Error creating bean with name '(inner bean)#3

随风吗 2016-07-14 04:56:01

严重: Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter#1': Cannot create inner bean '(inner bean)' of type [org.springframework.web.bind.support.ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer] while setting bean property 'webBindingInitializer'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name '(inner bean)#3': Cannot resolve reference to bean 'validator' while setting bean property 'validator'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'validator' defined in file [D:\appspace\eclipseworkspace\.metadata\.plugins\org.eclipse.wst.server.core\tmp0\wtpwebapps\tjyy\WEB-INF\classes\spring-mvc.xml]: Error setting property values; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.PropertyBatchUpdateException; nested PropertyAccessExceptions (1) are:
PropertyAccessException 1: org.springframework.beans.MethodInvocationException: Property 'validationMessageSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/hibernate/validator/resourceloading/ResourceBundleLocator
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveInnerBean(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:282)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:126)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1391)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1132)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:522)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:461)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:295)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:223)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:292)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:607)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:932)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:479)
at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:383)
at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:283)
at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener.contextInitialized(ContextLoaderListener.java:112)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:5068)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5584)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:147)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1572)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1562)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name '(inner bean)#3': Cannot resolve reference to bean 'validator' while setting bean property 'validator'; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'validator' defined in file [D:\appspace\eclipseworkspace\.metadata\.plugins\org.eclipse.wst.server.core\tmp0\wtpwebapps\tjyy\WEB-INF\classes\spring-mvc.xml]: Error setting property values; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.PropertyBatchUpdateException; nested PropertyAccessExceptions (1) are:
PropertyAccessException 1: org.springframework.beans.MethodInvocationException: Property 'validationMessageSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/hibernate/validator/resourceloading/ResourceBundleLocator
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveReference(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:329)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveValueIfNecessary(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:107)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1391)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1132)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:522)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:461)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveInnerBean(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:271)
... 24 more
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'validator' defined in file [D:\appspace\eclipseworkspace\.metadata\.plugins\org.eclipse.wst.server.core\tmp0\wtpwebapps\tjyy\WEB-INF\classes\spring-mvc.xml]: Error setting property values; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.PropertyBatchUpdateException; nested PropertyAccessExceptions (1) are:
PropertyAccessException 1: org.springframework.beans.MethodInvocationException: Property 'validationMessageSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/hibernate/validator/resourceloading/ResourceBundleLocator
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1427)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1132)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:522)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:461)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:295)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:223)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:292)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:194)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveReference(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:323)
... 30 more
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.PropertyBatchUpdateException; nested PropertyAccessExceptions (1) are:
PropertyAccessException 1: org.springframework.beans.MethodInvocationException: Property 'validationMessageSource' threw exception; nested exception is java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/hibernate/validator/resourceloading/ResourceBundleLocator
at org.springframework.beans.AbstractPropertyAccessor.setPropertyValues(AbstractPropertyAccessor.java:101)
at org.springframework.beans.AbstractPropertyAccessor.setPropertyValues(AbstractPropertyAccessor.java:57)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyPropertyValues(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1424)
... 38 more

...全文

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What’s Inside Preface 1 Java SE5 and SE6 .................. 2 Java SE6 ......................................... 2 The 4th edition........................ 2 Changes .......................................... 3 Note on the cover design ....... 4 Acknowledgements ................ 4 Introduction 9 Prerequisites .......................... 9 Learning Java ....................... 10 Goals ..................................... 10 Teaching from this book ....... 11 JDK HTML documentation ...................... 11 Exercises ............................... 12 Foundations for Java ............ 12 Source code ........................... 12 Coding standards ......................... 14 Errors .................................... 14 Introduction to Objects 15 The progress of abstraction ........................ 15 An object has an interface ........................... 17 An object provides services ................... 18 The hidden implementation .................... 19 Reusing the implementation ................... 20 Inheritance............................ 21 Is-a vs. is-like-a relationships ......24 Interchangeable objects with polymorphism ............. 25 The singly rooted hierarchy .............................. 28 Containers ............................ 28 Parameterized types (Generics) ..29 Object creation & lifetime ... 30 Exception handling: dealing with errors ............... 31 Concurrent programming ... 32 Java and the Internet .......... 33 What is the Web? ......................... 33 Client-side programming ............ 34 Server-side programming ............ 38 Summary .............................. 38 Everything Is an Object 41 You manipulate objects with references ..................... 41 You must create all the objects ....................... 42 Where storage lives ...................... 42 Special case: primitive types ....... 43 Arrays in Java .............................. 44 You never need to destroy an object .................. 45 Scoping ........................................ 45 Scope of objects ........................... 46 Creating new data types: class ..................................... 46 Fields and methods ..................... 47 Methods, arguments, and return values ................. 48 The argument list ......................... 49 Building a Java program ...... 50 Name visibility ............................. 50 Using other components ............. 50 The static keyword ..................... 51 Your first Java program ....... 52 Compiling and running ............... 54 Comments and embedded documentation ..................... 55 Comment documentation ............ 55 Syntax .......................................... 56 Embedded HTML ........................ 56 Some example tags ...................... 57 Documentation example ............. 59 Coding style .......................... 60 Summary .............................. 60 Exercises .............................. 60 Operators 63 Simpler print statements ..... 63 Using Java operators ........... 64 Precedence ........................... 64 Assignment .......................... 65 Aliasing during method calls ....... 66 Mathematical operators....... 67 Unary minus and plus operators ....................... 68 Auto increment and decrement ............................ 69 Relational operators ............ 70 Testing object equivalence ........... 70 Logical operators .................. 71 Short-circuiting ............................ 72 Literals .................................. 73 Exponential notation ................... 74 Bitwise operators .................. 75 Shift operators ......................76 Ternary if-else operator ......79 String operator + and += .............................. 80 Common pitfalls when using operators ........... 81 Casting operators .................. 81 Truncation and rounding ........... 82 Promotion ................................... 83 Java has no “sizeof” ............. 83 A compendium of operators .......................... 84 Summary ............................... 91 Controlling Execution 93 true and false..................... 93 if-else .................................. 93 Iteration ............................... 94 do-while ..................................... 95 for ................................................ 95 The comma operator................... 96 Foreach syntax ......................97 return ................................. 99 break and continue .......... 99 The infamous “goto” ........... 101 switch ................................104 Summary ............................ 106 Initialization & Cleanup 107 Guaranteed initialization with the constructor ........... 107 Method overloading .......... 109 Distinguishing overloaded methods .................. 110 Overloading with primitives ....... 111 Overloading on return values .... 114 Default constructors ........... 114 The this keyword ............... 116 Calling constructors from constructors ...................... 118 The meaning of static ............... 119 Cleanup: finalization and garbage collection ........ 119 What is finalize() for? ............. 120 You must perform cleanup ......... 121 The termination condition ......... 121 How a garbage collector works .. 122 Member initialization ......... 125 Specifying initialization ............. 126 Constructor initialization ... 127 Order of initialization ................ 127 static data initialization ........... 128 Explicit static initialization ...... 130 Non-static instance initialization ................ 132 Array initialization ............. 133 Variable argument lists ............. 137 Enumerated types ............... 141 Summary ............................ 143 Access Control 145 package: the library unit ................... 146 Code organization ...................... 147 Creating unique package names ........................... 148 A custom tool library .................. 151 Using imports to change behavior ..................... 152 Package caveat ........................... 153 Java access specifiers .......... 153 Package access ........................... 153 public: interface access ............ 154 private: you can’t touch that! .. 155 protected: inheritance access . 156 Interface and implementation .......... 158 Class access ........................ 159 Summary ............................ 162 Reusing Classes 165 Composition syntax ........... 165 Inheritance syntax ............. 168 Initializing the base class ........... 169 Delegation ........................... 171 Combining composition and inheritance ................... 173 Guaranteeing proper cleanup .... 174 Name hiding ............................... 177 Choosing composition vs. inheritance .................... 178 protected ......................... 180 Upcasting ............................ 181 Why “upcasting”? ...................... 181 Composition vs. inheritance revisited ..................................... 182 The final keyword ............. 182 final data ................................... 183 final methods ............................ 186 final classes ............................... 187 final caution .............................. 188 Initialization and class loading ................ 189 Initialization with inheritance ... 189 Summary ............................. 191 Polymorphism 193 Upcasting revisited ............. 193 Forgetting the object type .......... 194 The twist ............................. 196 Method-call binding .................. 196 Producing the right behavior ..... 196 Extensibility ............................... 199 Pitfall: “overriding” private methods ...................... 202 Pitfall: fields and static methods .................. 203 Constructors and polymorphism ................... 204 Order of constructor calls ......... 204 Inheritance and cleanup ........... 206 Behavior of polymorphic methods inside constructors .... 210 Covariant return types ........ 211 Designing with inheritance .................. 212 Substitution vs. extension ......... 213 Downcasting and runtime type information ......... 215 Summary ............................. 217 Interfaces 219 Abstract classes and methods ....................... 219 Interfaces ........................... 222 Complete decoupling ......... 225 “Multiple inheritance” in Java ................................ 230 Extending an interface with inheritance .......................... 231 Name collisions when combining Interfaces ................233 Adapting to an interface .... 234 Fields in interfaces ............ 235 Initializing fields in interfaces .. 236 Nesting interfaces .............. 237 Interfaces and factories ..... 239 Summary ............................. 241 Inner Classes 243 Creating inner classes ........ 243 The link to the outer class .................... 244 Using .this and .new ........ 246 Inner classes and upcasting ..................... 247 Inner classes in methods and scopes ........... 249 Anonymous inner classes ........................ 251 Factory Method revisited .......... 254 Nested classes .................... 256 Classes inside interfaces ............ 257 Reaching outward from a multiplynested class ............... 259 Why inner classes? ............. 259 Closures & callbacks .................. 261 Inner classes & control frameworks ................... 263 Inheriting from inner classes ....................... 269 Can inner classes be overridden? ................... 269 Local inner classes .............. 271 Inner-class identifiers ........ 272 Summary ............................ 273 Holding Your Objects 275 Generics and type-safe containers ........... 276 Basic concepts .................... 278 Adding groups of elements ......................... 279 Printing containers ............ 281 List ..................................... 283 Iterator ............................. 286 ListIterator ............................ 288 LinkedList ....................... 289 Stack ................................. 291 Set ...................................... 292 Map ................................... 295 Queue ................................ 298 PriorityQueue ........................ 299 Collection vs. Iterator ... 301 Foreach and iterators ......... 304 The Adapter Method idiom ...... 306 Summary ............................ 308 Error Handling with Exceptions 313 Concepts ............................. 313 Basic exceptions.................. 314 Exception arguments ................. 315 Catching an exception ........ 315 The try block ............................. 316 Exception handlers .................... 316 Creating your own exceptions ................... 317 Exceptions and logging .............. 319 The exception specification ....................... 322 Catching any exception ..... 323 The stack trace .......................... 324 Rethrowing an exception ........... 325 Exception chaining .................... 327 Standard Java exceptions .......................... 330 Special case: RuntimeException ............... 330 Performing cleanup with finally ....................... 332 What’s finally for? .................... 333 Using finally during return .... 335 Pitfall: the lost exception .......... 336 Exception restrictions ....... 338 Constructors ...................... 340 Exception matching ........... 344 Alternative approaches ...... 345 History ...................................... 346 Perspectives ............................... 347 Passing exceptions to the console ............................ 349 Converting checked to unchecked exceptions ........... 350 Exception guidelines ......... 352 Summary ............................ 352 Strings 355 Immutable Strings ............355 Overloading ‘+’ vs. StringBuilder ................. 356 Unintended recursion ....... 359 Operations on Strings ....... 361 Formatting output ............. 362 printf() .................................... 363 System.out.format() ............ 363 The Formatter class ............... 363 Format specifiers ...................... 364 Formatter conversions ........... 366 String.format() ..................... 368 Regular expressions ........... 370 Basics .........................................370 Creating regular expressions ..... 372 Quantifiers ................................. 374 Pattern and Matcher ............. 375 split() ........................................382 Replace operations .................... 383 reset() .......................................384 Regular expressions and Java I/O .............................. 385 Scanning input ................... 386 Scanner delimiters ................. 388 Scanning with regular expressions ................... 389 StringTokenizer ............. 389 Summary ............................ 391 Type Information 393 The need for RTTI .............. 393 The Class object ................ 395 Class literals ............................... 399 Generic class references ............ 401 New cast syntax ........................ 403 Checking before a cast ....... 404 Using class literals .................... 409 A dynamic instanceof .............. 411 Counting recursively .................. 412 Registered factories ........... 413 instanceof vs. Class equivalence......................... 416 Reflection: runtime class information ................ 417 A class method extractor ........... 418 Dynamic proxies ................ 420 Null Objects ........................ 424 Mock Objects & Stubs ................ 429 Interfaces and type information ................ 430 Summary ............................ 436 Generics 439 Comparison with C++ ........ 440 Simple generics .................. 440 A tuple library ............................ 442 A stack class ............................... 444 RandomList ............................ 445 Generic interfaces .............. 446 Generic methods ................ 449 Leveraging type argument inference ...................450 Varargs and generic methods .... 452 A generic method to use with Generators............ 453 A general-purpose Generator . 453 Simplifying tuple use ................. 455 A Set utility................................ 456 Anonymous inner classes ....................... 459 Building complex models ................. 460 The mystery of erasure ...... 462 The C++ approach .................... 464 Migration compatibility ............ 466 The problem with erasure ......... 467 The action at the boundaries .... 468 Compensating for erasure ........................... 471 Creating instances of types ........ 472 Arrays of generics ...................... 475 Bounds ............................... 479 Wildcards ........................... 482 How smart is the compiler? ...... 484 Contravariance .......................... 485 Unbounded wildcards ............... 488 Capture conversion ................... 492 Issues ................................. 493 No primitives as type parameters .................... 493 Implementing parameterized interfaces ........... 495 Casting and warnings ............... 496 Overloading ............................... 498 Base class hijacks an interface .. 498 Self-bounded types ............ 500 Curiously recurring generics .... 500 Self-bounding ............................ 501 Argument covariance ................ 503 Dynamic type safety .......... 506 Exceptions ......................... 507 Mixins ................................ 509 Mixins in C++ ........................... 509 Mixing with interfaces ............... 510 Using the Decorator pattern ....... 511 Mixins with dynamic proxies .... 512 Latent typing ....................... 514 Compensating for the lack of latent typing ...... 518 Reflection ................................... 518 Applying a method to a sequence .............................. 519 When you don’t happen to have the right interface .......... 521 Simulating latent typing with adapters ............................. 523 Using function objects as strategies ....................... 526 Summary: Is casting really so bad? ...................... 531 Further reading .......................... 533 Arrays 535 Why arrays are special ........535 Arrays are first-class objects ............... 536 Returning an array ............. 539 Multidimensional arrays .................................. 540 Arrays and generics ........... 543 Creating test data ............... 546 Arrays.fill() ............................. 546 Data Generators ...................... 547 Creating arrays from Generators ..................... 551 Arrays utilities .................. 555 Copying an array ........................ 555 Comparing arrays ...................... 556 Array element comparisons ...... 557 Sorting an array .........................560 Searching a sorted array ............ 561 Summary ............................ 564 Containers in Depth 567 Full container taxonomy .... 567 Filling containers ............... 568 A Generator solution .............. 569 Map generators ......................... 570 Using Abstract classes ............. 573 Collection functionality ....................... 580 Optional operations ........... 582 Unsupported operations............ 583 List functionality ............... 586 Sets and storage order ...... 589 SortedSet ................................. 591 Queues ................................ 594 Priority queues ........................... 594 Deques ....................................... 595 Understanding Maps ........ 598 Performance .............................. 599 SortedMap ............................. 602 LinkedHashMap ................... 603 Hashing and hash codes .... 605 Understanding hashCodeQ .... 607 Hashing for speed ...................... 610 Overriding hashCode() ........... 613 Choosing an implementation .............. 617 A performance test framework ........................... 618 Choosing between Lists ............ 621 Microbenchmarking dangers .... 626 Choosing between Sets ............. 627 Choosing between Maps ........... 629 Utilities ............................... 632 Sorting and searching Lists ...... 635 Making a Collection or Map unmodifiable ............... 636 Synchronizing a Collection or Map ................... 637 Holding references ............ 639 The WeakHashMap .............. 640 Java 1.0/1.1 containers ...... 642 Vector & Enumeration ........ 642 Hashtable ............................... 643 Stack ........................................ 643 BitSet ....................................... 644 Summary ............................ 646 I/O 647 The File class .................... 647 A directory lister ........................ 647 Directory utilities ...................... 650 Checking for and creating directories ............. 654 Input and output ............... 656 Types of InputStream ............. 657 Types of OutputStream ......... 658 Adding attributes and useful interfaces .......... 659 Reading from an InputStream with FilterlnputStream ........ 660 Writing to an OutputStream with FilterOutputStream ...... 661 Readers & Writers ......... 662 Sources and sinks of data ......... 662 Modifying stream behavior ...... 663 Unchanged classes .................... 664 Off by itself: RandomAccessFile ....... 665 Typical uses of I/O streams .................... 665 Buffered input file ...................... 665 Input from memory .................. 666 Formatted memory input .......... 667 Basic file output ........................ 668 Storing and recovering data ..... 669 Reading and writing random-access files .................. 670 Piped streams ............................ 672 File reading & writing utilities ............... 672 Reading binary files ................... 674 Standard I/O ....................... 675 Reading from standard input .... 675 Changing System.out to a PrintWriter ...................... 676 Redirecting standard I/O .......... 676 Process control ................... 677 New I/O ............................. 679 Converting data.......................... 681 Fetching primitives ................... 684 View buffers ............................... 685 Data manipulation with buffers ............................... 688 Buffer details ............................. 689 Memory-mapped files ............... 692 File locking ................................. 695 Compression ...................... 698 Simple compression with GZIP .................................. 698 Multifile storage with Zip .......... 699 Java ARchives (JARs) ................ 701 Object serialization ............ 703 Finding the class ........................ 706 Controlling serialization ............ 707 Using persistence ....................... 713 XML .................................... 718 Preferences .......................... 721 Summary ............................ 722 Enumerated Types 725 Basic enum features ......... 725 Using static imports with enums ............................... 726 Adding methods to an enum ........................ 727 Overriding enum methods ....... 728 enums in switch statements ............. 728 The mystery of values() ........................ 729 Implements, not inherits ......................... 732 Random selection .............. 732 Using interfaces for organization .................. 734 Using EnumSet instead of flags ................... 737 Using EnumMap ............. 739 Constant-specific methods .............................. 740 Chain of Responsibility with enums ............................... 743 State machines with enums ..... 746 Multiple dispatching ........... 751 Dispatching with enums .......... 753 Using constant-specific methods ......... 755 Dispatching with EnumMaps ...................... 756 Using a 2-D array ....................... 757 Summary ............................ 759 Annotations 761 Basic syntax ....................... 762 Defining annotations ................. 762 Meta-annotations ...................... 763 Writing annotation processors ........ 765 Annotation elements ................. 765 Default value constraints ........... 766 Generating external files............ 766 Annotations don’t support inheritance ................... 769 Implementing the processor...... 769 Using apt to process annotations ............ 772 Using the Visitor pattern with apt .............................. 775 Annotation-based unit testing .......................... 778 Using @Unit with generics ....... 785 No “suites” necessary .................786 Implementing @Unit ............... 787 Removing test code .................... 792 Summary ............................. 795 Concurrency 797 The many faces of concurrency ....................... 798 Faster execution .........................798 Improving code design ............. 800 Basic threading .................. 801 Defining tasks ............................ 801 The Thread class ..................... 802 Using Executors ..................... 804 Producing return values from tasks ................................. 806 Sleeping ..................................... 808 Priority ...................................... 809 Yielding ...................................... 810 Daemon threads ......................... 810 Coding variations ....................... 814 Terminology ............................... 819 Joining a thread ......................... 819 Creating responsive user interfaces ............................ 821 Thread groups ........................... 822 Catching exceptions .................. 822 Sharing resources .............. 824 Improperly accessing resources ................... 825 Resolving shared resource contention ................... 827 Atomicity and volatility ............. 831 Atomic classes ........................... 836 Critical sections .......................... 837 Synchronizing on other objects .............................. 841 Thread local storage ..................843 Terminating tasks .............. 844 The ornamental garden ............ 844 Terminating when blocked ........ 847 Interruption .............................. 848 Checking for an interrupt .......... 854 Cooperation between tasks ..................... 856 wait() and notifyAll() ............ 857 notify() vs. notifyAll() ........... 861 Producers and consumers ........ 863 Producer-consumers and queues ................................ 868 Using pipes for I/O between tasks ............................. 872 Deadlock ............................. 874 New library components ........................ 879 CountDownLatch .................. 879 CyclicBarrier .......................... 881 DelayQueue ........................... 883 PriorityBlockingQueue....... 885 The greenhouse controller with ScheduledExecutor ...... 887 Semaphore ............................. 890 Exchanger .............................. 893 Simulation .......................... 896 Bank teller simulation .............. 896 The restaurant simulation ........ 900 Distributing work ..................... 904 Performance tuning ........... 909 Comparing mutex technologies ................... 909 Lock-free containers .................. 916 Optimistic locking...................... 922 ReadWriteLocks .................... 923 Active objects ..................... 925 Summary ............................ 929 Further reading .......................... 931 Graphical User Interfaces 933 Applets ............................... 935 Swing basics ....................... 935 A display framework .................. 937 Making a button ................. 938 Capturing an event ............. 939 Text areas ........................... 941 Controlling layout .............. 942 BorderLayout ......................... 942 FlowLayout ............................. 943 GridLayout .............................. 944 GridBagLayout....................... 944 Absolute positioning .................. 945 BoxLayout ............................... 945 The best approach? .................... 945 The Swing event model ..... 945 Event and listener types ........... 946 Tracking multiple events ........... 951 A selection of Swing components ............ 953 Buttons ....................................... 953 Icons .......................................... 955 Tool tips ..................................... 957 Text fields ................................... 957 Borders ....................................... 959 A mini-editor.............................. 959 Check boxes .............................. 960 Radio buttons ............................. 961 Combo boxes (drop-down lists) ...................... 962 List boxes .................................. 963 Tabbed panes ............................. 965 Message boxes ........................... 965 Menus ......................................... 967 Pop-up menus ............................ 972 Drawing ...................................... 973 Dialog boxes ............................... 975 File dialogs .................................978 HTML on Swing components .................... 980 Sliders and progress bars ......... 980 Selecting look & feel ................... 981 Trees, tables & clipboard .......... 983 JNLP and Java Web Start ................... 983 Concurrency & Swing ........ 988 Long-running tasks ................... 988 Visual threading ........................ 994 Visual programming and JavaBeans ................... 996 What is a JavaBean? ................. 996 Extracting Beanlnfo with the Introspector ............ 998 A more sophisticated Bean ..... 1002 JavaBeans and synchronization ....................... 1005 Packaging a Bean .................... 1008 More complex Bean support .. 1009 More to Beans .......................... 1010 Alternatives to Swing ........ 1010 Building Flash Web clients with Flex ................ 1011 Hello, Flex ................................. 1011 Compiling MXML .................... 1012 MXML and ActionScript.......... 1013 Containers and controls........... 1013 Effects and styles ..................... 1015 Events ....................................... 1016

Not Using Commons Logging ................................................................... 12 Using SLF4J ............................................................................................ 13 Using Log4J ............................................................................................. 14 II. What’s New in Spring Framework 4.x .................................................................................... 16 3. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.0 ............................................ 17 3.1. Improved Getting Started Experience .................................................................. 17 3.2. Removed Deprecated Packages and Methods .................................................... 17 3.3. Java 8 (as well as 6 and 7) ............................................................................... 17 3.4. Java EE 6 and 7 ............................................................................................... 18 3.5. Groovy Bean Definition DSL .............................................................................. 18 3.6. Core Container Improvements ............................................................................ 19 3.7. General Web Improvements ............................................................................... 19 3.8. WebSocket, SockJS, and STOMP Messaging ..................................................... 19 3.9. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 20 III. Core Technologies .............................................................................................................. 21 4. The IoC container ........................................................................................................ 22 4.1. Introduction to the Spring IoC container and beans .............................................. 22 4.2. Container overview ............................................................................................ 22 Configuration metadata ..................................................................................... 23 Instantiating a container .................................................................................... 24 Composing XML-based configuration metadata .......................................... 25 Using the container .......................................................................................... 26 4.3. Bean overview ................................................................................................... 27 Naming beans .................................................................................................. 28 Aliasing a bean outside the bean definition ................................................ 28 Instantiating beans ........................................................................................... 29 Instantiation with a constructor .................................................................. 29 Instantiation with a static factory method .................................................... 30 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation iii Instantiation using an instance factory method ........................................... 30 4.4. Dependencies ................................................................................................... 32 Dependency injection ....................................................................................... 32 Constructor-based dependency injection .................................................... 32 Setter-based dependency injection ............................................................ 34 Dependency resolution process ................................................................. 35 Examples of dependency injection ............................................................. 36 Dependencies and configuration in detail ........................................................... 38 Straight values (primitives, Strings, and so on) ........................................... 38 References to other beans (collaborators) .................................................. 40 Inner beans .............................................................................................. 41 Collections ............................................................................................... 41 Null and empty string values ..................................................................... 44 XML shortcut with the p-namespace .......................................................... 44 XML shortcut with the c-namespace .......................................................... 46 Compound property names ....................................................................... 46 Using depends-on ............................................................................................ 47 Lazy-initialized beans ....................................................................................... 47 Autowiring collaborators .................................................................................... 48 Limitations and disadvantages of autowiring ............................................... 49 Excluding a bean from autowiring .............................................................. 50 Method injection ............................................................................................... 50 Lookup method injection ........................................................................... 51 Arbitrary method replacement ................................................................... 53 4.5. Bean scopes ..................................................................................................... 54 The singleton scope ......................................................................................... 55 The prototype scope ......................................................................................... 55 Singleton beans with prototype-bean dependencies ............................................ 56 Request, session, and global session scopes .................................................... 56 Initial web configuration ............................................................................ 57 Request scope ......................................................................................... 58 Session scope .......................................................................................... 58 Global session scope ............................................................................... 58 Scoped beans as dependencies ................................................................ 58 Custom scopes ................................................................................................ 60 Creating a custom scope .......................................................................... 60 Using a custom scope .............................................................................. 61 4.6. Customizing the nature of a bean ....................................................................... 62 Lifecycle callbacks ............................................................................................ 62 Initialization callbacks ............................................................................... 63 Destruction callbacks ................................................................................ 64 Default initialization and destroy methods .................................................. 64 Combining lifecycle mechanisms ............................................................... 66 Startup and shutdown callbacks ................................................................ 66 Shutting down the Spring IoC container gracefully in non-web applications ................................................................................................................. 68 ApplicationContextAware and BeanNameAware ................................................. 68 Other Aware interfaces ..................................................................................... 69 4.7. Bean definition inheritance ................................................................................. 71 4.8. Container Extension Points ................................................................................ 72 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation iv Customizing beans using a BeanPostProcessor ................................................. 72 Example: Hello World, BeanPostProcessor-style ........................................ 74 Example: The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor ............................... 75 Customizing configuration metadata with a BeanFactoryPostProcessor ................ 75 Example: the Class name substitution PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer .......... 76 Example: the PropertyOverrideConfigurer .................................................. 77 Customizing instantiation logic with a FactoryBean ............................................. 78 4.9. Annotation-based container configuration ............................................................ 79 @Required ....................................................................................................... 80 @Autowired ..................................................................................................... 80 Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers ....................................... 83 Using generics as autowiring qualifiers .............................................................. 89 CustomAutowireConfigurer ................................................................................ 90 @Resource ...................................................................................................... 90 @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy .................................................................... 92 4.10. Classpath scanning and managed components ................................................. 92 @Component and further stereotype annotations ............................................... 93 Meta-annotations .............................................................................................. 93 Automatically detecting classes and registering bean definitions .......................... 94 Using filters to customize scanning ................................................................... 95 Defining bean metadata within components ....................................................... 96 Naming autodetected components ..................................................................... 97 Providing a scope for autodetected components ................................................ 98 Providing qualifier metadata with annotations ..................................................... 99 4.11. Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations ............................................................... 99 Dependency Injection with @Inject and @Named ............................................. 100 @Named: a standard equivalent to the @Component annotation ....................... 100 Limitations of the standard approach ............................................................... 101 4.12. Java-based container configuration ................................................................. 102 Basic concepts: @Bean and @Configuration ................................................... 102 Instantiating the Spring container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ....... 103 Simple construction ................................................................................ 103 Building the container programmatically using register(Class…) ........... 104 Enabling component scanning with scan(String…) .................................... 104 Support for web applications with AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext ............................................................................................................... 105 Using the @Bean annotation .......................................................................... 106 Declaring a bean .................................................................................... 107 Receiving lifecycle callbacks ................................................................... 107 Specifying bean scope ............................................................................ 108 Customizing bean naming ....................................................................... 109 Bean aliasing ......................................................................................... 109 Bean description ..................................................................................... 110 Using the @Configuration annotation ............................................................... 110 Injecting inter-bean dependencies ............................................................ 110 Lookup method injection ......................................................................... 111 Further information about how Java-based configuration works internally .... 111 Composing Java-based configurations ............................................................. 112 Using the @Import annotation ................................................................. 112 Conditionally including @Configuration classes or @Beans ....................... 116 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation v Combining Java and XML configuration ................................................... 117 4.13. Bean definition profiles and environment abstraction ........................................ 120 4.14. PropertySource Abstraction ............................................................................ 120 4.15. Registering a LoadTimeWeaver ...................................................................... 120 4.16. Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext .............................................. 120 Internationalization using MessageSource ........................................................ 121 Standard and Custom Events .......................................................................... 124 Convenient access to low-level resources ........................................................ 127 Convenient ApplicationContext instantiation for web applications ....................... 128 Deploying a Spring ApplicationContext as a J2EE RAR file ............................... 128 4.17. The BeanFactory ........................................................................................... 129 BeanFactory or ApplicationContext? ................................................................ 129 Glue code and the evil singleton ..................................................................... 131 5. Resources .................................................................................................................. 132 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 132 5.2. The Resource interface .................................................................................... 132 5.3. Built-in Resource implementations .................................................................... 133 UrlResource ................................................................................................... 133 ClassPathResource ........................................................................................ 133 FileSystemResource ....................................................................................... 134 ServletContextResource .................................................................................. 134 InputStreamResource ..................................................................................... 134 ByteArrayResource ......................................................................................... 134 5.4. The ResourceLoader ....................................................................................... 134 5.5. The ResourceLoaderAware interface ................................................................ 135 5.6. Resources as dependencies ............................................................................. 136 5.7. Application contexts and Resource paths .......................................................... 137 Constructing application contexts ..................................................................... 137 Constructing ClassPathXmlApplicationContext instances - shortcuts .......... 137 Wildcards in application context constructor resource paths ............................... 138 Ant-style Patterns ................................................................................... 138 The Classpath*: portability classpath*: prefix ............................................ 139 Other notes relating to wildcards ............................................................. 139 FileSystemResource caveats .......................................................................... 140 6. Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion ............................................................ 141 6.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 141 6.2. Validation using Spring’s Validator interface ...................................................... 141 6.3. Resolving codes to error messages .................................................................. 143 6.4. Bean manipulation and the BeanWrapper ......................................................... 144 Setting and getting basic and nested properties ............................................... 144 Built-in PropertyEditor implementations ............................................................ 146 Registering additional custom PropertyEditors .......................................... 149 6.5. Spring Type Conversion ................................................................................... 151 Converter SPI ................................................................................................ 151 ConverterFactory ............................................................................................ 152 GenericConverter ........................................................................................... 153 ConditionalGenericConverter ................................................................... 154 ConversionService API ................................................................................... 154 Configuring a ConversionService ..................................................................... 154 Using a ConversionService programmatically ................................................... 155 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation vi 6.6. Spring Field Formatting .................................................................................... 155 Formatter SPI ................................................................................................. 156 Annotation-driven Formatting ........................................................................... 157 Format Annotation API ............................................................................ 158 FormatterRegistry SPI ..................................................................................... 159 FormatterRegistrar SPI ................................................................................... 159 Configuring Formatting in Spring MVC ............................................................. 159 6.7. Configuring a global date & time format ............................................................ 161 6.8. Spring Validation ............................................................................................. 163 Overview of the JSR-303 Bean Validation API ................................................. 163 Configuring a Bean Validation Provider ............................................................ 164 Injecting a Validator ................................................................................ 164 Configuring Custom Constraints .............................................................. 164 Additional Configuration Options .............................................................. 165 Configuring a DataBinder ................................................................................ 165 Spring MVC 3 Validation ................................................................................. 166 Triggering @Controller Input Validation .................................................... 166 Configuring a Validator for use by Spring MVC ......................................... 166 Configuring a JSR-303/JSR-349 Validator for use by Spring MVC .............. 167 7. Spring Expression Language (SpEL) ........................................................................... 168 7.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 168 7.2. Feature Overview ............................................................................................ 168 7.3. Expression Evaluation using Spring’s Expression Interface ................................. 169 The EvaluationContext interface ...................................................................... 171 Type Conversion .................................................................................... 171 7.4. Expression support for defining bean definitions ................................................ 172 XML based configuration ................................................................................ 172 Annotation-based configuration ........................................................................ 173 7.5. Language Reference ........................................................................................ 174 Literal expressions .......................................................................................... 174 Properties, Arrays, Lists, Maps, Indexers ......................................................... 174 Inline lists ....................................................................................................... 175 Array construction ........................................................................................... 175 Methods ......................................................................................................... 176 Operators ....................................................................................................... 176 Relational operators ................................................................................ 176 Logical operators .................................................................................... 177 Mathematical operators ........................................................................... 177 Assignment .................................................................................................... 178 Types ............................................................................................................. 178 Constructors ................................................................................................... 179 Variables ........................................................................................................ 179 The #this and #root variables .................................................................. 179 Functions ....................................................................................................... 180 Bean references ............................................................................................. 180 Ternary Operator (If-Then-Else) ....................................................................... 180 The Elvis Operator ......................................................................................... 181 Safe Navigation operator ................................................................................ 181 Collection Selection ........................................................................................ 182 Collection Projection ....................................................................................... 182 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation vii Expression templating ..................................................................................... 183 7.6. Classes used in the examples .......................................................................... 183 8. Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring ................................................................... 187 8.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 187 AOP concepts ................................................................................................ 187 Spring AOP capabilities and goals ................................................................... 189 AOP Proxies .................................................................................................. 190 8.2. @AspectJ support ........................................................................................... 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support ............................................................................ 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support with Java configuration ................................. 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support with XML configuration ................................. 191 Declaring an aspect ........................................................................................ 191 Declaring a pointcut ........................................................................................ 192 Supported Pointcut Designators .............................................................. 192 Combining pointcut expressions .............................................................. 194 Sharing common pointcut definitions ........................................................ 194 Examples ............................................................................................... 196 Writing good pointcuts ............................................................................ 198 Declaring advice ............................................................................................. 199 Before advice ......................................................................................... 199 After returning advice .............................................................................. 200 After throwing advice .............................................................................. 200 After (finally) advice ................................................................................ 201 Around advice ........................................................................................ 202 Advice parameters .................................................................................. 203 Advice ordering ...................................................................................... 206 Introductions ................................................................................................... 206 Aspect instantiation models ............................................................................. 207 Example ......................................................................................................... 208 8.3. Schema-based AOP support ............................................................................ 209 Declaring an aspect ........................................................................................ 210 Declaring a pointcut ........................................................................................ 210 Declaring advice ............................................................................................. 212 Before advice ......................................................................................... 212 After returning advice .............................................................................. 212 After throwing advice .............................................................................. 213 After (finally) advice ................................................................................ 214 Around advice ........................................................................................ 214 Advice parameters .................................................................................. 215 Advice ordering ...................................................................................... 216 Introductions ................................................................................................... 217 Aspect instantiation models ............................................................................. 217 Advisors ......................................................................................................... 217 Example ......................................................................................................... 218 8.4. Choosing which AOP declaration style to use .................................................... 220 Spring AOP or full AspectJ? ........................................................................... 220 @AspectJ or XML for Spring AOP? ................................................................. 221 8.5. Mixing aspect types ......................................................................................... 222 8.6. Proxying mechanisms ...................................................................................... 222 Understanding AOP proxies ............................................................................ 223 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation viii 8.7. Programmatic creation of @AspectJ Proxies ..................................................... 225 8.8. Using AspectJ with Spring applications ............................................................. 225 Using AspectJ to dependency inject domain objects with Spring ........................ 226 Unit testing @Configurable objects .......................................................... 228 Working with multiple application contexts ................................................ 228 Other Spring aspects for AspectJ .................................................................... 229 Configuring AspectJ aspects using Spring IoC ................................................. 229 Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework ................................. 230 A first example ....................................................................................... 231 Aspects .................................................................................................. 234 ' META-INF/aop.xml' ............................................................................... 234 Required libraries (JARS) ........................................................................ 234 Spring configuration ................................................................................ 235 Environment-specific configuration ........................................................... 237 8.9. Further Resources ........................................................................................... 239 9. Spring AOP APIs ....................................................................................................... 240 9.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 240 9.2. Pointcut API in Spring ...................................................................................... 240 Concepts ........................................................................................................ 240 Operations on pointcuts .................................................................................. 241 AspectJ expression pointcuts .......................................................................... 241 Convenience pointcut implementations ............................................................ 241 Static pointcuts ....................................................................................... 241 Dynamic pointcuts .................................................................................. 242 Pointcut superclasses ..................................................................................... 243 Custom pointcuts ............................................................................................ 243 9.3. Advice API in Spring ........................................................................................ 243 Advice lifecycles ............................................................................................. 243 Advice types in Spring .................................................................................... 244 Interception around advice ...................................................................... 244 Before advice ......................................................................................... 244 Throws advice ........................................................................................ 245 After Returning advice ............................................................................ 246 Introduction advice .................................................................................. 247 9.4. Advisor API in Spring ....................................................................................... 249 9.5. Using the ProxyFactoryBean to create AOP proxies ........................................... 250 Basics ............................................................................................................ 250 JavaBean properties ....................................................................................... 250 JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies ...................................................................... 251 Proxying interfaces ......................................................................................... 252 Proxying classes ............................................................................................ 254 Using global advisors ...................................................................................... 255 9.6. Concise proxy definitions ................................................................................. 255 9.7. Creating AOP proxies programmatically with the ProxyFactory ............................ 256 9.8. Manipulating advised objects ............................................................................ 257 9.9. Using the "auto-proxy" facility ........................................................................... 258 Autoproxy bean definitions .............................................................................. 258 BeanNameAutoProxyCreator ................................................................... 259 DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator .............................................................. 259 AbstractAdvisorAutoProxyCreator ............................................................ 260 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation ix Using metadata-driven auto-proxying ............................................................... 260 9.10. Using TargetSources ...................................................................................... 262 Hot swappable target sources ......................................................................... 263 Pooling target sources .................................................................................... 263 Prototype target sources ................................................................................. 265 ThreadLocal target sources ............................................................................. 265 9.11. Defining new Advice types ............................................................................. 265 9.12. Further resources ........................................................................................... 266 10. Testing ..................................................................................................................... 267 10.1. Introduction to Spring Testing ......................................................................... 267 10.2. Unit Testing ................................................................................................... 267 Mock Objects ................................................................................................. 267 Environment ........................................................................................... 267 JNDI ...................................................................................................... 267 Servlet API ............................................................................................. 267 Portlet API ............................................................................................. 268 Unit Testing support Classes .......................................................................... 268 General utilities ...................................................................................... 268 Spring MVC ........................................................................................... 268 10.3. Integration Testing ......................................................................................... 268 Overview ........................................................................................................ 268 Goals of Integration Testing ............................................................................ 269 Context management and caching ........................................................... 269 Dependency Injection of test fixtures ....................................................... 269 Transaction management ........................................................................ 270 Support classes for integration testing ..................................................... 270 JDBC Testing Support .................................................................................... 271 Annotations .................................................................................................... 271 Spring Testing Annotations ..................................................................... 271 Standard Annotation Support .................................................................. 276 Spring JUnit Testing Annotations ............................................................. 277 Meta-Annotation Support for Testing ........................................................ 278 Spring TestContext Framework ....................................................................... 279 Key abstractions ..................................................................................... 280 Context management .............................................................................. 281 Dependency injection of test fixtures ........................................................ 297 Testing request and session scoped beans .............................................. 299 Transaction management ........................................................................ 301 TestContext Framework support classes .................................................. 304 Spring MVC Test Framework .......................................................................... 306 Server-Side Tests ................................................................................... 306 Client-Side REST Tests .......................................................................... 312 PetClinic Example .......................................................................................... 313 10.4. Further Resources ......................................................................................... 314 IV. Data Access ..................................................................................................................... 316 11. Transaction Management .......................................................................................... 317 11.1. Introduction to Spring Framework transaction management .............................. 317 11.2. Advantages of the Spring Framework’s transaction support model ..................... 317 Global transactions ......................................................................................... 317 Local transactions ........................................................................................... 318 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation x Spring Framework’s consistent programming model ......................................... 318 11.3. Understanding the Spring Framework transaction abstraction ............................ 319 11.4. Synchronizing resources with transactions ....................................................... 323 High-level synchronization approach ................................................................ 323 Low-level synchronization approach ................................................................. 323 TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy ................................................................. 324 11.5. Declarative transaction management ............................................................... 324 Understanding the Spring Framework’s declarative transaction implementation ... 325 Example of declarative transaction implementation ........................................... 326 Rolling back a declarative transaction .............................................................. 330 Configuring different transactional semantics for different beans ........................ 331 settings ....................................................................................... 333 Using @Transactional ..................................................................................... 335 @Transactional settings .......................................................................... 339 Multiple Transaction Managers with @Transactional ................................. 340 Custom shortcut annotations ................................................................... 341 Transaction propagation .................................................................................. 341 Required ................................................................................................ 342 RequiresNew .......................................................................................... 342 Nested ................................................................................................... 343 Advising transactional operations ..................................................................... 343 Using @Transactional with AspectJ ................................................................. 346 11.6. Programmatic transaction management ........................................................... 347 Using the TransactionTemplate ....................................................................... 347 Specifying transaction settings ................................................................ 349 Using the PlatformTransactionManager ............................................................ 349 11.7. Choosing between programmatic and declarative transaction management ........ 350 11.8. Application server-specific integration .............................................................. 350 IBM WebSphere ............................................................................................. 351 Oracle WebLogic Server ................................................................................. 351 11.9. Solutions to common problems ....................................................................... 351 Use of the wrong transaction manager for a specific DataSource ....................... 351 11.10. Further Resources ....................................................................................... 351 12. DAO support ............................................................................................................ 352 12.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 352 12.2. Consistent exception hierarchy ....................................................................... 352 12.3. Annotations used for configuring DAO or Repository classes ............................ 353 13. Data access with JDBC ............................................................................................ 355 13.1. Introduction to Spring Framework JDBC .......................................................... 355 Choosing an approach for JDBC database access ........................................... 355 Package hierarchy .......................................................................................... 356 13.2. Using the JDBC core classes to control basic JDBC processing and error handling ................................................................................................................. 357 JdbcTemplate ................................................................................................. 357 Examples of JdbcTemplate class usage ................................................... 357 JdbcTemplate best practices ................................................................... 359 NamedParameterJdbcTemplate ....................................................................... 361 SQLExceptionTranslator .................................................................................. 363 Executing statements ...................................................................................... 365 Running queries ............................................................................................. 365 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xi Updating the database .................................................................................... 366 Retrieving auto-generated keys ....................................................................... 367 13.3. Controlling database connections .................................................................... 367 DataSource .................................................................................................... 367 DataSourceUtils .............................................................................................. 369 SmartDataSource ........................................................................................... 369 AbstractDataSource ........................................................................................ 369 SingleConnectionDataSource .......................................................................... 369 DriverManagerDataSource .............................................................................. 369 TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy ................................................................. 370 DataSourceTransactionManager ...................................................................... 370 NativeJdbcExtractor ........................................................................................ 370 13.4. JDBC batch operations .................................................................................. 371 Basic batch operations with the JdbcTemplate ................................................. 371 Batch operations with a List of objects ............................................................. 372 Batch operations with multiple batches ............................................................ 373 13.5. Simplifying JDBC operations with the SimpleJdbc classes ................................ 374 Inserting data using SimpleJdbcInsert .............................................................. 374 Retrieving auto-generated keys using SimpleJdbcInsert .................................... 375 Specifying columns for a SimpleJdbcInsert ...................................................... 376 Using SqlParameterSource to provide parameter values ................................... 376 Calling a stored procedure with SimpleJdbcCall ............................................... 377 Explicitly declaring parameters to use for a SimpleJdbcCall ............................... 379 How to define SqlParameters .......................................................................... 380 Calling a stored function using SimpleJdbcCall ................................................. 381 Returning ResultSet/REF Cursor from a SimpleJdbcCall ................................... 381 13.6. Modeling JDBC operations as Java objects ..................................................... 382 SqlQuery ........................................................................................................ 383 MappingSqlQuery ........................................................................................... 383 SqlUpdate ...................................................................................................... 384 StoredProcedure ............................................................................................. 385 13.7. Common problems with parameter and data value handling .............................. 388 Providing SQL type information for parameters ................................................. 389 Handling BLOB and CLOB objects .................................................................. 389 Passing in lists of values for IN clause ............................................................ 390 Handling complex types for stored procedure calls ........................................... 391 13.8. Embedded database support .......................................................................... 392 Why use an embedded database? .................................................................. 392 Creating an embedded database instance using Spring XML ............................ 392 Creating an embedded database instance programmatically .............................. 392 Extending the embedded database support ...................................................... 393 Using HSQL ................................................................................................... 393 Using H2 ........................................................................................................ 393 Using Derby ................................................................................................... 393 Testing data access logic with an embedded database ..................................... 393 13.9. Initializing a DataSource ................................................................................. 394 Initializing a database instance using Spring XML ............................................. 394 Initialization of Other Components that Depend on the Database ............... 395 14. Object Relational Mapping (ORM) Data Access .......................................................... 397 14.1. Introduction to ORM with Spring ..................................................................... 397 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xii 14.2. General ORM integration considerations ......................................................... 398 Resource and transaction management ........................................................... 398 Exception translation ....................................................................................... 399 14.3. Hibernate ....................................................................................................... 399 SessionFactory setup in a Spring container ...................................................... 400 Implementing DAOs based on plain Hibernate 3 API ........................................ 400 Declarative transaction demarcation ................................................................ 402 Programmatic transaction demarcation ............................................................ 404 Transaction management strategies ................................................................ 405 Comparing container-managed and locally defined resources ............................ 407 Spurious application server warnings with Hibernate ......................................... 408 14.4. JDO .............................................................................................................. 409 PersistenceManagerFactory setup ................................................................... 409 Implementing DAOs based on the plain JDO API ............................................. 410 Transaction management ................................................................................ 412 JdoDialect ...................................................................................................... 413 14.5. JPA ............................................................................................................... 414 Three options for JPA setup in a Spring environment ........................................ 414 LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean .............................................................. 414 Obtaining an EntityManagerFactory from JNDI ......................................... 415 LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean ............................................... 415 Dealing with multiple persistence units ..................................................... 417 Implementing DAOs based on plain JPA .......................................................... 418 Transaction Management ................................................................................ 420 JpaDialect ...................................................................................................... 421 15. Marshalling XML using O/X Mappers ......................................................................... 423 15.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 423 Ease of configuration ...................................................................................... 423 Consistent Interfaces ...................................................................................... 423 Consistent Exception Hierarchy ....................................................................... 423 15.2. Marshaller and Unmarshaller .......................................................................... 423 Marshaller ...................................................................................................... 423 Unmarshaller .................................................................................................. 424 XmlMappingException ..................................................................................... 425 15.3. Using Marshaller and Unmarshaller ................................................................. 425 15.4. XML Schema-based Configuration .................................................................. 427 15.5. JAXB ............................................................................................................. 427 Jaxb2Marshaller ............................................................................................. 428 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 428 15.6. Castor ........................................................................................................... 429 CastorMarshaller ............................................................................................ 429 Mapping ......................................................................................................... 429 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 429 15.7. XMLBeans ..................................................................................................... 430 XmlBeansMarshaller ....................................................................................... 430 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 430 15.8. JiBX .............................................................................................................. 431 JibxMarshaller ................................................................................................ 431 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 431 15.9. XStream ........................................................................................................ 432 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xiii XStreamMarshaller ......................................................................................... 432 V. The Web ........................................................................................................................... 434 16. Web MVC framework ................................................................................................ 435 16.1. Introduction to Spring Web MVC framework .................................................... 435 Features of Spring Web MVC ......................................................................... 436 Pluggability of other MVC implementations ...................................................... 437 16.2. The DispatcherServlet .................................................................................... 437 Special Bean Types In the WebApplicationContext ........................................... 440 Default DispatcherServlet Configuration ........................................................... 441 DispatcherServlet Processing Sequence .......................................................... 441 16.3. Implementing Controllers ................................................................................ 443 Defining a controller with @Controller .............................................................. 443 Mapping Requests With Using @RequestMapping ........................................... 444 New Support Classes for @RequestMapping methods in Spring MVC 3.1 .. 446 URI Template Patterns ........................................................................... 447 URI Template Patterns with Regular Expressions ..................................... 448 Path Patterns ......................................................................................... 449 Patterns with Placeholders ...................................................................... 449 Matrix Variables ...................................................................................... 449 Consumable Media Types ....................................................................... 450 Producible Media Types .......................................................................... 451 Request Parameters and Header Values ................................................. 451 Defining @RequestMapping handler methods .................................................. 452 Supported method argument types .......................................................... 452 Supported method return types ............................................................... 454 Binding request parameters to method parameters with @RequestParam ... 455 Mapping the request body with the @RequestBody annotation .................. 456 Mapping the response body with the @ResponseBody annotation ............. 457 Creating REST Controllers with the @RestController annotation ................ 457 Using HttpEntity ...................................................................................... 457 Using @ModelAttribute on a method ....................................................... 458 Using @ModelAttribute on a method argument ......................................... 459 Using @SessionAttributes to store model attributes in the HTTP session between requests ................................................................................... 461 Specifying redirect and flash attributes ..................................................... 461 Working with "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" data ............................ 462 Mapping cookie values with the @CookieValue annotation ........................ 462 Mapping request header attributes with the @RequestHeader annotation ... 463 Method Parameters And Type Conversion ............................................... 463 Customizing WebDataBinder initialization ................................................. 464 Support for the Last-Modified Response Header To Facilitate Content Caching ................................................................................................. 465 Assisting Controllers with the @ControllerAdvice annotation ...................... 465 Asynchronous Request Processing .................................................................. 466 Exception Handling for Async Requests ................................................... 467 Intercepting Async Requests ................................................................... 467 Configuration for Async Request Processing ............................................ 468 Testing Controllers ......................................................................................... 469 16.4. Handler mappings .......................................................................................... 469 Intercepting requests with a HandlerInterceptor ................................................ 469 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xiv 16.5. Resolving views ............................................................................................. 471 Resolving views with the ViewResolver interface .............................................. 471 Chaining ViewResolvers ................................................................................. 473 Redirecting to views ....................................................................................... 474 RedirectView .......................................................................................... 474 The redirect: prefix ................................................................................. 475 The forward: prefix ................................................................................. 475 ContentNegotiatingViewResolver ..................................................................... 475 16.6. Using flash attributes ..................................................................................... 478 16.7. Building URIs ................................................................................................. 479 16.8. Building URIs to Controllers and methods ....................................................... 480 16.9. Using locales ................................................................................................. 480 Obtaining Time Zone Information .................................................................... 481 AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver .......................................................................... 481 CookieLocaleResolver ..................................................................................... 481 SessionLocaleResolver ................................................................................... 481 LocaleChangeInterceptor ................................................................................ 482 16.10. Using themes ............................................................................................... 482 Overview of themes ........................................................................................ 482 Defining themes ............................................................................................. 482 Theme resolvers ............................................................................................. 483 16.11. Spring’s multipart (file upload) support ........................................................... 483 Introduction .................................................................................................... 483 Using a MultipartResolver with Commons FileUpload ........................................ 484 Using a MultipartResolver with Servlet 3.0 ....................................................... 484 Handling a file upload in a form ...................................................................... 484 Handling a file upload request from programmatic clients .................................. 486 16.12. Handling exceptions ..................................................................................... 486 HandlerExceptionResolver ............

Not Using Commons Logging ................................................................... 12 Using SLF4J ............................................................................................ 13 Using Log4J ............................................................................................. 14 II. What’s New in Spring Framework 4.x .................................................................................... 16 3. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.0 ............................................ 17 3.1. Improved Getting Started Experience .................................................................. 17 3.2. Removed Deprecated Packages and Methods .................................................... 17 3.3. Java 8 (as well as 6 and 7) ............................................................................... 17 3.4. Java EE 6 and 7 ............................................................................................... 18 3.5. Groovy Bean Definition DSL .............................................................................. 18 3.6. Core Container Improvements ............................................................................ 19 3.7. General Web Improvements ............................................................................... 19 3.8. WebSocket, SockJS, and STOMP Messaging ..................................................... 19 3.9. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 20 III. Core Technologies .............................................................................................................. 21 4. The IoC container ........................................................................................................ 22 4.1. Introduction to the Spring IoC container and beans .............................................. 22 4.2. Container overview ............................................................................................ 22 Configuration metadata ..................................................................................... 23 Instantiating a container .................................................................................... 24 Composing XML-based configuration metadata .......................................... 25 Using the container .......................................................................................... 26 4.3. Bean overview ................................................................................................... 27 Naming beans .................................................................................................. 28 Aliasing a bean outside the bean definition ................................................ 28 Instantiating beans ........................................................................................... 29 Instantiation with a constructor .................................................................. 29 Instantiation with a static factory method .................................................... 30 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation iii Instantiation using an instance factory method ........................................... 30 4.4. Dependencies ................................................................................................... 32 Dependency injection ....................................................................................... 32 Constructor-based dependency injection .................................................... 32 Setter-based dependency injection ............................................................ 34 Dependency resolution process ................................................................. 35 Examples of dependency injection ............................................................. 36 Dependencies and configuration in detail ........................................................... 38 Straight values (primitives, Strings, and so on) ........................................... 38 References to other beans (collaborators) .................................................. 40 Inner beans .............................................................................................. 41 Collections ............................................................................................... 41 Null and empty string values ..................................................................... 44 XML shortcut with the p-namespace .......................................................... 44 XML shortcut with the c-namespace .......................................................... 46 Compound property names ....................................................................... 46 Using depends-on ............................................................................................ 47 Lazy-initialized beans ....................................................................................... 47 Autowiring collaborators .................................................................................... 48 Limitations and disadvantages of autowiring ............................................... 49 Excluding a bean from autowiring .............................................................. 50 Method injection ............................................................................................... 50 Lookup method injection ........................................................................... 51 Arbitrary method replacement ................................................................... 53 4.5. Bean scopes ..................................................................................................... 54 The singleton scope ......................................................................................... 55 The prototype scope ......................................................................................... 55 Singleton beans with prototype-bean dependencies ............................................ 56 Request, session, and global session scopes .................................................... 56 Initial web configuration ............................................................................ 57 Request scope ......................................................................................... 58 Session scope .......................................................................................... 58 Global session scope ............................................................................... 58 Scoped beans as dependencies ................................................................ 58 Custom scopes ................................................................................................ 60 Creating a custom scope .......................................................................... 60 Using a custom scope .............................................................................. 61 4.6. Customizing the nature of a bean ....................................................................... 62 Lifecycle callbacks ............................................................................................ 62 Initialization callbacks ............................................................................... 63 Destruction callbacks ................................................................................ 64 Default initialization and destroy methods .................................................. 64 Combining lifecycle mechanisms ............................................................... 66 Startup and shutdown callbacks ................................................................ 66 Shutting down the Spring IoC container gracefully in non-web applications ................................................................................................................. 68 ApplicationContextAware and BeanNameAware ................................................. 68 Other Aware interfaces ..................................................................................... 69 4.7. Bean definition inheritance ................................................................................. 71 4.8. Container Extension Points ................................................................................ 72 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation iv Customizing beans using a BeanPostProcessor ................................................. 72 Example: Hello World, BeanPostProcessor-style ........................................ 74 Example: The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor ............................... 75 Customizing configuration metadata with a BeanFactoryPostProcessor ................ 75 Example: the Class name substitution PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer .......... 76 Example: the PropertyOverrideConfigurer .................................................. 77 Customizing instantiation logic with a FactoryBean ............................................. 78 4.9. Annotation-based container configuration ............................................................ 79 @Required ....................................................................................................... 80 @Autowired ..................................................................................................... 80 Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers ....................................... 83 Using generics as autowiring qualifiers .............................................................. 89 CustomAutowireConfigurer ................................................................................ 90 @Resource ...................................................................................................... 90 @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy .................................................................... 92 4.10. Classpath scanning and managed components ................................................. 92 @Component and further stereotype annotations ............................................... 93 Meta-annotations .............................................................................................. 93 Automatically detecting classes and registering bean definitions .......................... 94 Using filters to customize scanning ................................................................... 95 Defining bean metadata within components ....................................................... 96 Naming autodetected components ..................................................................... 97 Providing a scope for autodetected components ................................................ 98 Providing qualifier metadata with annotations ..................................................... 99 4.11. Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations ............................................................... 99 Dependency Injection with @Inject and @Named ............................................. 100 @Named: a standard equivalent to the @Component annotation ....................... 100 Limitations of the standard approach ............................................................... 101 4.12. Java-based container configuration ................................................................. 102 Basic concepts: @Bean and @Configuration ................................................... 102 Instantiating the Spring container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ....... 103 Simple construction ................................................................................ 103 Building the container programmatically using register(Class…) ........... 104 Enabling component scanning with scan(String…) .................................... 104 Support for web applications with AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext ............................................................................................................... 105 Using the @Bean annotation .......................................................................... 106 Declaring a bean .................................................................................... 107 Receiving lifecycle callbacks ................................................................... 107 Specifying bean scope ............................................................................ 108 Customizing bean naming ....................................................................... 109 Bean aliasing ......................................................................................... 109 Bean description ..................................................................................... 110 Using the @Configuration annotation ............................................................... 110 Injecting inter-bean dependencies ............................................................ 110 Lookup method injection ......................................................................... 111 Further information about how Java-based configuration works internally .... 111 Composing Java-based configurations ............................................................. 112 Using the @Import annotation ................................................................. 112 Conditionally including @Configuration classes or @Beans ....................... 116 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation v Combining Java and XML configuration ................................................... 117 4.13. Bean definition profiles and environment abstraction ........................................ 120 4.14. PropertySource Abstraction ............................................................................ 120 4.15. Registering a LoadTimeWeaver ...................................................................... 120 4.16. Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext .............................................. 120 Internationalization using MessageSource ........................................................ 121 Standard and Custom Events .......................................................................... 124 Convenient access to low-level resources ........................................................ 127 Convenient ApplicationContext instantiation for web applications ....................... 128 Deploying a Spring ApplicationContext as a J2EE RAR file ............................... 128 4.17. The BeanFactory ........................................................................................... 129 BeanFactory or ApplicationContext? ................................................................ 129 Glue code and the evil singleton ..................................................................... 131 5. Resources .................................................................................................................. 132 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 132 5.2. The Resource interface .................................................................................... 132 5.3. Built-in Resource implementations .................................................................... 133 UrlResource ................................................................................................... 133 ClassPathResource ........................................................................................ 133 FileSystemResource ....................................................................................... 134 ServletContextResource .................................................................................. 134 InputStreamResource ..................................................................................... 134 ByteArrayResource ......................................................................................... 134 5.4. The ResourceLoader ....................................................................................... 134 5.5. The ResourceLoaderAware interface ................................................................ 135 5.6. Resources as dependencies ............................................................................. 136 5.7. Application contexts and Resource paths .......................................................... 137 Constructing application contexts ..................................................................... 137 Constructing ClassPathXmlApplicationContext instances - shortcuts .......... 137 Wildcards in application context constructor resource paths ............................... 138 Ant-style Patterns ................................................................................... 138 The Classpath*: portability classpath*: prefix ............................................ 139 Other notes relating to wildcards ............................................................. 139 FileSystemResource caveats .......................................................................... 140 6. Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion ............................................................ 141 6.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 141 6.2. Validation using Spring’s Validator interface ...................................................... 141 6.3. Resolving codes to error messages .................................................................. 143 6.4. Bean manipulation and the BeanWrapper ......................................................... 144 Setting and getting basic and nested properties ............................................... 144 Built-in PropertyEditor implementations ............................................................ 146 Registering additional custom PropertyEditors .......................................... 149 6.5. Spring Type Conversion ................................................................................... 151 Converter SPI ................................................................................................ 151 ConverterFactory ............................................................................................ 152 GenericConverter ........................................................................................... 153 ConditionalGenericConverter ................................................................... 154 ConversionService API ................................................................................... 154 Configuring a ConversionService ..................................................................... 154 Using a ConversionService programmatically ................................................... 155 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation vi 6.6. Spring Field Formatting .................................................................................... 155 Formatter SPI ................................................................................................. 156 Annotation-driven Formatting ........................................................................... 157 Format Annotation API ............................................................................ 158 FormatterRegistry SPI ..................................................................................... 159 FormatterRegistrar SPI ................................................................................... 159 Configuring Formatting in Spring MVC ............................................................. 159 6.7. Configuring a global date & time format ............................................................ 161 6.8. Spring Validation ............................................................................................. 163 Overview of the JSR-303 Bean Validation API ................................................. 163 Configuring a Bean Validation Provider ............................................................ 164 Injecting a Validator ................................................................................ 164 Configuring Custom Constraints .............................................................. 164 Additional Configuration Options .............................................................. 165 Configuring a DataBinder ................................................................................ 165 Spring MVC 3 Validation ................................................................................. 166 Triggering @Controller Input Validation .................................................... 166 Configuring a Validator for use by Spring MVC ......................................... 166 Configuring a JSR-303/JSR-349 Validator for use by Spring MVC .............. 167 7. Spring Expression Language (SpEL) ........................................................................... 168 7.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 168 7.2. Feature Overview ............................................................................................ 168 7.3. Expression Evaluation using Spring’s Expression Interface ................................. 169 The EvaluationContext interface ...................................................................... 171 Type Conversion .................................................................................... 171 7.4. Expression support for defining bean definitions ................................................ 172 XML based configuration ................................................................................ 172 Annotation-based configuration ........................................................................ 173 7.5. Language Reference ........................................................................................ 174 Literal expressions .......................................................................................... 174 Properties, Arrays, Lists, Maps, Indexers ......................................................... 174 Inline lists ....................................................................................................... 175 Array construction ........................................................................................... 175 Methods ......................................................................................................... 176 Operators ....................................................................................................... 176 Relational operators ................................................................................ 176 Logical operators .................................................................................... 177 Mathematical operators ........................................................................... 177 Assignment .................................................................................................... 178 Types ............................................................................................................. 178 Constructors ................................................................................................... 179 Variables ........................................................................................................ 179 The #this and #root variables .................................................................. 179 Functions ....................................................................................................... 180 Bean references ............................................................................................. 180 Ternary Operator (If-Then-Else) ....................................................................... 180 The Elvis Operator ......................................................................................... 181 Safe Navigation operator ................................................................................ 181 Collection Selection ........................................................................................ 182 Collection Projection ....................................................................................... 182 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation vii Expression templating ..................................................................................... 183 7.6. Classes used in the examples .......................................................................... 183 8. Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring ................................................................... 187 8.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 187 AOP concepts ................................................................................................ 187 Spring AOP capabilities and goals ................................................................... 189 AOP Proxies .................................................................................................. 190 8.2. @AspectJ support ........................................................................................... 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support ............................................................................ 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support with Java configuration ................................. 190 Enabling @AspectJ Support with XML configuration ................................. 191 Declaring an aspect ........................................................................................ 191 Declaring a pointcut ........................................................................................ 192 Supported Pointcut Designators .............................................................. 192 Combining pointcut expressions .............................................................. 194 Sharing common pointcut definitions ........................................................ 194 Examples ............................................................................................... 196 Writing good pointcuts ............................................................................ 198 Declaring advice ............................................................................................. 199 Before advice ......................................................................................... 199 After returning advice .............................................................................. 200 After throwing advice .............................................................................. 200 After (finally) advice ................................................................................ 201 Around advice ........................................................................................ 202 Advice parameters .................................................................................. 203 Advice ordering ...................................................................................... 206 Introductions ................................................................................................... 206 Aspect instantiation models ............................................................................. 207 Example ......................................................................................................... 208 8.3. Schema-based AOP support ............................................................................ 209 Declaring an aspect ........................................................................................ 210 Declaring a pointcut ........................................................................................ 210 Declaring advice ............................................................................................. 212 Before advice ......................................................................................... 212 After returning advice .............................................................................. 212 After throwing advice .............................................................................. 213 After (finally) advice ................................................................................ 214 Around advice ........................................................................................ 214 Advice parameters .................................................................................. 215 Advice ordering ...................................................................................... 216 Introductions ................................................................................................... 217 Aspect instantiation models ............................................................................. 217 Advisors ......................................................................................................... 217 Example ......................................................................................................... 218 8.4. Choosing which AOP declaration style to use .................................................... 220 Spring AOP or full AspectJ? ........................................................................... 220 @AspectJ or XML for Spring AOP? ................................................................. 221 8.5. Mixing aspect types ......................................................................................... 222 8.6. Proxying mechanisms ...................................................................................... 222 Understanding AOP proxies ............................................................................ 223 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation viii 8.7. Programmatic creation of @AspectJ Proxies ..................................................... 225 8.8. Using AspectJ with Spring applications ............................................................. 225 Using AspectJ to dependency inject domain objects with Spring ........................ 226 Unit testing @Configurable objects .......................................................... 228 Working with multiple application contexts ................................................ 228 Other Spring aspects for AspectJ .................................................................... 229 Configuring AspectJ aspects using Spring IoC ................................................. 229 Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework ................................. 230 A first example ....................................................................................... 231 Aspects .................................................................................................. 234 ' META-INF/aop.xml' ............................................................................... 234 Required libraries (JARS) ........................................................................ 234 Spring configuration ................................................................................ 235 Environment-specific configuration ........................................................... 237 8.9. Further Resources ........................................................................................... 239 9. Spring AOP APIs ....................................................................................................... 240 9.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 240 9.2. Pointcut API in Spring ...................................................................................... 240 Concepts ........................................................................................................ 240 Operations on pointcuts .................................................................................. 241 AspectJ expression pointcuts .......................................................................... 241 Convenience pointcut implementations ............................................................ 241 Static pointcuts ....................................................................................... 241 Dynamic pointcuts .................................................................................. 242 Pointcut superclasses ..................................................................................... 243 Custom pointcuts ............................................................................................ 243 9.3. Advice API in Spring ........................................................................................ 243 Advice lifecycles ............................................................................................. 243 Advice types in Spring .................................................................................... 244 Interception around advice ...................................................................... 244 Before advice ......................................................................................... 244 Throws advice ........................................................................................ 245 After Returning advice ............................................................................ 246 Introduction advice .................................................................................. 247 9.4. Advisor API in Spring ....................................................................................... 249 9.5. Using the ProxyFactoryBean to create AOP proxies ........................................... 250 Basics ............................................................................................................ 250 JavaBean properties ....................................................................................... 250 JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies ...................................................................... 251 Proxying interfaces ......................................................................................... 252 Proxying classes ............................................................................................ 254 Using global advisors ...................................................................................... 255 9.6. Concise proxy definitions ................................................................................. 255 9.7. Creating AOP proxies programmatically with the ProxyFactory ............................ 256 9.8. Manipulating advised objects ............................................................................ 257 9.9. Using the "auto-proxy" facility ........................................................................... 258 Autoproxy bean definitions .............................................................................. 258 BeanNameAutoProxyCreator ................................................................... 259 DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator .............................................................. 259 AbstractAdvisorAutoProxyCreator ............................................................ 260 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation ix Using metadata-driven auto-proxying ............................................................... 260 9.10. Using TargetSources ...................................................................................... 262 Hot swappable target sources ......................................................................... 263 Pooling target sources .................................................................................... 263 Prototype target sources ................................................................................. 265 ThreadLocal target sources ............................................................................. 265 9.11. Defining new Advice types ............................................................................. 265 9.12. Further resources ........................................................................................... 266 10. Testing ..................................................................................................................... 267 10.1. Introduction to Spring Testing ......................................................................... 267 10.2. Unit Testing ................................................................................................... 267 Mock Objects ................................................................................................. 267 Environment ........................................................................................... 267 JNDI ...................................................................................................... 267 Servlet API ............................................................................................. 267 Portlet API ............................................................................................. 268 Unit Testing support Classes .......................................................................... 268 General utilities ...................................................................................... 268 Spring MVC ........................................................................................... 268 10.3. Integration Testing ......................................................................................... 268 Overview ........................................................................................................ 268 Goals of Integration Testing ............................................................................ 269 Context management and caching ........................................................... 269 Dependency Injection of test fixtures ....................................................... 269 Transaction management ........................................................................ 270 Support classes for integration testing ..................................................... 270 JDBC Testing Support .................................................................................... 271 Annotations .................................................................................................... 271 Spring Testing Annotations ..................................................................... 271 Standard Annotation Support .................................................................. 276 Spring JUnit Testing Annotations ............................................................. 277 Meta-Annotation Support for Testing ........................................................ 278 Spring TestContext Framework ....................................................................... 279 Key abstractions ..................................................................................... 280 Context management .............................................................................. 281 Dependency injection of test fixtures ........................................................ 297 Testing request and session scoped beans .............................................. 299 Transaction management ........................................................................ 301 TestContext Framework support classes .................................................. 304 Spring MVC Test Framework .......................................................................... 306 Server-Side Tests ................................................................................... 306 Client-Side REST Tests .......................................................................... 312 PetClinic Example .......................................................................................... 313 10.4. Further Resources ......................................................................................... 314 IV. Data Access ..................................................................................................................... 316 11. Transaction Management .......................................................................................... 317 11.1. Introduction to Spring Framework transaction management .............................. 317 11.2. Advantages of the Spring Framework’s transaction support model ..................... 317 Global transactions ......................................................................................... 317 Local transactions ........................................................................................... 318 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation x Spring Framework’s consistent programming model ......................................... 318 11.3. Understanding the Spring Framework transaction abstraction ............................ 319 11.4. Synchronizing resources with transactions ....................................................... 323 High-level synchronization approach ................................................................ 323 Low-level synchronization approach ................................................................. 323 TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy ................................................................. 324 11.5. Declarative transaction management ............................................................... 324 Understanding the Spring Framework’s declarative transaction implementation ... 325 Example of declarative transaction implementation ........................................... 326 Rolling back a declarative transaction .............................................................. 330 Configuring different transactional semantics for different beans ........................ 331 settings ....................................................................................... 333 Using @Transactional ..................................................................................... 335 @Transactional settings .......................................................................... 339 Multiple Transaction Managers with @Transactional ................................. 340 Custom shortcut annotations ................................................................... 341 Transaction propagation .................................................................................. 341 Required ................................................................................................ 342 RequiresNew .......................................................................................... 342 Nested ................................................................................................... 343 Advising transactional operations ..................................................................... 343 Using @Transactional with AspectJ ................................................................. 346 11.6. Programmatic transaction management ........................................................... 347 Using the TransactionTemplate ....................................................................... 347 Specifying transaction settings ................................................................ 349 Using the PlatformTransactionManager ............................................................ 349 11.7. Choosing between programmatic and declarative transaction management ........ 350 11.8. Application server-specific integration .............................................................. 350 IBM WebSphere ............................................................................................. 351 Oracle WebLogic Server ................................................................................. 351 11.9. Solutions to common problems ....................................................................... 351 Use of the wrong transaction manager for a specific DataSource ....................... 351 11.10. Further Resources ....................................................................................... 351 12. DAO support ............................................................................................................ 352 12.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 352 12.2. Consistent exception hierarchy ....................................................................... 352 12.3. Annotations used for configuring DAO or Repository classes ............................ 353 13. Data access with JDBC ............................................................................................ 355 13.1. Introduction to Spring Framework JDBC .......................................................... 355 Choosing an approach for JDBC database access ........................................... 355 Package hierarchy .......................................................................................... 356 13.2. Using the JDBC core classes to control basic JDBC processing and error handling ................................................................................................................. 357 JdbcTemplate ................................................................................................. 357 Examples of JdbcTemplate class usage ................................................... 357 JdbcTemplate best practices ................................................................... 359 NamedParameterJdbcTemplate ....................................................................... 361 SQLExceptionTranslator .................................................................................. 363 Executing statements ...................................................................................... 365 Running queries ............................................................................................. 365 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xi Updating the database .................................................................................... 366 Retrieving auto-generated keys ....................................................................... 367 13.3. Controlling database connections .................................................................... 367 DataSource .................................................................................................... 367 DataSourceUtils .............................................................................................. 369 SmartDataSource ........................................................................................... 369 AbstractDataSource ........................................................................................ 369 SingleConnectionDataSource .......................................................................... 369 DriverManagerDataSource .............................................................................. 369 TransactionAwareDataSourceProxy ................................................................. 370 DataSourceTransactionManager ...................................................................... 370 NativeJdbcExtractor ........................................................................................ 370 13.4. JDBC batch operations .................................................................................. 371 Basic batch operations with the JdbcTemplate ................................................. 371 Batch operations with a List of objects ............................................................. 372 Batch operations with multiple batches ............................................................ 373 13.5. Simplifying JDBC operations with the SimpleJdbc classes ................................ 374 Inserting data using SimpleJdbcInsert .............................................................. 374 Retrieving auto-generated keys using SimpleJdbcInsert .................................... 375 Specifying columns for a SimpleJdbcInsert ...................................................... 376 Using SqlParameterSource to provide parameter values ................................... 376 Calling a stored procedure with SimpleJdbcCall ............................................... 377 Explicitly declaring parameters to use for a SimpleJdbcCall ............................... 379 How to define SqlParameters .......................................................................... 380 Calling a stored function using SimpleJdbcCall ................................................. 381 Returning ResultSet/REF Cursor from a SimpleJdbcCall ................................... 381 13.6. Modeling JDBC operations as Java objects ..................................................... 382 SqlQuery ........................................................................................................ 383 MappingSqlQuery ........................................................................................... 383 SqlUpdate ...................................................................................................... 384 StoredProcedure ............................................................................................. 385 13.7. Common problems with parameter and data value handling .............................. 388 Providing SQL type information for parameters ................................................. 389 Handling BLOB and CLOB objects .................................................................. 389 Passing in lists of values for IN clause ............................................................ 390 Handling complex types for stored procedure calls ........................................... 391 13.8. Embedded database support .......................................................................... 392 Why use an embedded database? .................................................................. 392 Creating an embedded database instance using Spring XML ............................ 392 Creating an embedded database instance programmatically .............................. 392 Extending the embedded database support ...................................................... 393 Using HSQL ................................................................................................... 393 Using H2 ........................................................................................................ 393 Using Derby ................................................................................................... 393 Testing data access logic with an embedded database ..................................... 393 13.9. Initializing a DataSource ................................................................................. 394 Initializing a database instance using Spring XML ............................................. 394 Initialization of Other Components that Depend on the Database ............... 395 14. Object Relational Mapping (ORM) Data Access .......................................................... 397 14.1. Introduction to ORM with Spring ..................................................................... 397 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xii 14.2. General ORM integration considerations ......................................................... 398 Resource and transaction management ........................................................... 398 Exception translation ....................................................................................... 399 14.3. Hibernate ....................................................................................................... 399 SessionFactory setup in a Spring container ...................................................... 400 Implementing DAOs based on plain Hibernate 3 API ........................................ 400 Declarative transaction demarcation ................................................................ 402 Programmatic transaction demarcation ............................................................ 404 Transaction management strategies ................................................................ 405 Comparing container-managed and locally defined resources ............................ 407 Spurious application server warnings with Hibernate ......................................... 408 14.4. JDO .............................................................................................................. 409 PersistenceManagerFactory setup ................................................................... 409 Implementing DAOs based on the plain JDO API ............................................. 410 Transaction management ................................................................................ 412 JdoDialect ...................................................................................................... 413 14.5. JPA ............................................................................................................... 414 Three options for JPA setup in a Spring environment ........................................ 414 LocalEntityManagerFactoryBean .............................................................. 414 Obtaining an EntityManagerFactory from JNDI ......................................... 415 LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean ............................................... 415 Dealing with multiple persistence units ..................................................... 417 Implementing DAOs based on plain JPA .......................................................... 418 Transaction Management ................................................................................ 420 JpaDialect ...................................................................................................... 421 15. Marshalling XML using O/X Mappers ......................................................................... 423 15.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 423 Ease of configuration ...................................................................................... 423 Consistent Interfaces ...................................................................................... 423 Consistent Exception Hierarchy ....................................................................... 423 15.2. Marshaller and Unmarshaller .......................................................................... 423 Marshaller ...................................................................................................... 423 Unmarshaller .................................................................................................. 424 XmlMappingException ..................................................................................... 425 15.3. Using Marshaller and Unmarshaller ................................................................. 425 15.4. XML Schema-based Configuration .................................................................. 427 15.5. JAXB ............................................................................................................. 427 Jaxb2Marshaller ............................................................................................. 428 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 428 15.6. Castor ........................................................................................................... 429 CastorMarshaller ............................................................................................ 429 Mapping ......................................................................................................... 429 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 429 15.7. XMLBeans ..................................................................................................... 430 XmlBeansMarshaller ....................................................................................... 430 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 430 15.8. JiBX .............................................................................................................. 431 JibxMarshaller ................................................................................................ 431 XML Schema-based Configuration ........................................................... 431 15.9. XStream ........................................................................................................ 432 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xiii XStreamMarshaller ......................................................................................... 432 V. The Web ........................................................................................................................... 434 16. Web MVC framework ................................................................................................ 435 16.1. Introduction to Spring Web MVC framework .................................................... 435 Features of Spring Web MVC ......................................................................... 436 Pluggability of other MVC implementations ...................................................... 437 16.2. The DispatcherServlet .................................................................................... 437 Special Bean Types In the WebApplicationContext ........................................... 440 Default DispatcherServlet Configuration ........................................................... 441 DispatcherServlet Processing Sequence .......................................................... 441 16.3. Implementing Controllers ................................................................................ 443 Defining a controller with @Controller .............................................................. 443 Mapping Requests With Using @RequestMapping ........................................... 444 New Support Classes for @RequestMapping methods in Spring MVC 3.1 .. 446 URI Template Patterns ........................................................................... 447 URI Template Patterns with Regular Expressions ..................................... 448 Path Patterns ......................................................................................... 449 Patterns with Placeholders ...................................................................... 449 Matrix Variables ...................................................................................... 449 Consumable Media Types ....................................................................... 450 Producible Media Types .......................................................................... 451 Request Parameters and Header Values ................................................. 451 Defining @RequestMapping handler methods .................................................. 452 Supported method argument types .......................................................... 452 Supported method return types ............................................................... 454 Binding request parameters to method parameters with @RequestParam ... 455 Mapping the request body with the @RequestBody annotation .................. 456 Mapping the response body with the @ResponseBody annotation ............. 457 Creating REST Controllers with the @RestController annotation ................ 457 Using HttpEntity ...................................................................................... 457 Using @ModelAttribute on a method ....................................................... 458 Using @ModelAttribute on a method argument ......................................... 459 Using @SessionAttributes to store model attributes in the HTTP session between requests ................................................................................... 461 Specifying redirect and flash attributes ..................................................... 461 Working with "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" data ............................ 462 Mapping cookie values with the @CookieValue annotation ........................ 462 Mapping request header attributes with the @RequestHeader annotation ... 463 Method Parameters And Type Conversion ............................................... 463 Customizing WebDataBinder initialization ................................................. 464 Support for the Last-Modified Response Header To Facilitate Content Caching ................................................................................................. 465 Assisting Controllers with the @ControllerAdvice annotation ...................... 465 Asynchronous Request Processing .................................................................. 466 Exception Handling for Async Requests ................................................... 467 Intercepting Async Requests ................................................................... 467 Configuration for Async Request Processing ............................................ 468 Testing Controllers ......................................................................................... 469 16.4. Handler mappings .......................................................................................... 469 Intercepting requests with a HandlerInterceptor ................................................ 469 Spring Framework 4.0.0.RELEASE Spring Framework Reference Documentation xiv 16.5. Resolving views ............................................................................................. 471 Resolving views with the ViewResolver interface .............................................. 471 Chaining ViewResolvers ................................................................................. 473 Redirecting to views ....................................................................................... 474 RedirectView .......................................................................................... 474 The redirect: prefix ................................................................................. 475 The forward: prefix ................................................................................. 475 ContentNegotiatingViewResolver ..................................................................... 475 16.6. Using flash attributes ..................................................................................... 478 16.7. Building URIs ................................................................................................. 479 16.8. Building URIs to Controllers and methods ....................................................... 480 16.9. Using locales ................................................................................................. 480 Obtaining Time Zone Information .................................................................... 481 AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver .......................................................................... 481 CookieLocaleResolver ..................................................................................... 481 SessionLocaleResolver ................................................................................... 481 LocaleChangeInterceptor ................................................................................ 482 16.10. Using themes ............................................................................................... 482 Overview of themes ........................................................................................ 482 Defining themes ............................................................................................. 482 Theme resolvers ............................................................................................. 483 16.11. Spring’s multipart (file upload) support ........................................................... 483 Introduction .................................................................................................... 483 Using a MultipartResolver with Commons FileUpload ........................................ 484 Using a MultipartResolver with Servlet 3.0 ....................................................... 484 Handling a file upload in a form ...................................................................... 484 Handling a file upload request from programmatic clients .................................. 486 16.12. Handling exceptions ..................................................................................... 486 HandlerExceptionResolver ............

出现这种错误的，一般都是

Error Creating bean with name 错误原因：误将resultType当成了resultMap使用改过来即可

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