e-stage 6.6下载

PIPI_333 2020-11-21 06:29:23
制作3d模型支撑时，必备工具。
3D打印机的完美搭配，Materialise Magics。
3D打印magics 21对接e-stage 6.6实现一键自动加支撑
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e-stage 6.6
制作3d模型支撑时，必备工具。 3D打印机的完美搭配，Materialise Magics。 3D打印magics 21对接e-stage 6.6实现一键自动加支撑
SH7218T的部分lib们
SH7218T的部分lib们，SH7218U超频用
Multiprocessor+Systems-on-Chips
以下的资源也很不错, 加减可以看一下o 使用C++制作3D动画人物-100%提供源码 http://download.csdn.net/source/2255453 http://hqioan.download.csdn.net/ The What, Why, and How of MPSoCs 1 Ahmed Amine Jerraya and Wayne Wolf 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What are MPSoCs 1 1.3 Why MPSoCs? 5 1.4 Challenges 10 1.5 Design Methodologies 11 1.6 Hardware Architectures 13 1.7 Software 14 1.7.1 Programmer’s Viewpoint 14 1.7.2 Software architecture and design reuse viewpoint 15 1.7.3 Optimization Viewpoint 16 1.8 The Rest of the Book 18 PART I HARDWARE 19 2 Techniques for Designing Energy-Aware MPSoCs 21 Mary Jane Irwin, Luca Benini, N. Vijaykrishnan, and Mahmut Kandemir 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Energy-Aware Processor Design 23 2.2.1 Reducing Active Energy 24 2.2.2 Reducing Standby Energy 26 2.3 Energy-Aware Memory System Design 27 2.3.1 Reducing Active Energy 28 2.3.2 Reducing Standby Energy 28 2.3.3 Influence of Cache Architecture on Energy Consumption 29 2.3.4 Reducing Snoop Energy 33 2.4 Energy-Aware On-Chip Communication System Design 34 2.4.1 Bus Encoding for Low Power 34 2.4.2 Low Swing Signaling 39 2.4.3 Energy Considerations in Advanced Interconnects 41 2.5 Energy-Aware Software 44 2.6 Conclusions 46 3 Networks on Chips: A New Paradigm for Component-Based MPSoC Design 49 Luca Benini and Giovanni De Micheli 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 Technology Trends 49 3.1.2 Nondeterminism in SoC Abstraction Models 50 3.1.3 A New Design Approach to SoCs 51 Contents viii 3.2 Signal Transmission on Chip 52 3.2.1 Global Wiring and Signaling 53 3.2.2 Signal Integrity 55 3.3 Micronetwork Architecture and Control 57 3.3.1 Interconnection Network Architectures 58 3.3.2 Micronetwork Control 63 3.4 Software Layers 73 3.4.1 Programming Model 73 3.4.2 Middleware Architecture 75 3.4.3 Software Development Tools 78 3.5 Conclusions 80 4 Architecture of Embedded Microprocessors 81 Eric Rotenberg and Aravindh Anantaraman 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Embedded Versus High-Performance Processors: A Common Foundation 82 4.3 Pipelining Techniques 85 4.3.1 Bypasses 86 4.3.2 Branch Prediction 87 4.3.3 Caches 90 4.3.4 Dynamic Scheduling 91 4.3.5 Deeper Pipelining, Multiple-Instruction Issue, and Hardware Multithreading 93 4.4 Survey of General-purpose 32-bit Embedded Microprocessors 96 4.4.1 ARM 98 4.4.2 High-end Embedded MPUs 103 4.4.3 Ubicom IP3023: Deterministic High Performance via Multithreading 105 4.5 Virtual Simple Architecture (VISA): Integrating Non-Determinism Without Undermining Safety 108 4.6 Conclusions 110 Contents ix 5 Performance and Flexibility for Multiple-Processor SoC Design 113 Chris Rowen 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 The Limitations of Traditional ASIC Design 118 5.2.1 The Impact of SoC Integration 120 5.2.2 The Limitations of General-Purpose Processors 120 5.2.3 DSP as Application-Specific Processor 122 5.3 Extensible Processors as an Alternative to RTL 122 5.3.1 The Origins of Configurable Processors 123 5.3.2 Configurable, Extensible Processors 123 5.3.3 Configurable and Extensible Processor Features 130 5.3.4 Extending a Processor 132 5.3.5 Exploiting Extensibility 134 5.3.6 The Impact of Extensibility on Performance 136 5.3.7 Extensibility and Energy Efficiency 142 5.4 Toward Multiple-Processor SoCs 142 5.4.1 Modeling Systems with Multiple Processors 144 5.4.2 Developing an XTMP Model 144 5.5 Processors and Disruptive Technology 147 5.6 Conclusions 149 6 MPSoC Performance Modeling and Analysis 153 Rolf Ernst 6.1 Introduction 153 6.1.1 Complex Heterogeneous Architectures 153 6.1.2 Design Challenges 156 6.1.3 State of the Practice 157 6.1.4 Chapter Objectives 159 6.1.5 Structuring Performance Analysis 160 Contents x 6.2 Architecture Component Performance Modeling and Analysis 161 6.2.1 Processing Element Modeling and Analysis 161 6.2.2 Formal Processing Element Analysis 163 6.2.3 Communication Element Modeling and Analysis 165 6.2.4 Formal Communication Element Analysis 166 6.2.5 Memory Element Modeling and Analysis 167 6.2.6 Architecture Component Modeling and Analysis: Summary 168 6.3 Process Execution Modeling 168 6.3.1 Activation Modeling 168 6.3.2 Software Architecture 170 6.3.3 Process Execution Modeling: Summary 170 6.4 Modeling Shared Resources 171 6.4.1 Resource Sharing Principle and Impact 171 6.4.2 Static Execution Order Scheduling 172 6.4.3 Time-Driven Scheduling 173 6.4.4 Priority-Driven Scheduling 176 6.4.5 Resource Sharing-Summary 178 6.5 Global Performance Analysis 179 6.6 Conclusions 185 7 Design of Communication Architectures for High- Performance and Energy-Efficient Systems-on-Chips 187 Sujit Dey, Kanishka Lahiri, and Anand Raghunathan 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 On-Chip Communication Architectures 189 7.2.1 Terminology 190 7.2.2 Communication Architecture Topologies 190 7.2.3 On-Chip Communication Protocols 192 7.2.4 Communication Interfaces 194 7.3 System-Level Analysis for Designing Communication Architectures 194 7.3.1 Trace-Based Analysis of Communication Architectures 196 Contents xi 7.4 Design Space Exploration for Customizing Communication Architectures 203 7.4.1 Communication Architecture Templates 203 7.4.2 Communication Architecture Template Customization 204 7.5 Adaptive Communication Architectures 210 7.5.1 Communication Architecture Tuners 210 7.6 Communication Architectures for Energy/Battery-Efficient Systems 216 7.6.1 Minimizing Energy Consumed by the Communication Architecture 216 7.6.2 Improving System Battery Efficiency Through Communication Architecture Design 218 7.7 Conclusions 222 8 Design Space Exploration of On-Chip Networks: A Case Study 223 Bishnupriya Bhattacharya, Luciano Lavagno, and Laura Vanzago 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Background 225 8.2.1 Function/Architecture Co-Design Methodology 225 8.2.2 Performance Modeling with Architecture Services 227 8.2.3 Mechanics of Architecture Services 229 8.2.4 Architecture Topology Binds Services 230 8.2.5 Communication Patterns 231 8.3 Modeling of Dataflow Networks 233 8.4 Case Study: Hiperlan/2 Application 235 8.4.1 Modeling the Hiperlan/2 Physical Layer 236 8.5 The Architectural Platform 238 8.5.1 Architectural Modeling 240 8.5.2 Mapping and Communication Refinement 241 8.6 Results 243 8.6.1 Communication Refinement 245 8.6.2 FPGA Alternatives 246 8.7 Conclusions 248 Contents xii PART II SOFTWARE 249 9 Memory Systems and Compiler Support for MPSoC Architectures 251 Mahmut Kandemir and Nikil Dutt 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 251 9.2 Memory Architectures 252 9.2.1 Types of Architectures 254 9.2.2 Customization of Memory Architectures 261 9.2.3 Reconfigurability and Challenges 267 9.3 Compiler Support 269 9.3.1 Problems 269 9.3.2 Solutions 271 9.4 Conclusions 281 10 A SystemC-Based Abstract Real-Time Operating System Model for Multiprocessor System-on-Chips 283 Jan Madsen, Kashif Virk, and Mercury Jair Gonzalez 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology 286 10.2.1 Platform Architecture 286 10.2.2 Tasks 286 10.2.3 Basics of Scheduling 288 10.3 Basic System Model 290 10.4 Uniprocessor Systems 292 10.4.1 Link Model 292 10.4.2 Task Model 293 10.4.3 Scheduler Model 296 10.4.4 Synchronization Model 300 10.4.5 Resource Allocation Model 302 Contents xiii 10.5 Multiprocessor Systems 303 10.5.1 Multiprocessing Anomalies 306 10.5.2 Interprocessor Communication 308 10.5.3 Multiprocessor Example 309 10.6 Summary 311 11 Cost-Efficient Mapping of Dynamic Concurrent Tasks in Embedded Real-Time Multimedia Systems 313 Peng Yang, Paul Marchal, Chun Wong, Stefaan Himpe, Francky Catthoor, Patrick David, Johan Vounckx, and Rudy Lauwereins 11.1 Introduction 313 11.2 Platform Based Design 314 11.3 Related Work 315 11.4 Target Platform Architecture and Model 319 11.5 Task Concurrency Management 320 11.5.1 Global TCM Methodology 321 11.5.2 Two-Phase Scheduling Stage 321 11.5.3 Scenarios to Characterize Data-Dependent TFs 324 11.5.4 Platform Simulation Environment 326 11.6 3D Rendering QoS Application 327 11.7 Experimental Results 329 11.7.1 Gray-Box Model 329 11.7.2 Scenario Selection 329 11.7.3 Reference Cases for Comparison 331 11.7.4 Discussion of All Results 332 11.8 Conclusions 335 12 ILP-Based Resource-Aware Compilation 337 Jens Palsberg and Mayur Naik 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Examples 339 Contents xiv 12.2.1 Instruction Scheduling 341 12.2.2 Energy Efficiency 343 12.2.3 Code-Size Minimization 345 12.2.4 Register Allocation 348 12.3 Open Problems 350 12.3.1 Combination 351 12.3.2 Correctness 352 12.3.3 Relationships with Other Approaches 353 12.4 Conclusions 354 PART III METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS 355 13 Component-Based Design for Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip 357 Wander O. Cesário and Ahmed A. Jerraya 13.1 From ASIC to System and Network on Chip 357 13.1.1 Applications for MPSoC 358 13.2 Basics for MPSoC Design 359 13.2.1 MPSoC Software Architectures 361 13.2.2 MPSoC Design Methods 362 13.2.3 Component Interface Abstraction 364 13.2.4 Component-Based Approach 365 13.3 Design Models for Component Abstraction 367 13.3.1 Conceptual Design Flow 368 13.3.2 Virtual Architecture Model 368 13.3.3 Target Architecture Model 370 13.3.4 The Hardware/Software Wrapper Concept 370 13.4 Component-Based Design Environment 371 13.4.1 Hardware Generation 371 13.4.2 Memory Wrapper Generation 375 Contents xv 13.4.3 Software Wrapper Generation 378 13.4.4 Simulation Model Generation 382 13.5 Component-Based Design of a VDSL Application 385 13.5.1 The VDSL Modem Architecture Specification 385 13.5.2 Virtual Architecture Specification 387 13.5.3 Resulting MPSoC Architecture 388 13.5.4 Evaluation 391 13.6 Conclusions 392 14 MPSoCs for Video 395 Santanu Dutta, Jens Rennert, Teihan Lv, Jiang Xu, Shengqi Yang, and Wayne Wolf 14.1 Introduction 395 14.2 Multimedia Algorithms 396 14.2.1 Compression 396 14.2.2 Recognition 401 14.3 Architectural Approaches to Video Processing 402 14.4 Optimal CPU Configurations and Interconnections 406 14.4.1 Monolithic CPUs 406 14.4.2 Reconfigurable CPUs 407 14.4.3 Networked CPUs 408 14.4.4 Smart Interconnects 409 14.4.5 Software Support 409 14.5 The Challenges of SoC Integration and IP Reuse 410 14.6 The Panacea/Promise of Platform-Based Design 413 14.7 The Ever Critical Communication Bus Structures 416 14.7.1 PNX-8500 Structure 417 14.8 Design for Testability 421 14.9 Application-Driven Architecture Design 423 14.9.1 Application Characterization 423 14.9.2 Architectural Characterization 424 14.10 Conclusions 429 Contents xvi 15 Models of Computation for Systems-on-Chips 431 JoAnn M. Paul and Donald E. Thomas 15.1 Introduction 431 15.1.1 Evolution of Models of Computation 432 15.1.2 What Makes a Good Model of Computation? 434 15.1.3 Toward an MoC for SoCs 436 15.2 MoC Classifications 437 15.2.1 Conventional Classifications 437 15.2.2 Classification Based on Applicability to Computer Design 445 15.3 Models of Computation and Computer Models 448 15.4 Modeling Environment for Software and Hardware 451 15.4.1 Programmable Heterogeneous Multiprocessors 452 15.4.2 A New Simulation Foundation 454 15.4.3 Description of Layered Simulation 455 15.5 Conclusions 462 16 Metropolis: A Design Environment for Heterogeneous Systems 465 Felice Balarin, Harry Hsieh, Luciano Lavagno, Claudio Passerone, Alessandro Pinto, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Yosinori Watanabe, and Guang Yang 16.1 Introduction 465 16.1.2 Related Work 471 16.2 The Metropolis Meta-Model 473 16.2.1 Function Modeling 474 16.2.2 Constraint Modeling 475 16.2.3 Architecture Modeling 477 16.2.4 Mapping 478 16.2.5 Recursive Paradigm of Platforms 480 16.3 Tools 481 16.3.1 Simulation 482 Contents xvii 16.3.2 Property Verification 482 16.3.3 Synthesis 483 16.4 The Picture-in-Picture Design Example 484 16.4.1 Functional Description 484 16.4.2 Architectural Platform 489 16.4.3 Mapping Strategy 492 16.5 Conclusions 495 Glossary 497 References 513 Contributor Biographies 557 Subject Index 567
二级减速器课程设计说明书reducer design specification.doc
二级减速器课程设计说明书，全英文书写 《Machine Parts Design》 Design Specification Topic Designation of Reducer College College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Major Mechanical Engineering Class 16机械工程3（国际化） No. of team Team 1 ID/Name 陈旭颖 16211452104 方 琢 16211452105 李成雍 16211452106 Instructor Zhang Yi Date submitted 2019.01.11 Contents Abstract 1 Chapter 1 Course Design Task Book 3 1.1 Purpose 3 1.2 Description of design project 3 1.3 Design Data 4 Chapter 2 Integral Design Scheme of Transmission Device 4 2.1 Transmission Scheme 4 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of this Scheme 4 Chapter 3 Selection of Motor 5 3.1 Motor Type Selection 5 3.2 Determination of the Efficiency of the Transmission 5 3.3 Selection of the motor capacity 5 3.4 Determination of the total transmission ratio and distribution transmission ratio of the transmission device 7 Chapter 4 Calculation of Dynamic Parameters 8 Chapter 5 Designation and calculation of high speed gear 11 5.1 Selection of gear type, accuracy grade, material and number of teeth 11 5.2 Design according to tooth surface contact fatigue strength 11 5.3 Determination of the sizes of transmission 15 5.4 Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root 15 5.5 Calculations of other geometric dimensions of gear transmission 19 5.6 Summary of gear parameters and geometric dimensions 20 Chapter 6 Calculation of low-speed gear 21 6.1 Selection of gear type, accuracy grade, material and number of teeth 21 6.2 Designation according to tooth surface contact fatigue strength 22 6.3 Determination of the sizes of transmission 25 6.4 Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root 26 6.5 Calculations of other geometric dimensions of gear transmission 30 6.6 Summary of gear parameters and geometric dimensions 30 Chapter 7 The designation of the shaft 32 7.1 Calculateion of High-speed shaft design 32 7.2 Calculation of jack shaft design 39 7.3 Calculation of low speed shaft 47 Chapter 8 Rolling bearing life check 53 8.1 Bearing check on high speed shaft 53 8.2 Bearing check on the jack shaft 55 8.3 Bearing check on the low speed shaft 57 Chapter 9 Key connection design calculation 58 9.1 Calculation check of coupling key connection 58 9.2 Calculation check of low speed pinion’s key connection 59 9.3 Calculation check of high speed main gear’s key connection 59 9.4 Calculation check of low speed main gear’s key connection 59 Chapter 10 Coupling selection 60 10.1 Coupling on the high speed shaft 60 10.2 Coupling on the low speed shaft 60 Chapter 11 Seal and lubricate the reducer 61 11.1 Selection of sealing 61 11.2 Gear lubrication 61 11.3 Bearing lubrication 62 Chapter 12 Reducer accessory 63 12.1 Oil level indicator 63 12.2 Ventilator 63 12.3 Drain plug 64 12.4 Peephole cover 65 12.5 Positioning pin 66 12.6 Cover screw 67 12.7 Lifting device 68 Chapter 13 Main structural dimensions of reducer housing 70 Chapter 14 Drawing of structure analysis of reduce 72 14.1 Drawing of assembly 72 14.2 Housing 73 14.3 Drawing of gears 74 14.4 Drawing of shafts 78 Chapter 15 Conclusion 81 15.1 Summary 81 15.2 Job description of team members 82 Reference 83 Attachment 84 Abstract Belt conveyor is a kind of friction driven to transport materials in a continuous way machinery. It Is mainly composed of irame conveyor belt, supporting roller, roller, tensioning device and belt conveyor motor device. It can put the material on a certain conveying line and form a conveying process of material from the initial feeding point to the final unloading point. It can not only carry out the transport of broken bulk materials, but also the transport of finished articles. In addition to the pure material transport, it can also cooperate with the requirements of the technological process in the production process of various industrial enterprises to form a rhythmic assembly line. Belt conveyor is widely used in metallurgy, coal, transportation, water and electricity, chemical and other departments, because it has a large amount of transport, simple structure, convenient maintenance, low cost, strong versatility and other advantages. Belt conveyor is also used in building materials, power, light industry, food, ports, ships and other departments. Main contents of this manual is for the design of belt conveyor drive system, the V belt transmission and twoestage cylindrical gear reducer, used in the design and calculation to the "machine design foundation", "mechanical drawing" "tolerance and interchangeability", “theoretical mechanics" courses, such as knowledge, and use AutoCAD software to carry on the drawing, so the comprehensive practice is a very important link, is also a comprehensive, standardized training in practice. Through this training, so that we have been in many aspects of training and training. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects. (1) we have cultivated the design idea of combining theory with practice, trained our ability to comprehensively apply the basic theory of mechanical design course and other related courses, analyze and solve practical engineering problems in combination with production practice, and consolidated, deepened and expanded the knowledge of relevant mechanical design. (2) through the standard mechanical parts. common mechanical transmission or simple mechanical design, so that we master the general mechanical design procedures and methods. establish a correct engineering desrgn Ideas. cultivate independence. comprehensive. Scientific engineering design ability and innovation ability. (3) in addition, it cultivates our ability to consult and use manuals, atlas and other relevant technical data, as well as the ability in calculation, drawing data processing and computer, aided design. (4) enhanced our understanding and application of the functions of Word and AutoCAD in office software. Keywords: reducer, transmission device, design, calculation, CAD Chapter 1 Course Design Task Book 1.1 Purpose According to the diagam of the belt conveyor system: (1) Plan and analysis of transmission device; (2) Selection of motor and calculation of kinematic and dynamic parameters in conveyor system; (3) Design of transmission parts (e.g. gear, worm or belt, etc.); (4) Design of shaft; (5) Design of bearing and its assemblies; (6) Selection and confirmation of key and coupling; (7) Design of lubrication; (8) Housing, framework and accessories; (9) Drawing of assembly and its components; (10) Design specification 1.2 Description of design project (a) running on two shifts per day in one-direction continuously; (b) stable loading; (c) starting with idling; (d) indoor setting with dust; (e) usage period: 10 years, minor overhaul period: 1 year, and overhaul period: 3 years; (f) power source is alternating three-phase voltage; (g) small-batch production in medium scale machinery plant; (h) allowed tolerance of conveyor speed is ± 5%. Working hours per day: 16 hours, working life: 10 years, working days per year: 300 days, equipped with three-phase AC power supply, voltage 380/220 V. 1.3 Design Data Working force of conveyor, F 2900N Speed of conveyor, v 1.5m/s Diameter, D 410mm Chapter 2 Integral Design Scheme of Transmission Device 2.1 Transmission Scheme Analysis of transmission scheme v-belt transmission is adopted . Considering the requirements of the project , I chose this scheme . Its transmission diagram is shown in figure 1-1. The transmission scheme has been given, and the reducer is a two-stage cylindrical gear reducer. 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of this Scheme The extemal outline size of this scheme is large, with good shock absorption capacity, low manufacturing, stability accuracy with low cost, and overload protection. But because the gear relative to the bearing of the two-stage cylindrical gear reducer is arranged asymmetrically, the load distribution along the tooth direction is uneven, and the shaft stiffness is required. Chapter 3 Selection of Motor 3.1 Motor Type Selection According to the use of the Y-series general purpose fully closed self-cooled three-phase asynchronous motor. 3.2 Determination of the Efficiency of the Transmission According to table 2-1, we got： The Efficiency of coupling：η1=0.99 The Efficiency of rolling bearing：η2=0.99 The Efficiency of closed cylindrical gears：η3=0.98 The Efficiency of Working Machine：ηw=0.97 Total efficiency from motor to machine： ηa=η1×η24×η32×ηw=0.877 3.3 Selection of the motor capacity The power required by the working machine Pw: Rated power required by motor Pd: Work speed of transmission belt wheels nw： According to the recommended reasonable transmission ratio range in table 2-2, the transmission ratio range of the expanded two-stage gear reducer ia=8 ~ 40, the transmission ratio range of v-belt transmission is ib=2~4, so the theoretical transmission ratio range is=16~160. The optional speed range of the motor : nd=is*nw=(16 ~ 160) 69.91=559--2796r/min. After comprehensive consideration of price, weight, transmission ratio and other factors, the selected three-phase asynchronous motor model : Y132M2-6 . Rated power Pen=5.5kW，Full load speed nm=960r/min，Synchronous speed nt=1000r/min。 Serial Number Motor Type Synchronous Speed/(r/min) Rated Power/kW Full Speed/(r/min) 1 Y160M2-8 750 5.5 720 2 Y132M2-6 1000 5.5 960 3 Y132S-4 1500 5.5 1440 4 Y132S1-2 3000 5.5 2900 Figure 3-1 main size parameters of the motor Height of Center Dimensionof overall Dimensionof base mounting Diameter of anchor bolt hole Size of Axis stretch Size of key H L×HD A×B K D×E F×G 132 515×315 216×178 12 38×80 10×33 3.4 Determination of the total transmission ratio and distribution transmission ratio of the transmission device （1）Calculation of total transmission ratio According to the selected fullload speed of the motor nm and the drive shaft speed of the motor nw，we can calculate the total transmission ratio of the transmission device ia： （2）Allocate transmission ratio High speed stage transmission ratio i1 Then the transmission ratio of low-speed stage i2 Total transmission ratio of reducer ib Chapter 4 Calculation of Dynamic Parameters （1）The speed of each shaft： High speed shaft : Jack shaft ： Low speed shaft ： The working machine shaft : （2）Input power of each shaft： High speed shaft : Jack shaft ： Low speed shaft ： The working machine shaft : Then the output power of each shaft： High speed shaft : Jack shaft ： Low speed shaft ： The working machine shaft : （3）Input torque of each shaft： Motor shaft : High speed shaft : Jack shaft ： Low speed shaft ： The working machine shaft : Then the torque of each shaft： High speed shaft : Jack shaft ： Low speed shaft ： The working machine shaft : The rotational speed, power and torque of each shaft are listed in the following table name of the shaft rotating speed n /(r/min) power P/kW torque T/(N•m) Motor shaft 960 4.96 49.34 High speed shaft 960 4.91 48.84 Jack shaft 222.74 4.76 204.09 Low speed shaft 69.82 4.62 631.92 The working machine shaft 69.82 4.35 594.99 Chapter 5 Designation and calculation of high speed gear 5.1 Selection of gear type, accuracy grade, material and number of teeth 1. According to the transmission scheme, helical cylindrical gear transmission is selected，Pressure angle α=20°，Primary spiral Angle β=12°。 2. Refer to table 10-6 for level 7 accuracy. 3. Material selection : According to table 10-1, Pinion chosen: 40Cr (quenched and tempered), hardness: 280HBS; Main gear: 45 (quenched and tempered), hardness: 240HBS. 4. Number of pinion teeth: z1=24，number of main gear teeth: z2=z1×i=24×4.31=103. 5.2 Design according to tooth surface contact fatigue strength 1. The diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion is calculated by formula (10-24)，that is: (1) Determine the values of each parameter in the formula (1) Choose KHt=1.3 (2) Calculate the torque T transmitted by the pinion: (3) According to table 10-7, the tooth width coefficient: φd=1 (4) According to figure 10-20, regional coefficient: ZH=2.47 (5) According to table 10-5, the elastic influence coefficient of the material: ZE=189.8√MPa. (6)The contact fatigue strength Zε is calculated by formula (10-9). (7) The spiral Angle coefficient Zβ can be obtained from the formula. (8) Calculate the allowable contact fatigue stress[σH] According to figure 10-25d, the contact fatigue limit of pinion and large gear is respectively The stress cycle number is calculated from equation (10-15): Contact fatigue coefficients were obtained from FIG. 10-23 If the failure probability is 1% and the safety coefficient S=1,then: Take the smaller one of [σH]1 and [σH]2as the contact fatigue allowable stress of the gear pair, that is: (2) Calculate the diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion 2. Adjust the diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion (1) Data preparation before calculating actual load coefficient. (1) Circumferential velocity ν (2) Tooth width b (2) Calculate the actual load coefficient KH (1) According to table 10-2, KA=1 (2) According to v=1.827m/s and the accuracy of level 7, the dynamic load coefficient can be obtained from figure 10-8, Kv=1.035 (3) The circular force of a gear. In table 10-3, the load distribution coefficient between teeth was KH =1.4 When the accuracy of level 7 and the relative support of pinion are arranged asymmetrically by interpolation method, according to table 10-4, the distribution coefficient of load in tooth direction KHβ=1.417 Thus, the actual load coefficient KH is obtained (3) According to equation (10-12) and the actual load coefficient, the diameter of the dividing circle d1 can be obtained (4) Determine the modulus of 5.3 Determination of the sizes of transmission 1. Computing center distance a 2. The helix Angle is corrected according to the center distance after rounding β=12°19'58" 3. Calculate the dividing circle diameter d1 ,d2of small and big gear 4. Calculate the tooth width b Take B1=55mm, B2=50mm 5.4 Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root The fatigue strength condition of tooth root bending: (1)T、mn and d1 are like the previous Tooth width: b=b2=50 Tooth shape coefficient YFa and stress correction coefficient YSa, the equivalent number of teeth: The equivalent number of teeth of pinion Zv1: Equivalent number of teeth of main gear Zv2: The tooth shape coefficient is obtained from FIG. 10-17 The stress correction coefficient is obtained from FIG. 10-18 (1) Choose load factor KFt=1.3 (2) From equation (10-18), the coincidence coefficient of bending fatigue strength Yε can be calculated Have a type: (3) From equation (10-19), obtain the spiral Angle coefficient of bending fatigue strength Yβ (2) Circumferential velocity (3) Aspect ratio b/h According to v=2.47m/s, level 7 accuracy, dynamic load coefficient can be found from figure 10-8, Kv=1.047 According to table 10-3 , load distribution coefficients between teeth KFα=1.4 According to table 10-4, KH =1.42 and b/h=50/4.5=11.111. According to figure 10-13, KF =1.079. Then the load coefficient is: According to FIG. 10-24c, the tooth root bending fatigue limit of pinion and big gear is respectively The bending fatigue coefficient KFN1 ,KFN2 was obtained from FIG. 10-22 The bending fatigue safety factor S=1.25, from equation (10-14) Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root The bending fatigue strength of tooth root meets the requirement, and the ability of pinion to resist bending fatigue damage is greater than that of large gear. (4) The circular velocity of a gear Level 7 accuracy is appropriate. 5.5 Calculations of other geometric dimensions of gear transmission （1）Calculate the height of addendum tooth, dedendum tooth and total tooth （2）Calculate the addendum circle diameters of small and large gears （3）Calculate the diameter of dedendum circle of small and large gears 5.6 Summary of gear parameters and geometric dimensions Code name Calculated formula Pinion Main gear Modulus m 2 2 Spiral Angle β left-handed 12°19'58" right-handed 12°19'58" Coefficient of addendum height ha* 1.0 1.0 Tip clearance coefficient c* 0.25 0.25 Number of teeth z 24 103 Width of teeth B 55 50 Height of addendum teeth ha m×ha* 2 2 Height of dedendum teeth hf m×(ha*+c*) 2.5 2.5 Diameter of the dividing circle d 49.134 210.866 Addendum circle diameter da d+2×ha 53.134 214.866 Dedendum circle diameter df d-2×hf 44.134 205.866 Figure 5-1 structure diagram of high-speed main gear Chapter 6 Calculation of low-speed gear 6.1 Selection of gear type, accuracy grade, material and number of teeth 1. According to the transmission scheme, choose helical cylindrical gears，The pressure off for alpha = 20 °, primary spiral Angle beta = 12 °. 2. Refer to table 10-6 , choose level 7 accuracy. 3. Material selection According to table 10-1, choose pinion 40Cr (quenching and tempering), and the hardness was 280HBS; choose main gear 45 (quenching and tempering), and the hardness was 240HBS 4. Select the number of pinion teeth z1=25, then the number of large gear teethz2=z1×i=25×3.19=81. 6.2 Designation according to tooth surface contact fatigue strength 1. From formula (10-24), the diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion is calculated, i.e (1) Determine the values of each parameter in the formula (1) Choose KHt=1.3 (2) Calculate the torque transmitted by the pinion: (3) From table 10-7, the tooth width coefficient is φd=1 (4) From figure 10-20, Regional coefficient ZH=2.47 (5) From table 10-5, the elastic influence coefficient of the material ZE=189.8√MPa。 (6) From equation (10-9), the coincidence coefficient is used to calculate the contact fatigue strength Zε. (7) From the formula, the spiral Angle coefficient Zβ. (8) Calculate the allowable contact fatigue stress[σH] According to figure 10-25d, the contact fatigue limit of pinion and big gear is respectively From equation (10-15) , the number of stress cycles can be calculated : From figure10-23, check the contact fatigue coefficient If the failure probability is 1% and the safety coefficient S=1, then Take the smaller one of [σH]1 and [σH]2as the contact fatigue allowable stress of the gear pair, that is: (2) Calculate the diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion 2.Adjust the diameter of the dividing circle of the pinion (1) Data preparation before calculating actual load coefficient. (1) Circumferential velocity ν (2) Tooth width b (2) Calculate the actual load coefficient KH (1) According to table 10-2, KA=1 (2) According to v=0.666m/s and the accuracy of level 7, the dynamic load coefficient can be obtained from figure 10-8, Kv=1.013 (3) The circular force of a gear. In table 10-3, the load distribution coefficient between teeth was KH =1.2 When the accuracy of level 7 and the relative support of pinion are arranged asymmetrically by interpolation method, according to table 10-4, the distribution coefficient of load in tooth direction KHβ=1.421 Thus, the actual load coefficient KH is obtained (3) According to equation (10-12) and the actual load coefficient, the diameter of the dividing circle d1 can be obtained (4) Determine the modulus of 6.3 Determination of the sizes of transmission 1. Computing center distance a 2.The helix Angle is corrected according to the center distance after rounding β=12°43'9" 3. Calculate the dividing circle diameter d1 ,d2of small and big gear 4. Calculate the tooth width b Take B1=85mm B2=80mm 6.4 Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root The fatigue strength condition of tooth root bending: (1)T、mn and d1 are like the previous Tooth width: b=b2=80 Tooth shape coefficient YFa and stress correction coefficient YSa, the equivalent number of teeth: Equivalent number of teeth of pinion Zv1: Equivalent number of teeth of main gear Zv2: The tooth shape coefficient is obtained from FIG. 10-17 The stress correction coefficient is obtained from FIG. 10-18 (1) Choose load factor KFt=1.3 (2) From equation (10-18), the coincidence coefficient of bending fatigue strength Yε can be calculated Have a type: (3) From equation (10-19), obtain the spiral Angle coefficient of bending fatigue strength Yβ (2) Circumferential velocity (3) Aspect ratio b/h According to v=0.9m/s, level 7 accuracy, dynamic load coefficient can be found from figure 10-8, Kv=1.017 According to table 10-3 , load distribution coefficients between teeth KFα=1.4 According to table 10-4, KHβ =1.427 and b/h=80/6.75=11.852. According to figure 10-13, KF =1.08. Then the load coefficient is: According to FIG. 10-24c, the tooth root bending fatigue limit of pinion and big gear is respectively The bending fatigue coefficient KFN1 ,KFN2 was obtained from FIG. 10-22 The bending fatigue safety factor S=1.25, from equation (10-14) Check the bending fatigue strength of tooth root The bending fatigue strength of tooth root meets the requirement, and the ability of pinion to resist bending fatigue damage is greater than that of large gear. (4) The circular velocity of a gear Level 7 accuracy is appropriate. 6.5 Calculations of other geometric dimensions of gear transmission （1）Calculate the height of addendum tooth, dedendum tooth and total tooth （2）Calculate the addendum circle diameters of small and large gears （3）Calculate the diameter of dedendum circle of small and large gears 6.6 Summary of gear parameters and geometric dimensions Code name Calculated formula Pinion Main gear Modulus m 3 3 Spiral Angle β left-handed 12°43'9" right-handed 12°43'9" Coefficient of addendum height ha* 1.0 1.0 Tip clearance coefficient c* 0.25 0.25 Number of teeth z 25 81 Width of teeth B 85 80 Height of addendum teeth ha m×ha* 3 3 Height of dedendum teeth hf m×(ha*+c*) 3.75 3.75 Diameter of the dividing circle d 76.887 249.113 Addendum circle diameter da d+2×ha 82.887 255.113 Dedendum circle diameter df d-2×hf 69.387 241.613 Figure 6-1 Low speed large gear structure drawing Chapter 7 The designation of the shaft 7.1 Calculateion of High-speed shaft design 1. Select the material on the shaft and determine the allowable stress Because the reducer is a general machine, there is no special requirement, so 40Cr (quenched and tempered) is selected, the hardness is 280HBS, check the table15-1,take σb=735MPa, σ-1b=60MPa 2. The minimum diameter of the shaft estimated according to the initial torsion strength Check table 15-3, take A0=112，so Shaft ends have 1 keyway, therefore, the axle diameter should be increased by 5% According to the table, the diameter of the standard axle hole is 22mm, so d=22 Figure 7-1 Schematic diagram of high-speed shaft (1) The minimum diameter of the input shaft is obviously d12, where the coupling is mounted. In order to adapt the selected shaft diameter d12 to the coupling aperture, the type of coupling should be selected. The calculated torque of the coupling Tca = KA×T, according to the table, thinking about the stability, we choose KA = 1.3, then: According to the condition that the torque Tca of the coupling should be less than the nominal torque of the coupling, refer to standard GB t4323-2002 or design manual, choose LX3 type coupling. The aperture of the semi-coupling is 22mm, the hub hole length of the semi-coupling and the shaft is 52mm. Choose ordinary flat keys,A type keys, b×h = 6×6mm(GB T 1096-2003), bond length L=40mm。 (2) Initial selection of rolling bearing. Since the bearing is subject to both radial and axial forces, angular contact bearing is selected. Referring to the work requirements and according to d23 = 27mm, select 7206AC angular contact bearing from bearing product catalog, its size: d×D×B = 30×62×16mm, so d34 = d78 = 30 mm. The positioning shaft shoulder height of 7206AC type bearing is found in the manual, h = 3 mm，then choose d45 = d67 = 36 mm. (3)Because the diameter of the gear is small, in order to ensure the strength of the gear wheel body, the gear and the shaft should be made into one and become the gear shaft. So l56 = 55 mm, d56 = 53.134 mm. (4) Thickness of bearing end covere=10, thickness of the gasketΔt=2. According to the bearing end cover for easy assembly and disassembly, ensure that the outer end face of the bearing end cover has a certain distance from the end face of the coupling, K=24; Screw C1=22mm, C2=20mm, thickness of box seat wall δ=8mm, then: (5) Take small spacing distance of enclosure wall Δ1 = 10 mm, the distance between high speed main gear and low speed pinion Δ3 = 15 mm distance. Considering about the housing casting error, when determining the position of rolling bearing, a distance Δ from inner wall of box should be taken, take Δ = 10 mm, the width of low speed pinion b3=85mm, then: At this point, the diameter and length of each section of the shaft have been preliminarily determined. Shaft section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diameter / mm 22 27 30 36 53.134 36 30 Length/ mm 52 65 28 105.5 55 8 28 3. Stress analysis of the shaft The circumferential force on a high speed pinion Ft1 (d1 is the diameter of the indexing circle of the high-speed pinion) Radial force on a high speed pinion Fr1 Axial force on a high speed pinion Fa1 According to 7206AC angular contact manual, pressure center a=18.7mm Distance between the center point of the first shaft and the bearing pressure center l1: Distance from bearing pressure center to gear fulcrum l2: Distance between gear midpoint and bearing pressure center l3: (1) Calculate the supporting reaction of the shaft Horizontal support reaction: Vertical support reaction: (2) Calculate the bending moment of the shaft, and draw the bending moment diagram The horizontal bending moment at section C: The vertical bending moment at section C: Bending moment diagram of horizontal plane (fig.b) and vertical plane (fig.c). The resultant bending moment at section C: (3) Make composite bending moment diagram (figure d) Make torque diagram (figure e) Figure 7-2 High - speed shaft force and bending moment diagram 4. Check the strength of the shaft Because the bending moment on the left side of C is large and the action has torque, the left side of C is the dangerous section. The bending section coefficient W: The torsion cross section coefficient WT: The maximum bending stress: The shear stress: Check and calculate according to the strength of bending and torsion. For the shaft of one-way drive, torque is processed according to pulsating cycle. Therefore, the reduced coefficient is adopted α=0.6, then the equivalent stress is (10) Check the table, get 40Cr(tempering and tempering) treatment, and the limit of tensile strength σB=735MPa; Then the allowable bending stress of the axis [σ-1b]=60MPa, σca<[σ-1b], so the strength is good. 7.2 Calculation of jack shaft design 1. Select the material on the shaft, and determine the allowable stress Because the reducer is a general machine, there is no special requirements, so choose 45 (quenched and tempered), the hardness: 240HBS. Referring table 15-1, take σb=640MPa, σ-1b=60MPa 2. According to the initial torsion strength, the minimum diameter of the shaft estimated Refer to table 15-3, take A0=112, then: Since the minimum diameter of the shaft section is all rolling bearings, the standard diameter d=35mm is selected. Figure 7-3 Diagram of intermediate shaft (1) Initial selection of rolling bearing. The minimum diameters of the intermediate shaft are d12 and d56 for mounting the rolling bearing. Because the bearing is subject to both radial and axial forces, angular contact bearing is chosen. Referring to the requirement of working and according to dmin = 31.08 mm, from the bearing catalogue, selsct angular contact bearing 7207AC, its size: d×D×B = 35×72×17mm, so d12 = d56 = 35 mm. (2) At the installation of the big gear, take the diameter of the shaft section d45 = 38mm; Positioning by oil baffle ring is taken between the right end of the gear and the right bearing. It is known that the width of the hub of the high-speed large gear wheel b2 = 50mm, in order to press gears reliably, this section should be slightly shorter than the width of the hub, then take l45 = 48 mm. Shaft shoulder positioning is adopted in the left end of the gear, the height of shaft shoulder h = (2~3)R. Refer to the table with trunnion d45 = 38 mm, take h = 5 mm, then the diameter of Collar point d34 = 48 mm. Collar width b≥1.4h, take l34 = 15 mm. (3) Left end rolling bearing adopts oil baffle ring for axial positioning. (4) Considering about material and machining economy, low speed pinion and shaft should be designed and manufactured separately. It is known that the hub width of the low-speed pinion is b3= 85mm, in order to make the end face of oil retaining ring press the gear reliably, this section should be slightly shorter than the width of the hub, so take l23 = 83 mm，d23=38mm。 (5) Take the distance between the low-speed pinion and the inner wall of the boxΔ1 =10 mm, the distance between the high speed big gear and the inner wall of the box Δ2 =12.5 mm, the distance between high speed main gear and low speed pinionΔ3=15mm. Consider housing casting error, when determining the position of rolling bearing, should be from a distance Δ casing wall, take Δ = 10 mm, then: At this point, the diameter and length of each section of the shaft have been preliminarily determined. Shaft section 1 2 3 4 5 Diameter/ mm 35 38 48 38 35 Length/ mm 39 83 15 48 41.5 3. Force analysis of the shaft The circumferential force on a high speed pinion Ft2 (d2 is the diameter of the indexing circle of the high-speed pinion) Radial force on a high speed pinion Fr2 Axial force on a high speed pinion Fa2 Circumferential force on the low-speed pinion Ft3 (d3 is the dividing circle diameter of the low-speed pinion) Radial force on a low speed pinion The axial force on a low speed pinion According to 7207AC angular contact manual, pressure center a=21mm Distance from bearing pressure center to middle point of low-speed pinion: Distance from the midpoint of the low-speed pinion to that of the high-speed large gear: Distance from the middle point of the high-speed large gear to the bearing pressure center: (1) Calculate the reaction force of the shaft Horizontal support reaction Vertical support reaction (2) Calculate the bending moment of the shaft and draw the bending moment diagram The horizontal bending moment at section B The horizontal bending moment at section C The vertical bending moment at section C The vertical bending moment at section B Draw the bending moment diagram of horizontal plane (fig.b) and vertical plane (fig.c) The resultant bending moment at section B The synthetic bending moment of section C: Make composite bending moment diagram (figure d) Make torque diagram (figure e) Figure 7-4 force and bending moment of jack shaft 4. Check the strength of the shaft Because the bending moment on the left side of B is large and the action has torque, the left side of B is the dangerous section. Its bending section coefficient: Its torsion cross section coefficient: The maximum bending stress: Its shear stress: Check and calculate according to the strength of bending and torsion. For the shaft of one-way drive, torque is processed according to pulsating cycle. Therefore, the reduced coefficient is adopted α=0.6, then the equivalent stress is Check the table, get 40Cr(tempering and tempering) treatment, and the limit of tensile strength σB=640MPa; Then the allowable bending stress of the axis [σ-1b]=60MPa, σca<[σ-1b], so the strength is good. 7.3 Calculation of low speed shaft 1. Select the material on the shaft, and determine the allowable stress Because the reducer is a general machine, there is no special requirements, so choose 45 (quenched and tempered), the hardness: 240HBS. Referring table 15-1, take σb=640MPa, σ-1b=60MPa 2. According to the initial torsion strength, the minimum diameter of the shaft estimated Refer to table 15-3, take A0=112, then: Shaft end has 1 keyway, so increase shaft diameter by 7% According to the table, the diameter of the standard axle hole is 50mm, so d=50 Figure 7-5 Schematic diagram of low-speed shaft (1) The minimum diameter of the output shaft is obviously the diameter d1 of the shaft where the coupling is mounted. In order to make the selected shaft diameter d1 match the coupling aperture, it is necessary to select the type of coupling.The calculated torque of the coupling Tca = KA×T, refer to the table, consider about stability, then take KA = 1.3，thus: According to the condition that the torque Tca of the coupling should be less than the nominal torque of the coupling, check the standard GB t4323-2002 or the design manual, choose LX4 type coupling. The aperture of the semi-coupling is 50mm, the hub hole length of fitness of the semi-coupling and the shaft is 112mm. Choose ordinary flat bond, A type bond, b×h = 14×9mm(GB T 1096-2003), length of bond L=100mm. (2) Initial selection of rolling bearing. Because the bearing is subject to both radial and axial forces, angular contact bearing is chosen. According to work requirements and d23 = 55mm, angular contact bearing 7212AC is selected from the bearing product catalog, its size: d×D×B = 60×110×22mm, so d34 = d78 = 60 mm. Positioning of bearing oil retaining ring. According to the manual, the positioning shaft shoulder height of type 7212AC bearing is h = 4.5mm, so d45 = 69mm (3) Take the diameter of the shaft section where the gear is mounted d67 = 63 mm；The width of the low-speed large gear hub is known as b4 = 80 mm，in order to make the end face of the oil retaining ring press the gear reliably, this shaft segment should be slightly shorter than the width of the hub, so l67 = 78mm. The left end of the gear is fixed by the shaft shoulder. The height of shaft shoulder h = (2~3)R，The diameter of the shaft d67 = 63 mm, so take h = 10 mm, then the diameter at the collar d56 = 83 mm, take l56=10mm. (4) Thickness of bearing end cover e=10, the thickness of the gasket Δt=2. According to the ease of mounting and dismounting of the bearing end cover, ensure that the outer end face of the bearing end cover has a certain distance from the end face of the coupling K=24, screw C1=22mm, C2=20mm, box seat wall thickness δ=8mm, then: (5) Assume the distance between low level main gear and inner box wall Δ 2 = 12.5 mm, the distance between high speed main gear and low speed pinion Δ 3 = 15 mm distance. Consider housing casting error, when determining the position of rolling bearing, should be from a distance Δ casing wall, assume Δ = 10 mm, then: At this point, the diameter and length of each section of the shaft have been preliminarily determined. Shaft section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diameter 50 55 60 69 83 63 60 Length 112 59 44.5 57.5 10 78 46.5 3. Force analysis of the shaft Circumferential force on the low-speed big gear (d4 is the dividing circle diameter of the low-speed big gear) The radial force on a large low speed gear The axial force exerted on a large low-speed gear Refer to the manual with 7212AC angular contaction, know pressure center a=30.8mm (1)Calculate the supporting reaction of the shaft Horizontal support reaction Vertical support reaction (2) Calculate the bending moment of the shaft and draw the bending moment diagram The horizontal bending moment at section C The vertical bending moment at section C Draw the bending moment diagram of horizontal plane (fig.b) and vertical plane (fig.c) The resultant bending moment at section C (3) Make composite bending moment diagram (figure d) Make torque diagram (figure e) Figure 7-6 Diagram of force and bending moment of low speed shaft 4. Check the strength of the shaft Because the bending moment on the left side of C is large and the action has torque, the left side of C is the dangerous section Its bending section coefficient: Its torsion cross section coefficient: The maximum bending stress: Its shear stress: Check and calculate according to the strength of bending and torsion. For the shaft of one-way drive, torque is processed according to pulsating cycle. So the reduced coefficient =0.6, then the equivalent stress: Refer to the the table, get 45(tempering) treatment, tensile strength limitσB=640MPa，then the allowable bending stress of the axis[σ-1b]=60MPa, σca<[σ-1b], so the strength is good. Chapter 8 Rolling bearing life check 8.1 Bearing check on high speed shaft Bearing code d(mm) D(mm) B(mm) Cr(kN) C0r(kN) 7206AC 30 62 16 22 14.2 Adopt 7206AC angular contact ball bearing, inner diameter d=30mm, outer diameter D=62mm, width B=16mm, Basic dynamic load rating Cr=22kN，Rated static load C0r=14.2kN. Life expectancy is Lh=48000h. According to the horizontal and vertical bearing reaction calculated previously, we can calculate the resultant bearing reaction： Axial force Fae=435N According to the calculations, bearing 1 is "pressed", while bearing 2 is “relaxing”. Refer to the table, X1=0.41，Y1=0.87，X2=1，Y2=0 Refer to the table, ft=1，fp=1 Then, take the bigger one into Bearing life is sufficient. 8.2 Bearing check on the jack shaft Bearing code d(mm) D(mm) B(mm) Cr(kN) C0r(kN) 7207AC 35 72 17 29 19.2 Adopt 7207AC angular contact ball bearing, inner diameter d=35mm, outer diameter D=72mm, width B=17mm, Basic dynamic load ratingCr=29kN, Rated static load C0r=19.2kN Life expectancy is Lh=48000h. According to the horizontal and vertical bearing reaction calculated previously, we can calculate the resultant bearing reaction： Axial force Fae=775N According to the calculations, bearing 1 is "pressed", while bearing 2 is “relaxing”. Refer to the table, X1=0.41，Y1=0.87，X2=1，Y2=0 Refer to the table, ft=1，fp=1 Then, take the bigger one into Bearing life is sufficient. 8.3 Bearing check on the low speed shaft Bearring code d(mm) D(mm) B(mm) Cr(kN) C0r(kN) 7212AC 60 110 22 58.2 46.2 Adopt 7212AC angular contact ball bearing, inner diameter d=60mm, outer diameter D=110mm, width B=22mm, Basic dynamic load rating Cr=58.2kN，Rated static load C0r=46.2kN Life expectancy is Lh=48000h。 According to the horizontal and vertical bearing reaction calculated previously, we can calculate the resultant bearing reaction： Axial force Fae=1145N According to the calculations, bearing 1 is "pressed", while bearing 2 is “relaxing”. Refer to the table, X1=0.41，Y1=0.87，X2=1，Y2=0 Refer to the table, ft=1，fp=1 Then, take the bigger one into Bearing life is sufficient. Chapter 9 Key connection design calculation 9.1 Calculation check of coupling key connection The chosen type of key is A-type: 6×6（GB/T 1096-2003） Working length of key: l=L-b=40-6=34mm Contact height of the hub keyway: k=h/2=3mm According to the material of the coupling which is 45 and the stability of loading, we can get [σp]=120MPa, then it’s compression strength is It meets the strength requirement. 9.2 Calculation check of low speed pinion’s key connection The chosen type of key is A-type: 10×8（GB/T 1096-2003） Working length of key: l=L-b=70-10=60mm Contact height of the hub keyway: k=h/2=4mm According to the material of the low speed pinion which is 40Cr and the stability of loading, we can get [σp]=120MPa, then it’s compression strength is It meets the strength requirement. 9.3 Calculation check of high speed main gear’s key connection The chosen type of key is A-type: 10×8（GB/T 1096-2003） Working length of key: l=L-b=36-10=26mm Contact height of the hub keyway: k=h/2=4mm According to the material of the high speed main gear which is 45 and the stability of loading, we can get [σp]=120MPa, then it’s compression strength is It meets the strength requirement. 9.4 Calculation check of low speed main gear’s key connection The chosen type of key is A-type: 18×11（GB/T 1096-2003） Working length of key: l=L-b=63-18=45mm Contact height of the hub keyway: k=h/2=5.5mm According to the material of the low speed main gear which is 45 and the stability of loading, we can get [σp]=120MPa, then it’s compression strength is It meets the strength requirement. Chapter 10 Coupling selection 10.1 Coupling on the high speed shaft （1）Calculate the load on the coupling Refer to the table, the load coefficient of the coupling is KA=1.3 Then calculate the torque is Tc=KA×T=1.3×48.84=63.5N•m （2）Select the type of coupling Primary coupling model is LX3 elastic pin coupling (GB/ t4323-2002). Refer to the table, Nominal torque Tn=1250N•m, Allowable speed[n]=4700r/min, thus: Tc=63.5N•mδ 12.5mm Case cover and seat rib thickness m1、m m1≈0.85×δ1、m≈0.85×δ 8mm、8mm Outer diameter of high speed bearing end cap D1 D+(5～5.5)d3；D--bearing outer diameter 102mm Outer diameter of end cover of jack bearing D2 D+(5～5.5)d3；D--bearing outer diameter 112mm Outer diameter of low speed bearing end cap D3 D+(5～5.5)d3；D--bearing outer diameter 150mm Chapter 14 Drawing of structure analysis of reduce 14.1 Drawing of assembly 14.2 Housing 14.3 Drawing of gears High speed main gear Low speed pinion 14.4 Drawing of shafts High speed shaft Jack speed shaft Low speed shaft Chapter 15 Conclusion 15.1 Summary After hard work, I finally finished the mechanical design course. In the process of this operation, I encountered many difficulties. The repeated calculation and the design scheme modification exposed my lack of knowledge and experience in this aspect in the early stage, and I learned the lesson of blind calculation. As for drawing assembly drawing and part drawing, due to sufficient preliminary calculation, the whole process took less than three days. During this period, I also received a lot of help from my classmates and teachers. Here I would like to express my most sincere thanks to them. Although the time of this assignment is long and the process is tortuous, for me, the biggest gain is the method and ability. The ability to analyze and solve problems. In the whole process, I found that what students like us most lack is experience, no perceptual knowledge, empty theoretical knowledge, and some things may be out of touch with the reality. In general, I think doing this type of homework is of great help to us. It requires us to systematically connect the relevant knowledge we have learned, expose our shortcomings and make improvements. Sometimes a person's power is limited, the wisdom of all people, I believe our work will be more perfect! Due to the limited time, there are many shortcomings in this design, such as the huge box structure and large weight. The gear calculation is not accurate enough and other defects, I believe, through this practice, I can avoid a lot of unnecessary work in the future design, have the ability to design a more compact structure, transmission more stable and accurate equipment. 15.2 Job description of team members Team leader: 陈旭颖 Finish the designation and calculation of transmission device, motor, dynamic parameters, rolling bearings, keys and couplings. Draw the CAD of assembly drawing and reducer housing drawing. Write the design specification. Team members: 方琢 Finish the designation and calculation of high speed gear, jack gear and low speed gear. Draw the CAD of high speed gear, jack gear and low speed gear. 李成雍 Finish the designation and calculation of high speed shaft, intermediate shaft and low speed shaft. Draw the CAD of high speed shaft, intermediate shaft and low speed shaft. Reference [1] Kunwoo Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Pearson, Jan., 1999. [2] Chris McMahon and Jimmie Browne, CAD/CAM Principles, Practices and Manufacturing Management (2/e), Prentice Hall, July, 1999. [3] Andrew D. Dimarogonas, Machine Design - A CAD Approach, John Wiley & Sons, Dec. 2000. [4] E. Paul Degarmo, J. T. Black and Ronald A. Kohser, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (11th edition), Wiley, Dec. 2011. [5] 李育锡. 机械设计课程设计（第⼆版）. 北京：⾼等教育出版社. in Chinese [6] 陈秀宁. 机械设计课程设计(第四版). 杭州：浙江⼤学出版社. 2010. in Chinese [7] 吴宗泽. 机械设计课程设计. 北京：⾼等教育出版社. 2007. in Chinese [8] 闻邦椿. 机械设计⼿册 1-6 卷(第五版). 北京：机械⼯业出版社. 2011. in Chinese Attachment 1.The drawing of assembly; 2.The drawing of reducer housing; 3.The drawing of pinion; 4.The drawing of main gear; 5.The drawing of low speed shaft; 6.The drawing of jack shaft; 7.The drawing of high speed shaft;
Service Support-英文原版
Preface.........................................................................................................................................- 1 - 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................- 2 - 1.1 The IT Infrastructure Library.........................................................................................- 2 - 1.1.1 Public domain framework...............................................................................- 2 - 1.1.2 Best practice framework.................................................................................- 3 - 1.1.3 De facto standard............................................................................................- 3 - 1.1.4 Quality approach..............................................................................................- 4 - 1.1.5 itSMF.................................................................................................................- 5 - 1.2 Restructuring the IT Infrastructure Library....................................................................- 5 - 1.3 Target audience..............................................................................................................- 6 - 1.4 Navigating the IT Infrastructure Library........................................................................- 6 - 1.5 Why choose a jigsaw concept?.......................................................................................- 8 - 1.6 The Service Support book..............................................................................................- 8 - 1.7 Service Management......................................................................................................- 9 - 1.8 Customers and Users....................................................................................................- 10 - 1.9 A Code of Practice for IT Service Management – PD0005....................- 10 - 1.10 Service Management: a process approach.................................................................- 11 - 1.11 Recommended reading...................................................................................- 11 - 2 Relationship between processes..............................................................................................- 14 - 2.1 Configuration Management.............................................................................- 14 - 2.2 Change Management....................................................................................................- 16 - 2.3 Release Management...................................................................................................- 16 - 2.4 Incident Management...................................................................................................- 16 - 2.5 Problem Management..................................................................................................- 17 - 2.6 Service Desk................................................................................................................- 17 - 2.7 Service Level Management..........................................................................................- 17 - 2.8 Capacity Management..................................................................................................- 18 - 2.9 Financial Management for IT Services........................................................................- 18 - 2.10 Availability Management...........................................................................................- 18 - 2.11 IT Service Continuity Management...........................................................................- 19 - 2.12 Customer Relationship Management.........................................................................- 19 - 2.13 ICT Infrastructure Management.................................................................................- 19 - 2.14 Application Management...........................................................................................- 19 - 2.15 Security Management................................................................................................- 20 - 2.16 Environmental infrastructure processes.....................................................................- 20 - 2.17 Project Management..................................................................................................- 20 - 3 Getting started.........................................................................................................................- 21 - 3.1 Service Management benefits.........................................................................- 21 - 3.2 A process led approach......................................................................................- 22 - 3.3 Management commitment............................................................................................- 24 - 3.3.1 Aspects of management commitment........................................................- 24 - 3.3.2 Management commitment in the planning stage......................................- 24 - III 3.4 Cultural aspects............................................................................................................- 25 - 3.4.1 What is culture?.............................................................................................- 26 - 3.4.2 Responsibilities..............................................................................................- 27 - 3.4.3 What is meant by ‘service culture’?............................................................- 27 - 3.4.4 How is this relevant to IT service provision?.............................................- 28 - 3.4.5 What do Customers want?...........................................................................- 28 - 3.4.6 Common excuses for conducting ‘business as usual’.............................- 30 - 3.4.7 How much will all this cost?.........................................................................- 31 - 3.4.8 What are the potential benefits of Customer care?..................................- 32 - 3.4.9 Service Management training......................................................................- 32 - 4 The Service Desk....................................................................................................................- 33 - 4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................- 33 - 4.1.1 Why do we need a Service Desk?..............................................................- 34 - 4.1.2 The support problem.....................................................................................- 34 - 4.1.3 Call Centre......................................................................................................- 35 - 4.1.4 Help Desk.......................................................................................................- 36 - 4.1.5 Service Desk..................................................................................................- 36 - 4.1.6 How can a Service Desk help my organisation?......................................- 36 - 4.1.7 Charging for support services......................................................................- 37 - 4.1.8 Business and operational benefits..............................................................- 38 - 4.1.9 The role and direction of the Service Desk................................................- 39 - 4.1.10 Customer interaction...................................................................................- 39 - 4.1.11 Keeping the Customer and User informed..............................................- 40 - 4.1.13 Monitored infrastructure events.................................................................- 44 - 4.1.14 Actioned infrastructure Incidents...............................................................- 44 - 4.1.15 Infrastructure Incident model.....................................................................- 44 - 4.1.16 Benefits.........................................................................................................- 45 - 4.1.17 Use of Internet technology.........................................................................- 45 - 4.2 Implementing a Service Desk infrastructure................................................................- 46 - 4.2.1 Staff resourcing..............................................................................................- 46 - 4.2.2 Target effectiveness metrics........................................................................- 47 - 4.2.3 Key considerations........................................................................................- 47 - 4.2.4 Selecting the right Service Desk structure.................................................- 48 - 4.2.5 Types of Service Desk structure.................................................................- 48 - 4.2.6 Local Service Desk considerations.............................................................- 48 - 4.2.7 Central Service Desk considerations.........................................................- 49 - 4.2.8 Virtual Service Desk considerations...........................................................- 50 - 4.2.9 Service Desk Configuration considerations...............................................- 52 - 4.2.10 Global ‘follow the sun’ support..................................................................- 52 - 4.2.11 Incident classification..................................................................................- 53 - 4.2.12 Classification Process Review..................................................................- 54 - 4.3 Service Desk technologies...........................................................................................- 54 - 4.3.1 The computerised Service Desk.................................................................- 55 - 4.3.2 Computerised Service Desk benefits.........................................................- 55 - IV 4.3.3 Build or buy?..................................................................................................- 56 - 4.3.4 Running in a multiplatform environment....................................................- 56 - 4.3.5 Running in a Wide-Area Network (WAN) infrastructure..........................- 57 - 4.3.6 Intelligent phone systems, voicemail and email usage............................- 57 - 4.3.7 Deploying a self-service strategy................................................................- 57 - 4.3.8 Critical success factors.................................................................................- 58 - 4.3.9 Implementation considerations....................................................................- 59 - 4.3.10 Outsourcing a Service Desk......................................................................- 60 - 4.4 Service Desk responsibilities, functions, staffing levels etc.........................................- 61 - 4.4.1 Service Desk functions.................................................................................- 61 - 4.4.2 Which Requests should be registered........................................................- 62 - 4.4.3 Service Desk empowerment........................................................................- 62 - 4.4.4 Escalation management...............................................................................- 63 - 4.4.5 Service Desk staffing levels.........................................................................- 65 - 4.4.6 Staff turnover considerations.......................................................................- 66 - 4.4.7 Workload monitoring...................................................................................- 66 - 4.4.8 Customer satisfaction analysis and surveys.............................................- 67 - 4.4.9 Service Desk resourcing for smaller support units...................................- 68 - 4.4.10 Second-line staff awareness......................................................................- 68 - 4.4.11 Identifying training needs...........................................................................- 69 - 4.4.12 Call rate reduction.......................................................................................- 69 - 4.4.13 Workload definitions request types...........................................................- 69 - 4.5 Service Desk staffing skill set......................................................................................- 70 - 4.5.1 Major Customer requirements.....................................................................- 71 - 4.5.2 Fix rates..........................................................................................................- 71 - 4.6 Setting up a Service Desk environment.......................................................................- 71 - 4.6.1 Service Desk environment considerations..............................................- 72 - 4.6.2 Defining your services..................................................................................- 72 - 4.6.3 Service Desk pre-Release requirements...................................................- 73 - 4.6.4 Advertising and selling the Service Desk...................................................- 74 - 4.6.5 Quick wins......................................................................................................- 75 - 4.7 Service Desk education and training............................................................................- 75 - 4.7.1 Soft skills.........................................................................................................- 76 - 4.7.2 Managerial focus...........................................................................................- 76 - 4.7.3 Service Desk staff profile..............................................................................- 77 - 4.7.4 Service staff responsibilities and mindset..................................................- 78 - 4.7.5 Working with Customers...............................................................................- 78 - 4.7.6 Active listening...............................................................................................- 80 - 4.7.7 Service Desk staff training............................................................................- 81 - 4.8 Service Desk processes and procedures.......................................................................- 81 - 4.8.1 Considerations...............................................................................................- 81 - 4.8.2 Common structured interrogation technique.............................................- 82 - 4.8.3 Customer details and identification.............................................................- 82 - 4.8.4 Maintaining the Customer database...........................................................- 83 - V 4.8.5 Marketing the Service Desk amongst Customers....................................- 83 - 4.9 Incident reporting and review......................................................................................- 84 - 4.9.1 Effective workload analyses.........................................................................- 85 - 4.9.2 Frequency of reporting and review.............................................................- 86 - 4.9.3 Archiving Service Desk records...................................................................- 87 - 4.10 Conclusions................................................................................................................- 88 - 4.10.1 Critical success factors...............................................................................- 88 - 4.10.2 Service Desk implementation guidance...................................................- 88 - Annex 4A: Sample Release document.......................................................................................- 88 - 5 Incident Management..............................................................................................................- 91 - 5.1 Goal of Incident Management......................................................................................- 91 - 5.2 Scope of Incident Management......................................................................- 91 - 5.3 Basic concepts............................................................................................................- 93 - 5.3.1 Incident Handling...........................................................................................- 93 - 5.3.2 First, second- and third-line support...........................................................- 95 - 5.3.3 Functional versus hierarchical escalation..................................................- 96 - 5.3.4 Priority.............................................................................................................- 97 - 5.3.5 Relationship between Incidents, Problems, Known Errors and RFCs..- 98 - 5.4 Benefits of Incident Management...............................................................- 100 - 5.5 Planning and implementation.....................................................................................- 101 - 5.5.1 Timing and planning....................................................................................- 101 - 5.5.2 Critical success factors...............................................................................- 102 - 5.5.3 Possible problem areas..............................................................................- 102 - 5.6 Incident Management activities.................................................................................- 102 - 5.6.1 Incident detection and recording...............................................................- 103 - 5.6.2 Classification and initial support................................................................- 104 - 5.6.3 Investigation and diagnosis........................................................................- 107 - 5.6.4 Resolution and recovery.............................................................................- 108 - 5.6.5 Incident closure............................................................................................- 109 - 5.6.6 Ownership, monitoring, tracking and communication............................- 110 - 5.7 Handling of major Incidents.......................................................................................- 111 - 5.8 Roles of the Incident Management process................................................................- 112 - 5.8.1 Incident Manager.........................................................................................- 112 - 5.8.2 Incident-handling support staff..................................................................- 112 - 5.9 Key Performance Indicators..........................................................................- 113 - 5.10 Tools.....................................................................................................................- 113 - Annex 5A: Example coding system for Incident/request classification...........................- 114 - Annex 5B: Example of a priority coding system.............................................................- 115 - Annex 5C: Data requirements for service Incident records.............................................- 115 - Annex 5D: The process of Incident investigation............................................................- 116 - Annex 5E: Incident handling on the Service Desk (flow)................................................- 117 - 6 Problem Management...........................................................................................................- 119 - 6.1 Goal of Problem Management...................................................................................- 119 - 6.2 Scope of Problem Management....................................................................- 119 - VI 6.3 Basic concepts............................................................................................................- 120 - 6.3.1 What is the difference between Incident Management and Problem Management?........................................................................................................- 121 - 6.3.2 Problem control............................................................................................- 122 - 6.3.3 Error control..................................................................................................- 122 - 6.3.4 Proactive Problem Management...............................................................- 123 - 6.3.5 Completion of major Problem reviews.....................................................- 123 - 6.4 Benefits of Problem Management..............................................................................- 123 - 6.5 Planning and implementation.....................................................................................- 124 - 6.5.1 Timing and planning....................................................................................- 124 - 6.5.2 Key success factors....................................................................................- 125 - 6.5.3 Risks..............................................................................................................- 125 - 6.6 Problem control activities..........................................................................................- 125 - 6.6.1 Problem identification and recording........................................................- 128 - 6.6.2 Problem classification.................................................................................- 129 - 6.6.3 Problem investigation and diagnosis........................................................- 132 - 6.6.4 Tips on Problem control..............................................................................- 133 - 6.7 Error control activities...............................................................................................- 134 - 6.7.1 Error identification and recording..............................................................- 135 - 6.7.2 Error assessment........................................................................................- 135 - 6.7.3 Error resolution recording...........................................................................- 137 - 6.7.4 Error closure.................................................................................................- 137 - 6.7.5 Problem/error resolution monitoring.........................................................- 137 - 6.7.6 Tips on error control....................................................................................- 138 - 6.8 Proactive Problem Management................................................................................- 139 - 6.8.1 Trend Analysis..............................................................................................- 139 - 6.8.2 Targeting preventive action........................................................................- 140 - 6.8.3 Tips on proactive Problem Management.................................................- 141 - 6.8.4 Major Problem reviews...............................................................................- 141 - 6.9 Providing information to the support organisation.....................................................- 141 - 6.9.1 Providing management information..........................................................- 142 - 6.9.2 Cascading information................................................................................- 142 - 6.10 Metrics.....................................................................................................................- 142 - 6.10.1 Problem/error control reporting...............................................................- 143 - 6.10.2 Periodic audits...........................................................................................- 144 - 6.10.3 Tips on metrics...........................................................................................- 144 - 6.11 Roles within Problem Management.........................................................................- 145 - 6.11.1 Problem Manager......................................................................................- 145 - 6.11.2 Problem support........................................................................................- 146 - Annex 6A: An example of a coding structure for Problems/error categorisation............- 146 - Annex 6B: Kepner and Tregoe analysis...........................................................................- 147 - Defining the Problem............................................................................................- 148 - Describing the Problem........................................................................................- 148 - Establishing possible causes...............................................................................- 149 - VII Testing the most probable cause........................................................................- 149 - Verifying the true cause........................................................................................- 149 - Annex 6C: Ishikawa Diagrams........................................................................................- 149 - 7 Configuration Management..................................................................................................- 151 - 7.1 Goal of Configuration Management............................................................- 151 - 7.2 Scope of Configuration Management.........................................................- 151 - 7.3 Basic concepts............................................................................................................- 152 - 7.3.1 Configuration Management planning.......................................................- 152 - 7.3.2 Configuration identification and CIs..........................................................- 153 - 7.3.3 Configuration control...................................................................................- 154 - 7.3.4 Configuration status accounting................................................................- 154 - 7.3.5 Configuration verification and audit..........................................................- 154 - 7.3.6 Configuration baseline................................................................................- 154 - 7.3.7 Configuration Management Database......................................................- 155 - 7.3.8 Software and document libraries...............................................................- 156 - 7.3.9 Definitive Software Library.........................................................................- 156 - 7.3.10 Licence management...............................................................................- 156 - 7.4 Benefits and possible problems..................................................................................- 157 - 7.4.1 Benefits.........................................................................................................- 157 - 7.4.2 Possible problems.......................................................................................- 158 - 7.5 Planning and implementation.....................................................................................- 159 - 7.5.1 Initial planning..............................................................................................- 160 - 7.5.2 Agreement on purpose, objectives, scope, priorities and implementation approach aligned with business objectives.......................................................- 160 - 7.5.3 Appointment of a Configuration Manager and planning a Configuration Management team................................................................................................- 162 - 7.5.4 Analysis of existing systems......................................................................- 163 - 7.5.5 Developing Configuration Management plans and systems design....- 163 - 7.5.6 Detailed planning for implementation.......................................................- 164 - 7.5.7 Populating the CMDB and DSL...............................................................- 167 - 7.5.8 Cutover to new processes..........................................................................- 168 - 7.5.9 Other implementation considerations.......................................................- 169 - 7.5.10 Costs...........................................................................................................- 169 - 7.6 Activities....................................................................................................................- 171 - 7.6.1 Configuration management planning.......................................................- 171 - 7.6.2 Configuration identification.......................................................................- 172 - 7.6.3 Control of CIs...............................................................................................- 180 - 7.6.4 Configuration status accounting................................................................- 185 - 7.6.5 Configuration verification and audit..........................................................- 186 - 7.6.6 CMDB back-ups, archives and housekeeping........................................- 187 - 7.6.7 Providing a Configuration Management service.....................................- 187 - 7.7 Process control...........................................................................................................- 188 - 7.7.1 Management reporting................................................................................- 188 - 7.7.2 Key performance indicators.......................................................................- 189 - VIII 7.8 Relations to other processes.........................................................................- 190 - 7.9 Tools specific to the Configuration Management process..........................................- 193 - 7.9.1 Configuration Management system..........................................................- 193 - 7.9.2 Software Configuration Management.......................................................- 194 - 7.9.3 Change Management and Release Management support...................- 195 - 7.9.4 Configuration auditing.................................................................................- 195 - 7.9.5 Enterprise system and tools......................................................................- 195 - 7.9.6 Other tools....................................................................................................- 196 - 7.10 Impact of new technology...........................................................................- 197 - 7.11 Guidance on Configuration Management................................................................- 197 - 7.11.1 Level of control...........................................................................................- 197 - 7.11.2 Versions or Variants?................................................................................- 198 - 7.11.3 Selection of Configuration Management tools......................................- 199 - Annex 7A: The central function for Change, Configuration and Release Management..- 199 - Setting up a Change, Configuration and Release Management function.....- 200 - Annex 7B: Specific responsibilities of the Configuration Management team.................- 204 - Configuration Manager responsibilities..............................................................- 204 - Configuration Librarian responsibilities..............................................................- 206 - Annex 7C: Suggested CI attributes..................................................................................- 207 - 8 Change Management.............................................................................................................- 208 - 8.1 Goal of Change Management.....................................................................................- 208 - 8.1.1 Purpose.........................................................................................................- 208 - 8.1.2 Best practice.................................................................................................- 208 - 8.1.3 Program/project management and Change Management....................- 209 - 8.2 Scope of Change Management...................................................................................- 209 - 8.2.1 Why Change is important...........................................................................- 212 - 8.2.2 Boundaries between Incident resolution and Change Management...- 213 - 8.2.3 Application development and Change Management.............................- 214 - 8.2.4 Business change and Change Management..........................................- 215 - 8.3 Basic concepts............................................................................................................- 215 - 8.3.1 Requests for Change................................................................................- 219 - 8.3.2 Change Advisory Board............................................................................- 220 - 8.3.3 Change metrics............................................................................................- 222 - 8.3.4 The Forward Schedule of Change, and Change models....................- 222 - 8.3.5 Outsourcing and Change Management...................................................- 224 - 8.3.6 Critical outage plan......................................................................................- 225 - 8.4 Benefits, costs and possible problems........................................................................- 226 - 8.4.1 Benefits.........................................................................................................- 226 - 8.4.2 Costs.............................................................................................................- 226 - 8.4.3 Possible problems.......................................................................................- 227 - 8.5 Activities....................................................................................................................- 229 - 8.5.1 Planning the implementation of operational processes.........................- 229 - 8.5.2 Change logging and filtering......................................................................- 229 - 8.5.3 Allocation of priorities................................................................................- 230 - IX 8.5.4 Change categorisation................................................................................- 231 - 8.5.5 CAB meetings............................................................................................- 232 - 8.5.6 Impact and resource assessment.............................................................- 233 - 8.5.7 Change approval.........................................................................................- 235 - 8.5.8 Change scheduling......................................................................................- 235 - 8.5.9 Change building, testing and implementation.......................................- 237 - 8.5.10 Urgent Changes........................................................................................- 238 - 8.5.11 Urgent Change building, testing and implementation..........................- 240 - 8.5.12 Change review.........................................................................................- 241 - 8.5.13 Reviewing the Change Management process for efficiency and effectiveness..........................................................................................................- 242 - 8.5.14 Roles and responsibilities......................................................................- 243 - 8.5.15 Establishing a Change Advisory Board..................................................- 244 - 8.6 Planning and implementation.....................................................................................- 245 - 8.6.1 Designating the Change Manager role....................................................- 245 - 8.6.2 Deciding on a Change Management system........................................- 245 - 8.6.3 Planning system reviews............................................................................- 246 - 8.6.4 Implementation planning............................................................................- 246 - 8.6.5 Guidance.......................................................................................................- 246 - 8.7 Metrics and management reporting..........................................................................- 249 - 8.7.1 Auditing for compliance..............................................................................- 250 - 8.8 Software tools...................................................................................................- 251 - 8.9 Impact of new technology..........................................................................................- 252 - 8.9.1 The business domain..................................................................................- 252 - 8.9.2 Technology....................................................................................................- 254 - 9 Release Management............................................................................................................- 256 - 9.1 Goal of Release Management........................................................................- 256 - 9.2 Scope of Release Management.....................................................................- 257 - 9.3 Basic concepts............................................................................................................- 258 - 9.3.1 Release.........................................................................................................- 258 - 9.3.2 Release policy and planning......................................................................- 259 - 9.3.3 Release unit.................................................................................................- 260 - 9.3.4 Release identification..................................................................................- 261 - 9.3.5 Types of Release.........................................................................................- 261 - 9.3.6 Definitive Software Library.........................................................................- 263 - 9.3.7 Definitive Hardware Store (DHS)..............................................................- 264 - 9.3.8 Configuration management Database (CMDB)......................................- 265 - 9.3.9 Build management......................................................................................- 265 - 9.3.10 Testing.........................................................................................................- 265 - 9.3.11 Back-Out plans..........................................................................................- 266 - 9.4 Benefits and possible problems..................................................................................- 267 - 9.4.1 Benefits.........................................................................................................- 267 - 9.4.2 Possible problems.......................................................................................- 268 - 9.5 Planning and implementation.....................................................................................- 269 - X 9.5.1 Planning........................................................................................................- 270 - 9.5.2 Implementation............................................................................................- 278 - 9.5.3 Costs.............................................................................................................- 279 - 9.6 Activities....................................................................................................................- 280 - 9.6.1 Release planning.........................................................................................- 280 - 9.6.2 Designing, building and configuring a Release.......................................- 281 - 9.6.3 Release acceptance....................................................................................- 283 - 9.6.4 Rollout planning...........................................................................................- 284 - 9.6.5 Communication, preparation and training................................................- 287 - 9.6.6 Distribution and installation........................................................................- 288 - 9.7 Process control...........................................................................................................- 289 - 9.7.1 Key performance indicators.......................................................................- 289 - 9.7.2 Management reporting................................................................................- 290 - 9.8 Relations to other processes.......................................................................................- 290 - 9.8.1 Configuration Management........................................................................- 290 - 9.8.2 Change Management.................................................................................- 291 - 9.8.3 Software from Developers and suppliers.................................................- 291 - 9.8.4 Problem Management and the Service Desk..........................................- 291 - 9.8.5 Project Management and PRINCE2.........................................................- 292 - 9.9 Tools specific to the Release Management process...................................................- 292 - 9.9.1 Change Management tools........................................................................- 292 - 9.9.2 Configuration Management tools..............................................................- 292 - 9.9.3 Software Configuration Management (SCM) tools.................................- 292 - 9.9.4 Build management tools.............................................................................- 293 - 9.9.5 Electronic software distribution..................................................................- 294 - 9.9.6 Software and hardware auditing tools......................................................- 296 - 9.9.7 Desktop management tools.......................................................................- 296 - 9.9.8 Server management tools..........................................................................- 296 - 9.10 Impact of New Technology......................................................................................- 297 - 9.10.1 The future of support tools.......................................................................- 297 - 9.10.2 ‘Thin client’...............................................................................................- 297 - 9.10.3 Multi-tier systems......................................................................................- 297 - 9.10.4 Internet applications..................................................................................- 298 - 9.10.5 Software updates via the Internet...........................................................- 299 - 9.11 Guidance for successful Release Management........................................................- 300 - 9.11.1 Configuration Management......................................................................- 300 - 9.11.2 Change Management...............................................................................- 301 - 9.11.3 Release Management...............................................................................- 301 - 9.11.4 Application design issues.........................................................................- 302 - 9.11.5 The positioning of software: what to put where.....................................- 302 - Annex 9A: Checklist to use when reviewing rollout plans..............................................- 303 - Annex 9B: Sample Release Management objectives for distributed systems..................- 304 - 10 Service Management software tools...................................................................................- 306 - 10.1 Types of tools....................................................................................................- 307 - XI 10.2 Summary of tool-evaluation criteria........................................................................- 307 - 10.2.1 Service Management tools......................................................................- 308 - 10.3 Product training........................................................................................................- 309 - 11 Planning for the Implementation of Service Management..................................................- 310 - 11.1 A Service Management project..................................................................- 310 - 11.2 Feasibility study.......................................................................................................- 311 - 11.3 Assessing the current situation.................................................................................- 311 - 11.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................- 311 - 11.3.2 A ‘health check’..........................................................................................- 311 - 11.4 General guidelines on project planning....................................................................- 313 - 11.4.1 Project characteristics...............................................................................- 313 - 11.4.2 Business case for the project...................................................................- 314 - 11.4.3 Critical success factors and possible Problems....................................- 314 - 11.4.4 Project costs...............................................................................................- 315 - 11.4.5 Organisation...............................................................................................- 316 - 11.4.6 Products......................................................................................................- 316 - 11.4.7 Planning......................................................................................................- 317 - 11.4.8 Communication plan.................................................................................- 317 - 11.5 Project review and management reporting...............................................................- 318 - 11.5.1 Progress reporting.....................................................................................- 319 - 11.5.2 Evaluation of the project...........................................................................- 319 - 11.5.3 Post-project review....................................................................................- 320 - 11.5.4 Auditing for compliance using quality parameters................................- 320 - 11.5.5 Auditing for improvement using key performance indicators..............- 321 - 11.5.6 Management reporting..............................................................................- 322 - 12 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................- 323 - 12.1 References................................................................................................................- 323 - 12.2 Other Sources...........................................................................................................- 328 - Appendix A: Terminology........................................................................................................- 329 - A.1 List of acronyms.................................................................................................- 329 - A.2 Glossary of terms...............................................................................................- 330 - Appendix B: Process theory and practice................................................................................- 337 - B.1 Process theory............................................................................................................- 337 - B.1.1 The product-oriented organisation............................................................- 337 - B.1.2 Moving towards a process-oriented organisation..................................- 338 - B.1.3 The process approach................................................................................- 338 - B.2 Process modelling case study: Service Support example..........................................- 340 - B.2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................- 340 - B.2.2 The approach...............................................................................................- 341 - B.2.3 Process analysis.........................................................................................- 342 - B.2.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................- 344 - Appendix C: Implementing Service Management processes – issues to consider...................- 345 - C.1 Process implementation..................................................................................- 345 - C.2 Applicability / scalability...........................................................................................- 346 - XII C.2.1 Large and small IT units.............................................................................- 346 - C.3 Process implementation projects: a checklist............................................................- 346 - C.3.1 Procedures...................................................................................................- 347 - C.3.2 Dependencies.............................................................................................- 347 - C.3.3 People...........................................................................................................- 347 - C.3.4 Timing...........................................................................................................- 348 - C.4 Impact on an organisation.........................................................................................- 348 - C.4.1 Hierarchical structure.................................................................................- 348 - C.4.2 Matrix organisation.....................................................................................- 348 - C.4.3 Self-learning teams (coaching management).........................................- 349 - C.5 Benchmarking.....................................................................................................- 349 - C.6 A sample implementation strategy.............................................................................- 350 - C.6.1 Phase 1:.......................................................................................................- 350 - C.6.2 Phase 2:.......................................................................................................- 350 - C.6.3 Phase 3:.......................................................................................................- 351 - C.6.4 Phase 4:.......................................................................................................- 351 - C.6.5 Phase 5:.......................................................................................................- 351 - C.6.6 Phase 6:.......................................................................................................- 351 - C.7 Process improvement.......................................................................................- 352 - Appendix D: Quality................................................................................................................- 353 - D.1 Quality Management.................................................................................................- 353 - D.1.1 Deming.........................................................................................................- 353 - D.1.2 Juran.............................................................................................................- 354 - D.1.3 Crosby..........................................................................................................- 355 - D.1.4 Six Sigma.....................................................................................................- 356 - D.2 Formal quality initiatives..........................................................................................- 357 - D.2.1 Quality standards........................................................................................- 357 - D.2.2 Total Quality Systems: EFQM...................................................................- 358 - D.2.3 Quality awards.............................................................................................- 359 - Appendix E: Example cost-benefit analysis for Service Management processes....................- 362 - Appendix F: The Service Support process model....................................................................- 365 - Other Information Sources and Services..................................................................................- 366 - The IT Service Management Forum (itSMF)...................................................................- 366 - ITIL training and professional qualifications...................................................................- 366 -
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