 14.5.3.2. Getting Invalid, Missing, or Unknown Fields 14.5.3.3. Getting Valid Fields 14.5.4. Using Metacommands to Control Filter or Validator Rules 14.5.4.1. The FIELDS metacommand 14.5.4.2. The PRESENCE metacommand 14.5.4.3. The DEFAULT_VALUE metacommand 14.5.4.4. The ALLOW_EMPTY metacommand 14.5.4.5. The BREAK_CHAIN metacommand 14.5.4.6. The MESSAGES metacommand 14.5.4.7. Using options to set metacommands for all rules 14.5.5. Adding Filter Class Namespaces 14.6. Zend_Filter_Inflector 14.6.1. Operation 14.6.2. Setting Paths To Alternate Filters 14.6.3. Setting the Inflector Target 14.6.4. Inflection Rules 14.6.4.1. Static Rules 14.6.4.2. Filter Inflector Rules 14.6.4.3. Setting Many Rules At Once 14.6.5. Utility Methods 14.6.6. Using Zend_Config with Zend_Filter_Inflector 15. Zend_Form 15.1. Zend_Form 15.2. Zend_Form 快速起步 15.2.1. 创建表单对象 15.2.2. 添加表单元素 15.2.3. 解析（Render）表单 15.2.4. 检查表单是否有效 15.2.5. 获得错误状态 15.2.6. 放到一起 15.2.7. 使用 Zend_Config 对象 15.2.8. 结论 15.3. 使用 Zend_Form_Element 生成表单元素 15.3.1. 插件加载器 15.3.2. 过滤器 15.3.3. 校验器 15.3.4. 装饰器 15.3.5. 元数据和属性 15.3.6. 标准元素 15.3.7. Zend_Form_Element 方法 15.3.8. 配置 15.3.9. 定制元素 15.4. 使用 Zend_Form 生成表单 15.4.1. 插件加载器 15.4.2. 元素（Elements） 15.4.2.1. 组装和读取数值 15.4.2.2. 全局操作 15.4.2.3. 和元素交互使用的方法 15.4.3. 显示组（Display Groups） 15.4.3.1. 全局操作 15.4.3.2. 使用定制的显示组类 15.4.3.3. 和显示组交互使用的方法 15.4.3.4. Zend_Form_DisplayGroup 方法 15.4.4. 子表单 15.4.4.1. 全局操作 15.4.4.2. 和子表单交互使用的方法 15.4.5. 元数据（Metadata）和属性（Attributes） 15.4.6. 装饰器 15.4.7. 校验 15.4.8. 方法 15.4.9. 配置 15.4.10. 定制表单 15.5. 使用 Zend_Form_Decorator 生成定制的表单标识（Markup） 15.5.1. 操作 15.5.2. 标准装饰器 15.5.3. 定制装饰器 15.6. Zend Framework 带有的标准表单元素 15.6.1. Zend_Form_Element_Button 15.6.2. Zend_Form_Element_Checkbox 15.6.3. Zend_Form_Element_Hidden 15.6.4. Zend_Form_Element_Hash 15.6.5. Zend_Form_Element_Image 15.6.6. Zend_Form_Element_MultiCheckbox 15.6.7. Zend_Form_Element_Multiselect 15.6.8. Zend_Form_Element_Password 15.6.9. Zend_Form_Element_Radio 15.6.10. Zend_Form_Element_Reset 15.6.11. Zend_Form_Element_Select 15.6.12. Zend_Form_Element_Submit 15.6.13. Zend_Form_Element_Text 15.6.14. Zend_Form_Element_Textarea 15.7. Zend Framework 带有的标准表单装饰器（Decorators） 15.7.1. Zend_Form_Decorator_Callback 15.7.2. Zend_Form_Decorator_Description 15.7.3. Zend_Form_Decorator_DtDdWrapper 15.7.4. Zend_Form_Decorator_Errors 15.7.5. Zend_Form_Decorator_Fieldset 15.7.6. Zend_Form_Decorator_Form 15.7.7. Zend_Form_Decorator_FormElements 15.7.8. Zend_Form_Decorator_HtmlTag 15.7.9. Zend_Form_Decorator_Image 15.7.10. Zend_Form_Decorator_Label 15.7.11. Zend_Form_Decorator_ViewHelper 15.7.12. Zend_Form_Decorator_ViewScript 15.8. Zend_Form 的国际化 15.8.1. 在表单中初始化 I18n 15.8.2. 标准 I18N 目标 15.9. Zend_Form 的高级用法 15.9.1. 数组符号（Notation） 15.9.2. 多页表单 16. Zend_Gdata 16.1. Introduction to Gdata 16.1.1. Structure of Zend_Gdata 16.1.2. Interacting with Google Services 16.1.3. Obtaining instances of Zend_Gdata classes 16.1.4. Google Data Client Authentication 16.1.5. Dependencies 16.1.6. Creating a new Gdata client 16.1.7. Common query parameters 16.1.8. Fetching a feed 16.1.9. Working with multi-page feeds 16.1.10. Working with data in feeds and entries 16.1.11. Updating entries 16.1.12. Posting entries to Google servers 16.1.13. Deleting entries on Google servers 16.2. Authenticating with AuthSub 16.2.1. Creating an AuthSub authenticated Http Client 16.2.2. Revoking AuthSub authentication 16.3. Authenticating with ClientLogin 16.3.1. Creating a ClientLogin authenticated Http Client 16.3.2. Terminating a ClientLogin authenticated Http Client 16.4. Using Google Calendar 16.4.1. Connecting To The Calendar Service 16.4.1.1. Authentication 16.4.1.2. Creating A Service Instance 16.4.2. Retrieving A Calendar List 16.4.3. Retrieving Events 16.4.3.1. Queries 16.4.3.2. Retrieving Events In Order Of Start Time 16.4.3.3. Retrieving Events In A Specified Date Range 16.4.3.4. Retrieving Events By Fulltext Query 16.4.3.5. Retrieving Individual Events 16.4.4. Creating Events 16.4.4.1. Creating Single-Occurrence Events 16.4.4.2. Event Schedules and Reminders 16.4.4.3. Creating Recurring Events 16.4.4.4. Using QuickAdd 16.4.5. Modifying Events 16.4.6. Deleting Events 16.4.7. Accessing Event Comments 16.5. Using Google Documents List Data API 16.5.1. Get a List of Documents 16.5.2. Upload a Document 16.5.3. Searching the documents feed 16.5.3.1. Get a List of Word Processing Documents 16.5.3.2. Get a List of Spreadsheets 16.5.3.3. Performing a text query 16.6. Using Google Spreadsheets 16.6.1. Create a Spreadsheet 16.6.2. Get a List of Spreadsheets 16.6.3. Get a List of Worksheets 16.6.4. Interacting With List-based Feeds 16.6.4.1. Get a List-based Feed 16.6.4.2. Reverse-sort Rows 16.6.4.3. Send a Structured Query 16.6.4.4. Add a Row 16.6.4.5. Edit a Row 16.6.4.6. Delete a Row 16.6.5. Interacting With Cell-based Feeds 16.6.5.1. Get a Cell-based Feed 16.6.5.2. Send a Cell Range Query 16.6.5.3. Change Contents of a Cell 16.7. Using Google Apps Provisioning 16.7.1. Setting the current domain 16.7.1.1. Setting the domain for the service class 16.7.1.2. Setting the domain for query classes 16.7.2. Interacting with users 16.7.2.1. Creating a user account 16.7.2.2. Retrieving a user account 16.7.2.3. Retrieving all users in a domain 16.7.2.4. Updating a user account 16.7.2.4.1. Resetting a user's password 16.7.2.4.2. Forcing a user to change their password 16.7.2.4.3. Suspending a user account 16.7.2.4.4. Granting administrative rights 16.7.2.5. Deleting user accounts 16.7.3. Interacting with nicknames 16.7.3.1. Creating a nickname 16.7.3.2. Retrieving a nickname 16.7.3.3. Retrieving all nicknames for a user 16.7.3.4. Retrieving all nicknames in a domain 16.7.3.5. Deleting a nickname 16.7.4. Interacting with email lists 16.7.4.1. Creating an email list 16.7.4.2. Retrieving all email lists to which a recipient is subscribed 16.7.4.3. Retrieving all email lists in a domain 16.7.4.4. Deleting an email list 16.7.5. Interacting with email list recipients 16.7.5.1. Adding a recipient to an email list 16.7.5.2. Retrieving the list of subscribers to an email list 16.7.5.3. Removing a recipient from an email list 16.7.6. Handling errors 16.8. Using Google Base 16.8.1. Connect To The Base Service 16.8.1.1. Authentication 16.8.1.2. Create A Service Instance 16.8.2. Retrieve Items 16.8.2.1. Send a Structured Query 16.8.2.1.1. Query Customer Items Feed 16.8.2.1.2. Query Snippets Feed 16.8.2.2. Iterate through the Items 16.8.3. Insert, Update, and Delete Customer Items 16.8.3.1. Insert an Item 16.8.3.2. Modify an Item 16.8.3.3. Delete an Item 16.9. Using the YouTube data API 16.9.1. Retrieving video feeds 16.9.1.1. Searching for videos by metadata 16.9.1.2. Searching for videos by categories and tags/keywords 16.9.1.3. Retrieving standard feeds 16.9.1.4. Retrieving videos uploaded by a user 16.9.1.5. Retrieving videos favorited by a user 16.9.1.6. Retrieving video responses for a video 16.9.2. Retrieving video comments 16.9.3. Retrieving playlist feeds 16.9.3.1. Retrieving the playlists of a user 16.9.3.2. Retrieving a specific playlist 16.9.4. Retrieving a list of a user's subscriptions 16.9.5. Retrieving a user's profile 16.10. Using Picasa Web Albums 16.10.1. Connecting To The Service 16.10.1.1. Authentication 16.10.1.2. Creating A Service Instance 16.10.2. Understanding and Constructing Queries 16.10.3. Retrieving Feeds And Entries 16.10.3.1. Retrieving A User 16.10.3.2. Retrieving An Album 16.10.3.3. Retrieving A Photo 16.10.3.4. Retrieving A Comment 16.10.3.5. Retrieving A Tag 16.10.4. Creating Entries 16.10.4.1. Creating An Album 16.10.4.2. Creating A Photo 16.10.4.3. Creating A Comment 16.10.4.4. Creating A Tag 16.10.5. Deleting Entries 16.10.5.1. Deleting An Album 16.10.5.2. Deleting A Photo 16.10.5.3. Deleting A Comment 16.10.5.4. Deleting A Tag 16.10.5.5. Optimistic Concurrency (Notes On Deletion) 16.11. Catching Gdata Exceptions 17. Zend_Http 17.1. Zend_Http_Client 17.1.1. 简介 17.1.2. 带有指定的HTTP头的基本 GET 请求 17.1.3. 发送请求到多个域名 17.1.4. 改变HTTP timeout时间 17.1.5. 动态指定HTTP Header 17.1.6. 构造 HTTP POST, PUT, 和 DELETE 请求 17.2. Zend_Http_Client - Advanced Usage 17.2.1. HTTP Redirections 17.2.2. Adding Cookies and Using Cookie Persistence 17.2.3. Setting Custom Request Headers 17.2.4. File Uploads 17.2.5. Sending Raw POST Data 17.2.6. HTTP Authentication 17.2.7. Sending Multiple Requests With the Same Client 17.3. Zend_Http_Client - Connection Adapters 17.3.1. Overview 17.3.2. The Socket Adapter 17.3.3. The Proxy Adapter 17.3.4. The Test Adapter 17.3.5. Creating your own connection adapters 17.4. Zend_Http_Cookie and Zend_Http_CookieJar 17.4.1. Introduction 17.4.2. Instantiating Zend_Http_Cookie Objects 17.4.3. Zend_Http_Cookie getter methods 17.4.4. Zend_Http_Cookie: Matching against a scenario 17.4.5. The Zend_Http_CookieJar Class: Instantiation 17.4.6. Adding Cookies to a Zend_Http_CookieJar object 17.4.7. Retrieving Cookies From a Zend_Http_CookieJar object 17.5. Zend_Http_Response 17.5.1. 简介 18. Zend_Json 18.1. 简介 18.2. 基本用法 18.3. JSON 对象 18.4. XML 到 JSON 转换 19. Zend_Layout 19.1. 简介 19.2. Zend_Layout 快速入门 19.2.1. 布局脚本 19.2.2. 和Zend Framework MVC一起使用 Zend_Layout 19.2.3. 使用Zend_Layout做为独立的组件 19.2.4. 尝试一下布局 19.3. Zend_Layout 配置选项 19.3.1. 范例 19.4. Zend_Layout 高级用法 19.4.1. 定制视图对象 19.4.2. 定制前端控制器插件 19.4.3. 定制动作助手 19.4.4. 定制布局脚本路径解析（Resolution）：使用变形器（Inflector） 20. Zend_Loader 20.1. 动态加载文件和类 20.1.1. 加载文件 20.1.2. 加载类 20.1.3. 判定某个文件是否可读 20.1.4. 使用 Autoloader 20.2. 加载插件 20.2.1. 基本用例 20.2.2. 处理插件路径 20.2.3. 测试插件和获取类的名字 21. Zend_Locale 21.1. Introduction 21.1.1. What is Localization 21.1.2. What is a Locale? 21.1.3. How are Locales Represented? 21.1.4. Selecting the Right Locale 21.1.5. Usage of automatic Locales 21.1.6. Using a default Locale 21.1.7. ZF Locale-Aware Classes 21.1.8. Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array $options) 21.1.9. Speed up Zend_Locale and it's subclasses 21.2. Using Zend_Locale 21.2.1. Copying, Cloning, and Serializing Locale Objects 21.2.2. Equality 21.2.3. Default locales 21.2.4. Set a new locale 21.2.5. Getting the language and region 21.2.6. Obtaining localized strings 21.2.7. Obtaining translations for "yes" and "no" 21.2.8. Get a list of all known locales 21.3. Normalization and Localization 21.3.1. Number normalization: getNumber($input, Array $options) 21.3.1.1. Precision and Calculations 21.3.2. Number localization 21.3.3. Number testing 21.3.4. Float value normalization 21.3.5. Floating point value localization 21.3.6. Floating point value testing 21.3.7. Integer value normalization 21.3.8. Integer point value localization 21.3.9. Integer value testing 21.3.10. Numeral System Conversion 21.3.10.1. List of supported numeral systems 21.4. Working with Dates and Times 21.4.1. Normalizing Dates and Times 21.4.2. Testing Dates 21.4.3. Normalizing a Time 21.4.4. Testing Times 21.5. Supported Languages for Locales 21.6. Supported Regions for Locales 22. Zend_Log 22.1. 概述 22.1.1. 创建Log 22.1.2. 日志消息 22.1.3. 销毁Log 22.1.4. 使用内建的消息等级 22.1.5. 添加用户定义的日志等级 22.1.6. 理解日志事件 22.2. Writers 22.2.1. 写入到流(Streams) 22.2.2. 写入到数据库 22.2.3. 踩熄Writer 22.2.4. 测试 Mock 22.2.5. 组合Writers 22.3. Formatters 22.3.1. 简单格式化 22.3.2. 格式化到XML 22.4. 过滤器 22.4.1. 对所有Writer过滤 22.4.2. 过滤一个Writer实例 23. Zend_Mail 23.1. 简介 23.1.1. 起步 23.1.2. 配置缺省的 sendmail 传送器（transport） 23.2. 通过SMTP发送邮件 23.3. 通过一个SMTP连接发送多个邮 23.4. 使用不同的Transport对象 23.5. HTML邮件 23.6. 附件 23.7. 增加收件人 23.8. 控制MIME分界线 23.9. 外加邮件头信息 23.10. 字符集 23.11. 编码 23.12. SMTP 身份验证 23.13. Securing SMTP Transport 23.14. Reading Mail Messages 23.14.1. Simple example using Pop3 23.14.2. Opening a local storage 23.14.3. Opening a remote storage 23.14.4. Fetching messages and simple methods 23.14.5. Working with messages 23.14.6. Checking for flags 23.14.7. Using folders 23.14.8. Advanced Use 23.14.8.1. Using NOOP 23.14.8.2. Caching instances 23.14.8.3. Extending Protocol Classes 23.14.8.4. Using Quota (since 1.5) 24. Zend_Measure 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Creation of Measurements 24.2.1. Creating measurements from integers and floats 24.2.2. Creating measurements from strings 24.2.3. Measurements from localized strings 24.3. Outputting measurements 24.3.1. Automatic output 24.3.2. Outputting values 24.3.3. Output with unit of measurement 24.3.4. Output as localized string 24.4. Manipulating Measurements 24.4.1. Convert 24.4.2. Add and subtract 24.4.3. Compare 24.4.4. Compare 24.4.5. Manually change values 24.4.6. Manually change types 24.5. Types of measurements 24.5.1. Hints for Zend_Measure_Binary 24.5.2. Hints for Zend_Measure_Number 24.5.3. Roman numbers 25. Zend_Memory 25.1. 概述 25.1.1. 简介 25.1.2. 操作原理 25.1.2.1. 内存管理器 25.1.2.2. 内存容器 25.1.2.3. 锁定的内存 25.1.2.4. 可移动内存 25.2. 内存管理器 25.2.1. 创建一个内存管理器 25.2.2. 管理内存对象 25.2.2.1. 创建可移动的对象 25.2.2.2. 创建锁定的对象 25.2.2.3. 销毁对象 25.2.3. 内存管理器设置 25.2.3.1. 内存限制 25.2.3.2. MinSize 25.3. 内存对象 25.3.1. 可移动的 25.3.2. 锁定的 25.3.3. 内存容器 '值' 属性. 25.3.4. 内存容器接口 25.3.4.1. getRef() 方法 25.3.4.2. touch() 方法 25.3.4.3. lock() 方法 25.3.4.4. unlock() 方法 25.3.4.5. isLocked() 方法 26. Zend_Mime 26.1. Zend_Mime 26.1.1. 简介 26.1.2. 静态方法和常量 26.1.3. 实例化Zend_Mime 26.2. Zend_Mime_Message 26.2.1. 简介 26.2.2. 实例化 26.2.3. 增加MIME消息段 26.2.4. 分界线处理 26.2.5. 解析字符串，创建Zend_Mime_Message对象（实验性的） 26.3. Zend_Mime_Part 26.3.1. 简介 26.3.2. 实例化 26.3.3. 解析（rendering）消息段为字符串的方法 27. Zend_Pdf 27.1. 简介 27.2. 生成和加载 PDF 文档 27.3. 保存修改到 PDF 文档 27.4. 文档页面 27.4.1. 页面生成 27.4.2. 页面克隆 27.5. Drawing. 27.5.1. Geometry. 27.5.2. Colors. 27.5.3. Shape Drawing. 27.5.4. Text Drawing. 27.5.5. Using fonts. 27.5.6. Starting in 1.5, Extracting fonts. 27.5.7. Image Drawing. 27.5.8. Line drawing style. 27.5.9. Fill style. 27.5.10. Rotations. 27.5.11. Save/restore graphics state. 27.5.12. Clipping draw area. 27.5.13. Styles. 27.6. Zend_Pdf module usage example. 28. Zend_Registry 28.1. 使用对象注册表（Registry） 28.1.1. 设置Registry中的值 28.1.2. 获取Registry中的值 28.1.3. 创建一个Registry对象 28.1.4. 像访问数组一样访问Registry对象 28.1.5. 对象方式访问Registry 28.1.6. 查询一个索引是否存在 28.1.7. 扩展Registry对象 28.1.8. 删除静态注册表 29. Zend_Rest 29.1. Introduction 29.2. Zend_Rest_Client 29.2.1. Introduction 29.2.2. Responses 29.2.3. Request Arguments 29.3. Zend_Rest_Server 29.3.1. Introduction 29.3.2. REST Server Usage 29.3.3. Calling a Zend_Rest_Server Service 29.3.4. Sending A Custom Status 29.3.5. Returning Custom XML Responses 30. Zend_Search_Lucene 30.1. 概述 30.1.1. 简介 30.1.2. 文档和字段对象 30.1.3. 理解字段类型 30.2. 建立索引 30.2.1. 创建新索引 30.2.2. 更新索引 30.3. 搜索索引 30.3.1. 建立查询 30.3.2. 搜索结果 30.3.3. 结果评分 30.4. Query Language 30.4.1. Terms 30.4.2. Fields 30.4.3. Starting in 1.5, Wildcards 30.4.4. Term Modifiers 30.4.5. Starting in 1.5, Range Searches 30.4.6. Starting in 1.5, Fuzzy Searches 30.4.7. Proximity Searches 30.4.8. Boosting a Term 30.4.9. Boolean Operators 30.4.9.1. AND 30.4.9.2. OR 30.4.9.3. NOT 30.4.9.4. &&, ||, and ! operators 30.4.9.5. + 30.4.9.6. - 30.4.9.7. No Operator 30.4.10. Grouping 30.4.11. Field Grouping 30.4.12. Escaping Special Characters 30.5. 查询类型 30.5.1. 单项查询 30.5.2. 多项查询 30.5.3. 短语查询 30.6. 字符集 30.6.1. UTF-8 和单字节字符集支持 30.7. 扩展性 30.7.1. 文本分析 30.7.2. 评分算法 30.7.3. 存储容器 30.8. 与 Java Lucene 的互操作性 30.8.1. 文件格式 30.8.2. 索引目录 30.8.3. Java 源代码 30.9. Advanced 30.9.1. Using the index as static property 30.10. Best Practices 30.10.1. Field names 30.10.2. Indexing performance 30.10.3. Index during Shut Down 30.10.4. Retrieving documents by unique id 30.10.5. Memory Usage 30.10.6. Encoding 30.10.7. Index maintenance 31. Zend_Server 31.1. 简介 31.2. Zend_Server_Reflection 31.2.1. 简介 31.2.2. 用法 32. Zend_Service 32.1. 简介 32.2. Zend_Service_Akismet 32.2.1. Introduction 32.2.2. Verify an API key 32.2.3. Check for spam 32.2.4. Submitting known spam 32.2.5. Submitting false positives (ham) 32.2.6. Zend-specific Accessor Methods 32.3. Zend_Service_Amazon 32.3.1. Introduction 32.3.2. Country Codes 32.3.3. Looking up a Specific Amazon Item by ASIN 32.3.4. Performing Amazon Item Searches 32.3.5. Using the Alternative Query API 32.3.5.1. Introduction 32.3.6. Zend_Service_Amazon Classes 32.3.6.1. Zend_Service_Amazon_Item 32.3.6.1.1. Zend_Service_Amazon_Item::asXML() 32.3.6.1.2. Properties 32.3.6.2. Zend_Service_Amazon_Image 32.3.6.2.1. Properties 32.3.6.3. Zend_Service_Amazon_ResultSet 32.3.6.3.1. Zend_Service_Amazon_ResultSet::totalResults() 32.3.6.4. Zend_Service_Amazon_OfferSet 32.3.6.4.1. Properties 32.3.6.5. Zend_Service_Amazon_Offer 32.3.6.5.1. Zend_Service_Amazon_Offer Properties 32.3.6.6. Zend_Service_Amazon_SimilarProduct 32.3.6.6.1. Properties 32.3.6.7. Zend_Service_Amazon_Accessories 32.3.6.7.1. Properties 32.3.6.8. Zend_Service_Amazon_CustomerReview 32.3.6.8.1. Properties 32.3.6.9. Zend_Service_Amazon_EditorialReview 32.3.6.9.1. Properties 32.3.6.10. Zend_Service_Amazon_Listmania 32.3.6.10.1. Properties 32.4. Zend_Service_Audioscrobbler 32.4.1. Introduction to Searching Audioscrobbler 32.4.2. Users 32.4.3. Artists 32.4.4. Tracks 32.4.5. Tags 32.4.6. Groups 32.4.7. Forums 32.5. Zend_Service_Delicious 32.5.1. Introduction 32.5.2. Retrieving posts 32.5.3. Zend_Service_Delicious_PostList 32.5.4. Editing posts 32.5.5. Deleting posts 32.5.6. Adding new posts 32.5.7. Tags 32.5.8. Bundles 32.5.9. Public data 32.5.9.1. Public posts 32.5.10. HTTP client 32.6. Zend_Service_Flickr 32.6.1. 对Flickr搜索的介绍 32.6.2. 查找 Flickr 用户 32.6.3. 获得 Flickr 图像详细资料 32.6.4. Zend_Service_Flickr 类 32.6.4.1. Zend_Service_Flickr_ResultSet 32.6.4.1.1. 属性 32.6.4.1.2. Zend_Service_Flickr_ResultSet::totalResults() 32.6.4.2. Zend_Service_Flickr_Result 32.6.4.2.1. 属性 32.6.4.3. Zend_Service_Flickr_Image 32.6.4.3.1. 属性 32.7. Zend_Service_Simpy 32.7.1. Introduction 32.7.2. Links 32.7.3. Tags 32.7.4. Notes 32.7.5. Watchlists 32.8. Zend_Service_StrikeIron 32.8.1. Overview 32.8.2. Registering with StrikeIron 32.8.3. Getting Started 32.8.4. Making Your First Query 32.8.5. Examining Results 32.8.6. Handling Errors 32.8.7. Checking Your Subscription 32.9. Zend_Service_StrikeIron: Bundled Services 32.9.1. ZIP Code Information 32.9.2. U.S. Address Verification 32.9.3. Sales & Use Tax Basic 32.10. Zend_Service_StrikeIron: Advanced Uses 32.10.1. Using Services by WSDL 32.10.2. Viewing SOAP Transactions 32.11. Zend_Service_Yahoo 32.11.1. 简介 32.11.2. 用Yahoo!来搜索网页 32.11.3. 用Yahoo!来查找图片 32.11.4. Finding Local Businesses and Services with Yahoo! 32.11.5. 搜索Yahoo! 新闻 32.11.6. Zend_Service_Yahoo 类 32.11.6.1. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ResultSet 32.11.6.1.1. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ResultSet::totalResults() 32.11.6.1.2. Properties 32.11.6.2. Zend_Service_Yahoo_WebResultSet 32.11.6.3. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ImageResultSet 32.11.6.4. Zend_Service_Yahoo_LocalResultSet 32.11.6.5. Zend_Service_Yahoo_NewsResultSet 32.11.6.6. Zend_Service_Yahoo_Result 32.11.6.6.1. Properties 32.11.6.7. Zend_Service_Yahoo_WebResult 32.11.6.7.1. 属性 32.11.6.8. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ImageResult 32.11.6.8.1. 属性 32.11.6.9. Zend_Service_Yahoo_LocalResult 32.11.6.9.1. 属性 32.11.6.10. Zend_Service_Yahoo_NewsResult 32.11.6.10.1. 属性 32.11.6.11. Zend_Service_Yahoo_Image 32.11.6.11.1. Properties 33. Zend_Session 33.1. 简介 33.2. 基本用法 33.2.1. 实例教程 33.2.2. 迭代会话命名空间 33.2.3. 会话命名空间的访问器 33.3. 高级用法 33.3.1. 开启会话 33.3.2. 锁住会话命名空间 33.3.3. 命名空间过期 33.3.4. 会话封装和控制器 33.3.5. 防止每个命名空间有多重实例 33.3.6. 使用数组 33.3.7. 在对象中使用会话 33.3.8. 在单元测试中使用会话 33.4. 全局会话管理 33.4.1. 配置选项 33.4.2. 错误：Headers Already Sent 33.4.3. 会话标识符 33.4.3.1. 会话劫持和会话固定 33.4.4. rememberMe(integer $seconds) 33.4.5. forgetMe() 33.4.6. sessionExists() 33.4.7. destroy(bool $remove_cookie = true, bool $readonly = true) 33.4.8. stop() 33.4.9. writeClose($readonly = true) 33.4.10. expireSessionCookie() 33.4.11. setSaveHandler(Zend_Session_SaveHandler_Interface $interface) 33.4.12. namespaceIsset($namespace) 33.4.13. namespaceUnset($namespace) 33.4.14. namespaceGet($namespace) 33.4.15. getIterator() 34. Zend_Translate 34.1. 简介 34.1.1. 开始多语言化 34.2. Zend_Translate适配器 34.2.1. 如何判断使用哪种翻译适配器 34.2.1.1. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Array 34.2.1.2. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Csv 34.2.1.3. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Gettext 34.2.1.4. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Tbx 34.2.1.5. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Tmx 34.2.1.6. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Qt 34.2.1.7. Zend_Translate_Adapter_Xliff 34.2.1.8. Zend_Translate_Adapter_XmlTm 34.2.2. 集成编写自己的适配器 34.2.3. 加速所有的适配器 34.3. Using Translation Adapters 34.3.1. Translation Source Structures 34.3.2. Creating array source files 34.3.3. Creating Gettext Source Files 34.3.4. Creating TMX Source Files 34.3.5. Creating CSV Source Files 34.3.6. Options for adapters 34.3.7. Handling languages 34.3.7.1. Automatically handling of languages 34.3.8. Automatic source detection 34.3.8.1. Language through naming directories 34.3.8.2. Language through filenames 34.3.8.2.1. Complete Filename 34.3.8.2.2. Extension of the file 34.3.8.2.3. Filename tokens 34.3.9. Checking for translations 34.3.10. Access to the source data 35. Zend_Uri 35.1. Zend_Uri 35.1.1. 概述 35.1.2. 新建一个URI 35.1.3. 操作现有的URI 35.1.4. URI 验证 35.1.5. 公共实例方法 35.1.5.1. 取得URI的Schema 35.1.5.2. 取得整个URI 35.1.5.3. 验证URI 36. Zend_Validate 36.1. 简介 36.1.1. 什么是校验器（validator）? 36.1.2. 校验器的基本用法 36.1.3. 定制消息 36.1.4. 使用静态 is() 方法 36.2. 标准校验类 36.2.1. Alnum 36.2.2. Alpha 36.2.3. Barcode 36.2.4. Between 36.2.5. Ccnum 36.2.6. 日期 36.2.7. 数字 36.2.8. Email 地址 36.2.9. 浮点数 36.2.10. GreaterThan 36.2.11. 十六进制数 36.2.12. 主机名 36.2.13. InArray 36.2.14. 整数 36.2.15. Ip 36.2.16. LessThan 36.2.17. NotEmpty 36.2.18. Regex 36.2.19. StringLength 36.3. 校验器链 36.4. 编写校验器 37. Zend_Version 37.1. 读取Zend Framework的当前版本 38. Zend_View 38.1. 简介 38.1.1. 控制器脚本 38.1.2. 视图脚本 38.1.3. 选项 38.1.4. 实用访问器 38.2. 控制器脚本 38.2.1. 变量赋值 38.2.2. 调用视图脚本并打印输出 38.2.3. 视图脚本的路径 38.3. 视图脚本 38.3.1. 转义输出（Escaping Output） 38.3.2. 使用模板系统 38.3.2.1. 使用View脚本的模板系统 38.3.2.2. 通过Zend_View_Interface接口使用模板系统 38.4. 视图助手（View Helper） 38.4.1. 基本的助手 38.4.1.1. 动作视图助手 38.4.1.2. 区域助手（Partial Helper） 38.4.1.3. 占位符助手（Placeholder Helper） 38.4.1.3.1. 具体占位符实现 38.4.1.4. 文档类型助手（Doctype Helper） 38.4.1.5. HeadLink 助手 38.4.1.6. HeadMeta 助手 38.4.1.7. HeadScript 助手 38.4.1.8. HeadStyle 助手 38.4.1.9. HeadTitle 助手 38.4.1.10. InlineScript 助手 38.4.1.11. JSON 助手 38.4.1.12. 翻译助手 38.4.2. 助手的路径 38.4.3. 编写自定义的助手类 39. Zend_XmlRpc 39.1. 介绍 39.2. Zend_XmlRpc_Client 39.2.1. 介绍 39.2.2. 带参数 39.2.2.1. 以PHP本地变量的形式传递参数 39.2.2.2. 以Zend_XmlRpc_Value 对象的形式传递参数 39.2.2.3. 将一个XML字符串解析为XML-RPC参数 39.2.3. 参数类型提示 39.2.4. 获取响应 39.3. Zend_XmlRpc_Server 39.3.1. Introduction 39.3.2. Basic Usage 39.3.3. Server Structure 39.3.4. Conventions 39.3.5. Utilizing Namespaces 39.3.6. Custom Request Objects 39.3.7. Custom Responses 39.3.8. Handling Exceptions via Faults 39.3.9. Caching Server Definitions Between Requests 39.3.10. Usage Examples 39.3.10.1. Basic Usage 39.3.10.2. Attaching a class 39.3.10.3. Attaching several classes using namespaces 39.3.10.4. Specifying exceptions to use as valid fault responses 39.3.10.5. Utilizing a custom request object 39.3.10.6. Utilizing a custom response object 39.3.10.7. Cache server definitions between requests A. 系统需求 A.1. PHP 版本需求 A.2. PHP 扩展 A.3. Zend Framework 组件 B. Zend Framework PHP 编码标准 B.1. 绪论 B.1.1. 适用范围 B.1.2. 目标 B.2. PHP File 文件格式 B.2.1. 常规 B.2.2. 缩进 B.2.3. 行的最大长度 B.2.4. 行结束标志 B.3. 命名约定 B.3.1. 类 B.3.2. 接口 B.3.3. 文件名 B.3.4. 函数和方法 B.3.5. 变量 B.3.6. 常量 B.4. 编码风格 B.4.1. PHP 代码划分（Demarcation） B.4.2. 字符串 B.4.2.1. 字符串文字 B.4.2.2. 包含单引号（'）的字符串文字 B.4.2.3. 变量替换 B.4.2.4. 字符串连接 B.4.3. 数组 B.4.3.1. 数字索引数组 Numerically Indexed Arrays B.4.3.2. 关联数组 B.4.4. 类 B.4.4.1. 类的声明 B.4.4.2. 类成员变量 B.4.5. 函数和方法 B.4.5.1. 函数和方方声明 B.4.5.2. 函数和方法的用法 B.4.6. 控制语句 B.4.6.1. If / Else / Elseif B.4.6.2. Switch B.4.7. 注释文档 B.4.7.1. 格式 B.4.7.2. 文件 B.4.7.3. 类 B.4.7.4. 函数 C. 版权信息 索引 表格清单 2.1. 一个CMS范例的访问控制 3.1. 配置选项 4.1. 核心前端选项 4.2. 函数前端选项 4.3. Class frontend options 4.4. File frontend options 4.5. Page frontend options 4.6. 文件后端选项 4.7. Sqlite 后端选项 4.8. Memcached 后端选项 5.1. Zend_Config_Ini 构造器参数 8.1. 选择货币描述的常量 8.2. 选择货币位置的常量 9.1. Date Parts 9.2. Basic Operations 9.3. Date Comparison Methods 9.4. Date Output Methods 9.5. Date Output Methods 9.6. Miscellaneous Methods 9.7. Operations involving Zend_Date::HOUR 9.8. Day Constants 9.9. Week Constants 9.10. Month Constants 9.11. Year Constants 9.12. Time Constants 9.13. Timezone Constants 9.14. Date Format Constants (formats include timezone) 9.15. Date and Time Formats (format varies by locale) 9.16. Constants for ISO 8601 date output 9.17. Constants for PHP date output 9.18. Types of supported horizons for sunset and sunrise 17.1. Zend_Http_Client_Adapter_Socket configuration parameters 17.2. Zend_Http_Client configuration parameters 21.1. Details for getTranslationList($type = null, $locale = null, $value = null) 21.2. Details for getTranslation($value = null, $type = null, $locale = null) 21.3. Differences between ZF 1.0 and ZF 1.5 21.4. Format tokens for self generated number formats 21.5. List of supported numeral systems 21.6. Key values for getDate() with option 'fix_date' 21.7. Return values 21.8. Format definition 21.9. Example formats 21.10. List of all supported languages 21.11. List of all supported regions 23.1. Mail Read Feature Overview 23.2. Mail Folder Names 24.1. List of measurement types 30.1. Zend_Search_Lucene_Field 类型 32.1. Zend_Service_Amazon_Item Properties 32.2. Zend_Service_Amazon_Image Properties 32.3. Zend_Service_Amazon_OfferSet Properties 32.4. Properties 32.5. Zend_Service_Amazon_SimilarProduct Properties 32.6. Zend_Service_Amazon_Accessories Properties 32.7. Zend_Service_Amazon_CustomerReview Properties 32.8. Zend_Service_Amazon_EditorialReview Properties 32.9. Zend_Service_Amazon_Listmania Properties 32.10. Methods for retrieving public data 32.11. Methods of the Zend_Service_Delicious_SimplePost class 32.12. Zend_Service_Flickr_ResultSet 属性 32.13. Zend_Service_Flickr_Result 属性 32.14. Zend_Service_Flickr_Image 属性 32.15. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ResultSet 32.16. Zend_Service_Yahoo_LocalResultSet 属性 32.17. Zend_Service_Yahoo_Result Properties 32.18. Zend_Service_Yahoo_WebResult 属性 32.19. Zend_Service_Yahoo_ImageResult 属性 32.20. Zend_Service_Yahoo_LocalResult 属性 32.21. Zend_Service_Yahoo_NewsResult 属性 32.22. Zend_Service_Yahoo_Image Properties 34.1. Zend_Translate适配器 34.2. Options for Translation Adapters 39.1. PHP本地变量类型转化为XML-RPC类型 39.2. Zend_XmlRpc_Value 对象声明的XML-RPC类型 A.1. Zend Framework 使用的 PHP 扩展 A.2. Zend Framework 组件以及其使用到的 PHP 扩展 范例清单 2.1. 角色之间的多重继承 3.1. 修改 Session 名字空间 3.2. 使用定制存储类 3.3. 基本用法 4.1. 调用 Zend_Cache::factory()取得一个前端 4.2. Caching a database query result 4.3. 用Zend_Cache 输出前端缓存输出 5.1. 使用 Zend_Config 本身 5.2. Using Zend_Config with a PHP Configuration File 5.3. 使用 Zend_Config_Ini 5.4. 使用Zend_Config_Xml 6.1. 使用短语法 6.2. 使用长语法 6.3. 捕捉 Getopt 异常 6.4. 使用 getOption() 6.5. 使用 __get() 和 __isset() 魔术方法 6.6. 使用 getRemainingArgs() 6.7. 使用 addRules() 6.8. 使用 setHelp() 6.9. 使用 setAliases() 6.10. 使用 addArguments() 和 setArguments() 6.11. 使用 setOption() 6.12. 使用 setOptions() 7.1. 如何处理不存在的动作 7.2. 用动作、控制器和模块名来添加一个任务 7.3. 使用请求对象添加一个任务 7.4. AutoCompletion with Dojo Using Zend MVC 7.5. 允许动作响应 Ajax 的请求 7.6. 设定选项 7.7. 使用默认设定 7.8. 使用goto()的_forward()API 7.9. 通过gotoRoute()使用路由组装(route assembly) 7.10. 基本用法 7.11. 禁用自动解析 7.12. 选择另外的视图脚本 7.13. 修改注册的视图Modifying the registered view 7.14. 修改路径规则 7.15. 一个动作中解析多个视图脚本 7.16. Standard usage 7.17. Setting a different error handler 7.18. Using accessors 8.1. 从实际地方创建 Zend_Currency 的实例 8.2. 创建 Zend_Currency 实例的其它例子 8.3. 为货币创建输出 8.4. 修改货币的显示格式 8.5. 从货币中获取信息 8.6. 设置新地方 8.7. 缓存货币 9.1. Setting a default timezone 9.2. Creating the current date 9.3. get() - output a date 9.4. set() - set a date 9.5. add() - adding dates 9.6. compare() - compare dates 9.7. equals() - identify a date or date part 9.8. User-specified input date format 9.9. Operating on Parts of Dates 9.10. Date creation by instance 9.11. Static date creation 9.12. Quick creation of dates from database date values 9.13. Convenient creation of dates from database date values 9.14. Date creation by array 9.15. Example usage for self-defined ISO formats 9.16. Example usage for self-defined formats with PHP specifier 9.17. Checking dates 9.18. Getting all available cities 9.19. Getting the location for a city 9.20. Calculating sun informations 9.21. Working with timezones 9.22. Multiple timezones 10.1. Creating a SQL statement object with query() 10.2. Using a SQL statement constructor 10.3. Executing a statement with positional parameters 10.4. Executing a statement with named parameters 10.5. Using fetch() in a loop 10.6. Using fetchAll() 10.7. Setting the fetch mode 10.8. Using fetchColumn() 10.9. Using fetchObject() 10.10. Fetching a Dependent Rowset 10.11. Fetching a Dependent Rowset By a Specific Rule 10.12. Fetching a Dependent Rowset using a Zend_Db_Table_Select 10.13. Fetching Dependent Rowsets using the Magic Method 10.14. Fetching the Parent Row 10.15. Fetching a Parent Row By a Specific Rule 10.16. Fetching the Parent Row using the Magic Method 10.17. Fetching a Rowset with the Many-to-many Method 10.18. Fetching a Rowset with the Many-to-many Method By a Specific Rule 10.19. Fetching Rowsets using the Magic Many-to-many Method 10.20. Example of a Cascading Delete 10.21. Example Declaration of Cascading Operations 11.1. dump()方法使用示例 12.1. 捕捉一个异常的例子 13.1. 用Zend_Feed来处理RSS Feed数据 13.2. Atom Feed的基本用法 13.3. 读取Atom Feed的单个条目 13.4. 用条目对象直接访问Atom Feed的单个条目 13.5. 修改一个已存在的条目 13.6. 用自定义的命名空间创建一个Atom条目元素 13.7. 用自定义的命名空间继承Atom条目类 14.1. Transforming CamelCaseText to another format 14.2. Setting Multiple Rules at Once 14.3. Using Zend_Config with Zend_Filter_Inflector 15.1. 定制标签 15.2. 为所有元素设置前缀路径 15.3. 为所有元素设置装饰器（Decorators） 15.4. 为所有元素设置过滤器 15.5. 为所有的显示组设置装饰器前缀路径 15.6. 为所有显示组设置装饰器 15.7. 注册表单示例 17.1. 执行一个基本的 GET 请求 17.2. 创建一个基本的Zend_Http_Client 17.3. 发送多条header信息 17.4. 发送请求到多个域名 17.5. 用Zend_Http_Client发送POST 数据 17.6. Forcing RFC 2616 Strict Redirections on 301 and 302 Responses 17.7. Setting Cookies Using setCookie() 17.8. Enabling Cookie Stickiness 17.9. Setting A Single Custom Request Header 17.10. Setting Multiple Custom Request Headers 17.11. Using setFileUpload to Upload Files 17.12. Sending Raw POST Data 17.13. Setting HTTP Authentication User and Password 17.14. Performing consecutive requests with one client 17.15. Changing the HTTPS transport layer 17.16. Using Zend_Http_Client behind a proxy server 17.17. Testing Against a Single HTTP Response Stub 17.18. Testing Against Multiple HTTP Response Stubs 17.19. Creating your own connection adapter 17.20. Instantiating a Zend_Http_Cookie object 17.21. Stringifying a Zend_Http_Cookie object 17.22. Using getter methods with Zend_Http_Cookie 17.23. Matching cookies 17.24. 处理HTTP应答 19.1. 传递选项给构造器或startMvc() 19.2. 使用setOption() 和 setConfig() 19.3. 使用访问器 19.4. 使用Zend_Layout访问器来修改变形器(inflector) 19.5. Zend_Layout 变形器的直接修改 19.6. 定制变形器（inflectors） 20.1. loadFile() 方法范例 20.2. Example of loadClass() method 20.3. isReadable()示例： 20.4. 注册 autoloader callback 方法范例 20.5. 从继承类注册 autoload callback 方法范例 21.1. Choosing a specific locale 21.2. Automatically selecting a locale 21.3. Using automatic locales 21.4. Handling locale exceptions 21.5. Setting a default locale 21.6. Dates default to correct locale of web users 21.7. Overriding default locale selection 21.8. Performance optimization when using a default locale 21.9. Dates default to correct locale of web users 21.10. Using STANDARD definitions for setOptions() 21.11. clone 21.12. Check for equal locales 21.13. Get default locales 21.14. setLocale 21.15. getLanguage and getRegion 21.16. getTranslationList 21.17. getTranslationList 21.18. Converting country name in one language to another 21.19. All available translations 21.20. All Languages written in their native language 21.21. getQuestion() 21.22. getLocaleList() 21.23. Number normalization 21.24. Number normalization with precision 21.25. Number localization 21.26. Number localization with precision 21.27. Using a self defined number format 21.28. Number testing 21.29. Floating point value normalization 21.30. Floating point value localization 21.31. Floating point value testing 21.32. Integer value normalization 21.33. Integer value localization 21.34. Integer value testing 21.35. Converting numerals from Eastern Arabic scripts to European/Latin scripts 21.36. Converting numerals from Latin script to Eastern Arabic script 21.37. Getting 4 letter CLDR script code using a native-language name of the script 21.38. Normalizing a date 21.39. Normalizing a date by locale 21.40. Normalizing a date with time 21.41. Normalizing a userdefined date 21.42. Automatic correction of input dates 21.43. Date testing 21.44. Normalize an unknown time 21.45. Testing a time 23.1. 使用Zend_Mail发送简单邮件 23.2. 传递另外的参数给 Zend_Mail_Transport_Sendmail 传送器 23.3. 通过 SMTP 发送邮件 23.4. 通过一个SMTP连接发送多个邮件 23.5. 手工控制传送器连接 23.6. 使用不同的Transport对象 23.7. 发送HTML邮件 23.8. 带附件的邮件 23.9. 更改MIME分界线 23.10. 外加邮件头信息 23.11. 在 Zend_Mail_Transport_Smtp 中使用身份验证 23.12. Enabling a secure connection within Zend_Mail_Transport_Smtp 24.1. Converting measurements 24.2. The meter measurement 24.3. Creation using integer and floating values 24.4. Creation using strings 24.5. Arbitrary text input containing measurements 24.6. Localized string 24.7. Automatic output 24.8. Output a value 24.9. Outputting units 24.10. Convert 24.11. Adding units 24.12. Subtract 24.13. Different measurements 24.14. Identical measurements 24.15. Difference 24.16. Changing a value 24.17. Changing the type 25.1. 使用 Zend_Memory 组件 27.1. 生成新的或加载 PDF 文档 27.2. 请求 PDF 文档的指定版本 27.3. Save PDF document. 27.4. PDF 文档页面管理 27.5. Cloning existing page. 27.6. Draw a string on the page. 27.7. Draw a UTF-8-encoded string on the page. 27.8. Create a standard font. 27.9. Create a TrueType font. 27.10. Create a TrueType font, but do not embed it in the PDF document. 27.11. Do not throw an exception for fonts that cannot be embeded. 27.12. Do not compress an embedded font. 27.13. Combining font embedding options. 27.14. Extracting fonts from a loaded document. 27.15. Extracting font from a loaded document by specifying font name. 27.16. Image drawing. 27.17. Zend_Pdf module usage demo. 28.1. set() 使用示例： 28.2. get() 方法示例： 28.3. 迭代一个registry对象： 28.4. 创建一个registry对象 28.5. Example of initializing the static registry 28.6. array 方式访问示例： 28.7. 对象形式的访问： 28.8. isRegistered() 示例： 28.9. isset() 示例： 28.10. 指定静态注册表的类名： 28.11. _unsetInstance() 示例： 29.1. A basic REST request 29.2. Response Status 29.3. Using Technorati's Rest Service 29.4. Example Technorati Response 29.5. Setting Request Arguments 29.6. Basic Zend_Rest_Server Usage - Classes 29.7. Basic Zend_Rest_Server Usage - Functions 29.8. Returning Custom Status 29.9. Return Custom XML 30.1. 自定义文本分析程序 32.1. isSpam() Usage 32.2. submitSpam() Usage 32.3. submitHam() Usage 32.4. Search Amazon Using the Traditional API 32.5. Search Amazon Using the Query API 32.6. Choosing an Amazon Web Service Country 32.7. Looking up a Specific Amazon Item by ASIN 32.8. Performing Amazon Item Searches 32.9. Using the ResponseGroup Option 32.10. Search Amazon Using the Alternative Query API 32.11. Retrieving User Profile Information 32.12. Retrieving a User's Weekly Artist Chart 32.13. Retrieving Related Artists 32.14. Get all posts 32.15. Accessing post lists 32.16. Filtering a Post List with Specific Tags 32.17. Filtering a Post List by URL 32.18. Post editing 32.19. Method call chaining 32.20. Deleting posts 32.21. Adding a post 32.22. Tags 32.23. Bundles 32.24. Retrieving public data 32.25. Changing the HTTP client of Zend_Rest_Client 32.26. Configuring your HTTP client to keep connections alive 32.27. 简单的 Flickr 照片搜索 32.28. 用email地址来查找Flickr用户 32.29. 获得 Flickr 图像详细资料 32.30. Querying Links 32.31. Modifying Links 32.32. Working With Tags 32.33. Working With Notes 32.34. Retrieving Watchlists 32.35. 用Yahoo!来搜索网页 32.36. 用Yahoo!来查找图片 32.37. 用Yahoo!查找本地商务和服务信息 32.38. 搜索Yahoo! 新闻 33.1. 页面浏览计数 33.2. 新方法： 使用命名空间避免冲突 33.3. 老方法: PHP会话访问 33.4. 会话迭代 33.5. 访问会话数据 33.6. 开启全局会话 33.7. 锁住会话命名空间 33.8. 过期的例子 33.9. 带有生命期的控制器命名空间会话 33.10. 限制命名空间访问单一实例 33.11. 修改带有会话命名空间的数组数据 33.12. 在会话存储之前构造数组 33.13. 方案：重新分配一个被修改的数组 33.14. 方案：存储包括引用的数组 33.15. PHPUnit Testing Code Dependent on Zend_Session 33.16. 使用Zend_Config配置Zend_Session 33.17. 会话固定 34.1. Example of single-language PHP code 34.2. Example of multi-lingual PHP code 34.3. Example TMX file 34.4. Example CSV file 34.5. Example CSV file two 34.6. Using translation options 34.7. Handling languages with adapters 34.8. How automatically language detection works 34.9. Scanning a directory structure for sources 34.10. Directory scanning for languages 34.11. Filename scanning for languages 34.12. Checking if a text is translatable 34.13. Handling languages with adapters 35.1. 使用Zend_Uri::factory()创建一个新的URI 35.2. 使用Zend_Uri::factory()操作一个现有的URI 35.3. 使用Zend_Uri::check()进行URI 验证 35.4. 从Zend_Uri_* 对象取得模式 35.5. 从一个Zend_Uri_* 对象取得整个URI 35.6. 验证一个 Zend_Uri_* 对象 36.1. 创建简单校验类 36.2. 编写有独立条件的校验类 36.3. 带有独立条件、多重失败原因的校验 37.1. compareVersion()方法示例： 38.1. 动作视图助手的基本用法 38.2. Partials 的基本用法 38.3. 使用 PartialLoop 来解析可迭代的（Iterable）的模型 38.4. 在其它模块中解析 Partials 38.5. 占位符的基本用法 38.6. 用占位符来聚合内容 38.7. 使用占位符（Placeholders）来抓取内容 38.8. Doctype 助手的基本用法 38.9. 获取 Doctype 38.10. HeadLink 助手的基本用法 38.11. HeadMeta 助手基本用法 38.12. HeadScript 助手基本用法 38.13. Capturing Scripts Using the HeadScript Helper 38.14. HeadStyle 助手的基本用法 38.15. 用 HeadStyle 助手抓取样式声明 38.16. HeadTitle 助手基本用法 38.17. 已注册的实例 38.18. 在视图里 38.19. 直接用法 38.20. 单个参数 38.21. 参数列表 38.22. 参数数组 38.23. 动态修改地点 （locale） 38.24. 静态修改地点 （locale） 38.25. 获得当前设置的地点 39.1. 一个基本的XML-RPC请求 39.2. 用类型提示来调用一个XML-RPC服务
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