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求助 p4v file(s) not in client view
章LaoShi不会写代码
2021-01-18 02:37:35
我在p4v上创建了新仓库“FIPB”,然后创建了工作区，但是当选中文件夹点击Add时，提示file(s) not in client view
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求助 p4v file(s) not in client view
我在p4v上创建了新仓库“FIPB”,然后创建了工作区，但是当选中文件夹点击Add时，提示file(s) not in client view
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chenqiang2942
2021-12-31
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请问怎么解决的呢
apktool documentation
https://github.com/iBotPeaches/Apktool Introduction Basic First lets take a lesson into apk
file
s. apks are nothing more than a zip
file
containing resources and compiled java. If you were to simply unzip an apk like so, you would be left with
file
s such as classes.dex and resources.arsc. $ unzip testapp.apk Archive: testapp.apk inflating: AndroidManifest.xml inflating: classes.dex extracting: res/drawable-hdpi/ic_launcher.png inflating: res/xml/literals.xml inflating: res/xml/references.xml extracting: resources.arsc However, at this point you have simply inflated compiled sources. If you tried to
view
AndroidManifest.xml. You'd be left
view
ing this.
P4
F0\fnversionCodeversionNameandroid*http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/androidpackageplatformBuildVersionCodeplatformBuildVersionNamemanifestbrut.apktool.testapp1.021APKTOOL Obviously, editing or
view
ing a compiled
file
is next to impossible. That is where Apktool comes into play. $ apktool d testapp.apk I: Using Apktool 2.0.0 on testapp.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding AndroidManifest.xml with resources... I: Loading resource table from
file
: 1.apk I: Regular manifest package... I: Decoding
file
-resources... I: Decoding values */* XMLs... I: Baksmaling classes.dex... I: Copying assets and libs... $
View
ing AndroidManifest.xml again results in something much more human readable In addition to XMLs, resources such as 9 patch images, layouts, strings and much more are correctly decoded to source form. Decoding The decode option on Apktool can be invoked either from d or decode like shown below. $ apktool d foo.jar // decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder $ apktool decode foo.jar // decodes foo.jar to foo.jar.out folder $ apktool d bar.apk // decodes bar.apk to bar folder $ apktool decode bar.apk // decodes bar.apk to bar folder $ apktool d bar.apk -o baz // decodes bar.apk to baz folder Building The build option can be invoked either from b or build like shown below $ apktool b foo.jar.out // builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar
file
$ apktool build foo.jar.out // builds foo.jar.out folder into foo.jar.out/dist/foo.jar
file
$ apktool b bar // builds bar folder into bar/dist/bar.apk
file
$ apktool b . // builds current directory into ./dist $ apktool b bar -o new_bar.apk // builds bar folder into new_bar.apk $ apktool b bar.apk // WRONG: brut.androlib.AndrolibException: brut.directory.PathNotExist: apktool.yml // Must use folder, not apk/jar
file
InfoIn order to run a rebuilt application. You must resign the application. Android documentation can help with this. Frameworks Frameworks can be installed either from if or install-framework, in addition two parameters -p, --frame-path - Store framework
file
s into -t, --tag - Tag frameworks using Allow for a finer control over how the
file
s are named and how they are stored. $ apktool if framework-res.apk I: Framework installed to: 1.apk // pkgId of framework-res.apk determines number (which is 0x01) $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk I: Framework installed to: 2.apk // pkgId of com.htc.resources is 0x02 $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t htc I: Framework installed to: 2-htc.apk // pkgId-tag.apk $ apktool if framework-res.apk -p foo/bar I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1.apk $ apktool if framework-res.apk -t baz -p foo/bar I: Framework installed to: foo/bar/1-baz.apk Migration Instructions v2.1.1 -> v2.2.0 Run the following commands to migrate your framework directory Apktool will work fine without running these commands, this will just cleanup abandoned
file
s unix - mkdir -p ~/.local/share; mv ~/apktool ~/.local/share windows - move %USERPRO
FILE
%\apktool %USERPRO
FILE
%\AppData\Local v2.0.1 -> v2.0.2 Update apktool to v2.0.2 Remove framework
file
$HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk due to internal API update (Android Marshmallow) v1.5.x -> v2.0.0 Java 1.7 is required Update apktool to v2.0.0 aapt is now included inside the apktool binary. It's not required to maintain your own aapt install under $PATH. (However, features like -a / --aapt are still used and can override the internal aapt) The addition of aapt replaces the need for separate aapt download packages. Helper Scripts may be found here Remove framework $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk Eagle eyed users will notice resources are now decoded before sources now. This is because we need to know the API version via the manifest for decoding the sources Parameter Changes Smali/baksmali 2.0 are included. This is a big change from 1.4.2. Please read the smali updates here for more information -o / --output is now used for the output of apk/directory -t / --tag is required for tagging framework
file
s -advance / --advanced will launch advance parameters and information on the usage output -m / --match-original is a new feature for apk analysis. This retains the apk is nearly original format, but will make rebuild more than likely not work due to ignoring the changes that newer aapt requires After [d]ecode, there will be new folders (original / unknown) in the decoded apk folder original = META-INF folder / AndroidManifest.xml, which are needed to retain the signature of apks to prevent needing to resign. Used with -c / --copy-original on [b]uild unknown =
File
s / folders that are not part of the standard AOSP build procedure. These
file
s will be injected back into the rebuilt APK. apktool.yml collects more information than last version SdkInfo - Used to repopulate the sdk information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter packageInfo - Used to help support Android 4.2 renamed manifest feature. Automatically detects differences between resource and manifest and performs automatic --rename-manifest-package on [b]uild versionInfo - Used to repopulate the version information in AndroidManifest.xml since newer aapt requires version information to be passed via parameter compressionType - Used to determine the compression that resources.arsc had on the original apk in order to replicate during [b]uild unknown
File
s - Used to record name/location of non-standard
file
s in an apk in order to place correctly on rebuilt apk sharedLibrary - Used to help support Android 5 shared library feature by automatically detecting shared libraries and using --shared-lib on [b]uild Examples of new usage in 2.0 vs 1.5.x Old (Apktool 1.5.x) New (Apktool 2.0.x) apktool if framework-res.apk tag apktool if framework-res.apk -t tag apktool d framework-res.apk output apktool d framework.res.apk -o output apktool b output new.apk apktool b output -o new.apk v1.4.x -> v1.5.1 Update apktool to v1.5.1 Update aapt manually or use package r05-ibot via downloading Mac, Windows or Linux Remove framework
file
$HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk Intermediate Framework
File
s As you probably know, Android apps utilize code and resources that are found on the Android OS itself. These are known as framework resources and Apktool relies on these to properly decode and build apks. Every Apktool release contains internally the most up to date AOSP framework at the time of the release. This allows you to decode and build most apks without a problem. However, manufacturers add their own framework
file
s in addition to the regular AOSP ones. To use apktool against these manufacturer apks you must first install the manufacturer framework
file
s. Example Lets say you want to decode HtcContacts.apk from an HTC device. If you try you will get an error message. $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from
file
: 1.apk W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=drawable W: Could not decode attr value, using undecoded value instead: ns=android, name=icon Can't find framework resources for package of id: 2. You must install proper framework
file
s, see project website for more info. We must get HTC framework resources before decoding this apk. We pull com.htc.resources.apk from our device and install it $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk I: Framework installed to: 2.apk Now we will try this decode again. $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2.apk I: Copying assets and libs... As you can see. Apktool leveraged both 1.apk and 2.apk framework
file
s in order to properly decode this application. Finding Frameworks For the most part any apk in /system/framework on a device will be a framework
file
. On some devices they might reside in /data/system-framework and even cleverly hidden in /system/app or /system/priv-app. They are usually named with the naming of "resources", "res" or "framework". Example HTC has a framework called com.htc.resources.apk, LG has one called lge-res.apk After you find a framework
file
you could pull it via adb pull /path/to/
file
or use a
file
manager application. After you have the
file
locally, pay attention to how Apktool installs it. The number that the framework is named during install corresponds to the pkgId of the application. These values should range from 1 to 9. Any APK that installs itself as 127 is 0x7F which is an internal pkgId. Internal Frameworks Apktool comes with an internal framework like mentioned above. This
file
is copied to $HOME/apktool/framework/1.apk during use. Warning Apktool has no knowledge of what version of framework resides there. It will assume its up to date, so delete the
file
during Apktool upgrades Managing framework
file
s Frameworks are stored in $HOME/apktool/framework for Windows and Unix systems. Mac OS X has a slightly different folder location of $HOME/Library/apktool/framework. If these directories are not available it will default to java.io.tmpdir which is usually /tmp. This is a volatile directory so it would make sense to take advantage of the parameter --frame-path to select an alternative folder for framework
file
s. Note Apktool has no control over the frameworks once installed, but you are free to manage these
file
s on your own. Tagging framework
file
s Frameworks are stored in the naming convention of: -.apk. They are identified by pkgId and optionally custom tag. Usually tagging frameworks isn't necessary, but if you work on apps from many different devices and they have incompatible frameworks, you will need some way to easily switch between them. You could tag frameworks by: $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t hero I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk $ apktool if com.htc.resources.apk -t desire I: Framework installed to: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk Then: $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t hero I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-hero.apk I: Copying assets and libs... $ apktool d HtcContacts.apk -t desire I: Loading resource table... I: Decoding resources... I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/1.apk I: Loading resource table from
file
: /home/brutall/apktool/framework/2-desire.apk I: Copying assets and libs... You don't have to select a tag when building apk - apktool automatically uses the same tag, as when decoding. Smali Debugging Warning SmaliDebugging has been marked as deprecated in 2.0.3, and removed in 2.1. Please check SmaliIdea for a debugger. Apktool makes possible to debug smali code step by step, watch variables, set breakpoints, etc. General information Generally we need several things to run Java debugging session: debugger server (usually Java VM) debugger
client
(usually IDE like IntelliJ, Eclipse or Netbeans)
client
must have sources of debugged application server must have binaries compiled with debugging symbols referencing these sources sources must be java
file
s with at least package and class definitions, to properly connect them with debugging symbols In our particular situation we have: server: Monitor (Previously DDMS), part of Android SDK, standard for debugging Android applications - explained here
client
: any JPDA
client
- most of decent IDEs have support for this protocol. sources: smali code modified by apktool to satisfy above requirements (".java" extension, class declaration, etc.). Apktool modifies them when decoding apk in debug mode. binaries: when building apk in debug mode, apktool removes original symbols and adds new, which are referencing smali code (line numbers, registers/variables, etc.) Info To successfully run debug sessions, the apk must be both decoded and built in debug mode. Decoding with debug decodes the application differently to allow the debug rebuild option to inject lines allowing the debugger to identify variables and types.-d / --debug General instructions Above information is enough to debug smali code using apktool, but if you aren't familiar with DDMS and Java debugging, then you probably still don't know how to do it. Below are simple instructions for doing it using IntelliJ or Netbeans. Decode apk in debug mode: $ apktool d -d -o out app.apk Build new apk in debug mode: $ apktool b -d out Sign, install and run new apk. Follow sub-instructions below depending on IDE. IntelliJ (Android Studio) instructions In IntelliJ add new Java Module Project selecting the "out" directory as project location and the "smali" subdirectory as content root dir. Run Monitor (Android SDK /tools folder), find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700". In IntelliJ: Debug -> Edit Configurations. Since this is a new project, you will have to create a Debugger. Create a Remote Debugger, with the settings on "Attach" and setting the Port to 8700 (Or whatever Monitor said). The rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok". Start the debugging session. You will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel. Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#". Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc. Netbeans instructions In Netbeans add new Java Project with Existing Sources, select "out" directory as project root and "smali" subdirectory as sources dir. Run DDMS, find your application on a list and click it. Note port information in last column - it should be something like "86xx / 8700". In Netbeans: Debug -> Attach Debugger -> select JPDA and set Port to 8700 (or whatever you saw in previous step). Rest of fields should be ok, click "Ok". Debugging session should start: you will see some info in a log and debugging buttons will show up in top panel. Set breakpoint. You must select line with some instruction, you can't set breakpoint on lines starting with ".", ":" or "#". Trigger some action in application. If you run at breakpoint, then thread should stop and you will be able to debug step by step, watch variables, etc. Limitations/Issues Because IDE doesn't have full sources, it doesn't know about class members and such. Variables watching works because most of data could be read from memory (objects in Java know about their types), but if for example, you watch an object and it has some nulled member, then you won't see, what type this member is. 9Patch Images Docs exist for the mysterious 9patch images here and there. (Read these first). These docs though are meant for developers and lack information for those who work with already compiled 3rd party applications. There you can find information how to create them, but no information about how they actually work. I will try and explain it here. The official docs miss one point that 9patch images come in two forms: source & compiled. source - You know this one. You find it in the source of an application or freely available online. These are images with a black border around them. compiled - The mysterious form found in apk
file
s. There are no borders and the 9patch data is written into a binary chunk called npTc. You can't see or modify it easily, but Android OS can as its quicker to read. There are problems related to the above two points. You can't move 9patch images between both types without a conversion. If you try and unpack 9patch images from an apk and use it in the source of another, you will get errors during build. Also vice versa, you cannot take source 9patch images directly into an apk. 9patch binary chunk isn't recognized by modern image processing tools. So modifying the compiled image will more than likely break the npTc chunk, thus breaking the image on the device. The only solution to this problem is to easily convert between these two types. The encoder (which takes source to compiled) is built into the aapt tool and is automatically used during build. This means we only need to build a decoder which has been in apktool since v1.3.0 and is automatically ran on all 9patch images during decode. So if you want to modify 9patch images, don't do it directly. Use apktool to decode the application (including the 9patch images) and then modify the images. At that point when you build the application back, the source 9patch images will be compiled. Other FAQ What about the -j switch shown from the original YouTube videos? Read Issue 199. In short - it doesn't exist. Is it possible to run apktool on a device? Sadly not. There are some incompatibilities with SnakeYAML, java.nio and aapt Where can I download sources of apktool? From our Github or Bitbucket project. Resulting apk
file
is much smaller than original! Is there something missing? There are a couple of reasons that might cause this. Apktool builds unsigned apks. This means an entire directory META-INF is missing. New aapt binary. Newer versions of apktool contain a newer aapt which optimizes images differently. These points might have contributed to a smaller than normal apk There is no META-INF dir in resulting apk. Is this ok? Yes. META-INF contains apk signatures. After modifying the apk it is no longer signed. You can use -c / --copy-original to retain these signatures. However, using -c uses the original AndroidManifest.xml
file
, so changes to it will be lost. What do you call "magic apks"? For some reason there are apks that are built using modified build tools. These apks don't work on a regular AOSP Android build, but usually are accompanied by a modified system that can read these modified apks. Apktool cannot handle these apks, therefore they are "magic". Could I integrate apktool into my own tool? Could I modify apktool sources? Do I have to credit you? Actually the Apache License, which apktool uses, answers all these questions. Yes you can redistribute and/or modify apktool without my permission. However, if you do it would be nice to add our contributors (brut.all, iBotPeaches and JesusFreke) into your credits but it's not required. Where does apktool store its framework
file
s? unix - $HOME/.local/share/apktool mac - $HOME/Library/apktool windows - $HOME/AppData/Local/apktool Options Utility Options that can be executed at any time. -version, --version Outputs current version. (Ex: 1.5.2) -v, --verbose Verbose output. Must be first parameter -q, --quiet Quiet output. Must be first parameter -advance, --advanced Advance usage output Decode These are all the options when decoding an apk. --api The numeric api-level of the smali
file
s to generate (defaults to targetSdkVersion) -b, --no-debug-info Prevents baksmali from writing out debug info (.local, .param, .line, etc). Preferred to use if you are comparing smali from the same APK of different versions. The line numbers and debug will change among versions, which can make DIFF reports a pain. -f, --force Force delete destination directory. Use when trying to decode to a folder that already exists --keep-broken-res - Advanced If there is an error like "Invalid Config Flags Detected. Dropping Resources...". This means that APK has a different structure then Apktool can handle. This might be a newer Android version or a random APK that doesn't match standards. Running this will allow the decode, but then you have to manually fix the folders with -ERR in them. -m, --match-original - Used for analysis Matches
file
s closest as possible to original, but prevents rebuild. -o, --output The name of the folder that apk gets written to -p, --frame-path The folder location where framework
file
s should be stored/read from -r, --no-res This will prevent the decompile of resources. This keeps the resources.arsc intact without any decode. If only editing Java (smali) then this is the recommend for faster decompile & rebuild -s, --no-src This will prevent the disassemble of the dex
file
s. This keeps the apk classes.dex
file
and simply moves it during build. If your only editing the resources. This is recommended for faster decompile & rebuild -t, --frame-tag Uses framework
file
s tagged via Rebuild These are all the options when building an apk. -a, --aapt Loads aapt from the specified
file
location, instead of relying on path. Falls back to $PATH loading, if no
file
found -c, --copy-original - Will still require signature resign post API18 Copies original AndroidManifest.xml and META-INF folder into built apk -d, --debug Adds debuggable="true" to AndroidManifest
file
. -f, --force-all Overwrites existing
file
s during build, reassembling the resources.arsc
file
and classes.dex
file
-o, --output The name and location of the apk that gets written -p, --frame-path The location where framework
file
s are loaded from
Perforce Cheat Sheet
Perforce使用命令快速指南，全概括
Bochs - The cross platform IA-32 (x86) emulator
Changes in 2.4.6 (February 22, 2011): Brief summary : - Support more host OS to run on: - Include win64 native binary in the release. - Fixed failures on big endian hosts. - BIOS: Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images. - GUI: select mouse capture toggle method in .bochsrc. - Ported most of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver (except runtime write support, but plus FAT32 suppport) - Added write protect option for floppy drives. - Bugfixes / improved internal debugger + instrumentation. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Implemented Process Context ID (PCID) feature - Implemented FS/GS BASE access instructions support (according to document from http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/) - Rewritten from scratch SMC detection algorithm - Implemented fine-grained SMC detection (on 128 byte granularity) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Fixed failures on Big Endian hosts ! - Print detailed page walk information and attributes in internal debugger 'page' command - Updated/Fixed instrumentation callbacks - Configure and compile - Bochs now can be compiled as native Windows x86-64 application (tested with Mingw gcc 4.5.1 and Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2010) - Added ability to configure CPUID stepping through .bochsrc. The default stepping value is 3. - Added ability to disable MONITOR/MWAIT support through .bochsrc CPUID option. The option is available only if compiled with --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Determine and select max physical address size automatically at configure time: - 32-bit physical address for 386/486 guests - 36-bit physical address for PSE-36 enabled Pentium guest - 40-bit physical address for PAE enabled P6 or later guests - Update config.guess/config.sub scripts to May 2010 revisions. - Update Visual Studio 2008 project
file
s in build/win32/vs2008ex-workspace.zip - Added Bochs compilation timestamp after Bochs version string. - GUI and display libraries (Volker) - Added new .bochsrc option to select mouse capture toggle method. In addition to the default Bochs method using the CTRL key and the middle mouse button there are now the choices: - CTRL+F10 (like DOSBox) - CTRL+ALT (like QEMU) - F12 (replaces win32 'legacyF12' option) - display library 'x' now uses the desktop size for the maximum guest resolution - ROM BIOS - Support for up to 2M ROM BIOS images - I/O Devices - 3 new 'pseudo device' plugins created by plugin separation (see below) - Fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet (patch from @SF tracker) - Added support for VGA graphics mode with 400 lines (partial fix for SF bug #2948724) - NE2K: Fixed "send buffer" command issue on big endian hosts - USB - converted common USB code plus devices to the new 'usb_common' plugin Now the USB device classes no longer exist twice if both HC plugins are loaded. - added 'pseudo device' in common USB code for the device creation. This makes the HCs independent from the device specific code. - USB MSD: added support for disk image modes (like ATA disks) - USB printer: output
file
creation failure now causes a disconnect - re-implemented "options" parameter for additional options of connected devices (currently only used to set the speed reported by device and to specify an alternative redolog
file
of USB MSD disk image modes) - hard drive - new disk image mode 'vvfat' - ported the read-only part of Qemu's 'virtual VFAT' block driver - additions: configurable disk geometry, FAT32 support, read MBR and/or boot sector from
file
, volatile write support using hdimage redolog_t class, optional commit support on Bochs exit, save/restore
file
attributes, 1.44 MB floppy support, set
file
modification date/time - converted the complete hdimage stuff to the new 'hdimage' plugin - new hdimage method get_capabilities() that can return special flags - vmware3, vmware4 and vvfat classes now return HDIMAGE_HAS_GEOMETRY flag - other disk image modes by default return HDIMAGE_AUTO_GEOMETRY if cylinder value is set to 0 - multiple sector read/write support for some image modes - new log prefix "IMG" for hdimage messages - floppy - added write protect option for floppy drives (based on @SF patch by Ben Lunt) - vvfat support - bugfix: close images on exit - SB16 - converted the sound output module stuff to the new 'soundmod' plugin - SF patches applied [3164945] hack to compile under WIN64 by Darek Mihocka and Stanislav [3164073] Fine grain SMC invalidation by Stanislav [1539417] write protect for floppy drives by Ben Lunt [2862322] fixes for emulated DHCP in eth_vnet - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2588085] Mouse capture [3140332] typo in mf3/ps2 mapping of BX_KEY_CTRL_R [3111577] No "back" option in log settings [3108422] Timing window in NE2K emulation [3084390] Bochs won't load floppy plugin right on startup [3043174] Docbook use of '_' build failure [3085140] Ia_arpl_Ew_Rw definition of error [3078995] ROL/ROR/SHL/SHR modeling wrong when dest reg is 32 bit [2864794] BX_INSTR_OPCODE in "cpu_loop" causes crash in x86_64 host [2884071] [AIX host] prefetch: EIP [00010000] > CS.limit [0000ffff] [3053542] 64 bit mode: far-jmp instruction is error [3011112] error compile vs2008/2010 with X2APIC [3002017] compile error with vs 2010 [3009767] guest RFLAGS.IF blocks externel interrupt in VMX guest mode [2964655] VMX not enabled in MSR IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL [3005865] IDT show bug [3001637] CMOS MAP register meaning error [2994370] Cannot build with 3DNow support - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [1510142] Native Windows XP x64 Edition binary [1062553] select mouse (de)activation in bochsrc [2930633] legacy mouse capture key : not specific enough [2930679] Let user change mouse capture control key [2803538] Show flags for pages when using "info tab" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.5 (April 25, 2010): Brief summary : - Major configure/cpu rework allowing to enable/disable CPU options at runtime through .bochsrc (Stanislav) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness and stability - Implemented X2APIC extensions (Stanislav) - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions (Stanislav) - Extended VMX capability MSRs, APIC Virtualization, X2APIC Virtualization, Extended Page Tables (EPT), VPID, Unrestricted Guests, new VMX controls. - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Extended Bochs internal debugger functionality - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) Detailed change log : - Configure rework - Deprecate --enable-popcnt configure option. POPCNT instruction will be enabled automatically iff SSE4_2 is supported (like in hardware). - Make --ignore-bad-msrs runtime option in .bochsrc. Old --ignore-bad-msrs configure option is deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Enable changing part of CPU functionality at runtime through .bochsrc. - Now you could enable/disable any of SSEx/AES/MOVBE/SYSENTER_SYSEXIT/XSAVE instruction sets using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. - When x86-64 support is compiled in, you could enable/disable long mode 1G pages support without recompile using new CPUID option in .bochsrc. Configure options: --enable-mmx, --enable-sse, --enable-movbe, --enable-xsave, --enable-sep, --enable-aes, --enable-1g-pages are deprecated and should not be used anymore. - Local APIC configure option --enable-apic is deprecated and should not be used anymore. The LAPIC option now automatically determined from other configure options. XAPIC functionality could be enabled using new CPUID .bochsrc option. - Changed default CPU configuration (generated by configure script with default options) to BX_CPU_LEVEL=6 with SSE2 enabled. - CPU - Implemented PCLMULQDQ AES instruction - Implemented X2APIC extensions / enable extended topology CPUID leaf (0xb), in order to enable X2APIC configure with --enable-x2apic - Implemented Intel VMXx2 extensions: - Enabled extended VMX capability MSRs - Implemented VMX controls for loading/storing of MSR_PAT and MSR_EFER - Enabled/Implemented secondary proc-based vmexec controls: - Implemented APIC virtualization - Implemented Extended Page Tables (EPT) mode - Implemented Descriptor Table Access VMEXIT control - Implemented RDTSCP VMEXIT control - Implemented Virtualize X2APIC mode control - Implemented Virtual Process ID (VPID) - Implemented WBINVD VMEXIT control - Implemented Unrestricted Guest mode In order to enable emulation of VMXx2 extensions configure with --enable-vmx=2 option (x86-64 must be enabled) - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness - Fixed Bochs crash when accessing the first byte above emulated memory size - Internal Debugger - Introduced range read/write physical watchpoints - Allow reloading of segment registers from internal debugger - Improved verbose physical memory access tracing - BIOS - Fix MTRR configuration (prevented boot of modern Linux kernels) - Fix interrupt vectors for INT 60h-66h (reserved for user interrupt) by setting them to zero - Fix BIOS INT13 function 08 when the number of cylinders on the disk = 1 - I/O Devices - USB HP DeskJet 920C printer device emulation (Ben Lunt) - Misc - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.5 - SF patches applied [2864402] outstanding x2apic patches by Stanislav [2960379] Fix build with -Wformat -Werror=format-security by Per Oyvind Karlsen [2938273] allow instrumentation to change execute by Konrad Grochowski [2926072] Indirection operators in expressions by Derek Peschel [2914433] makesym.perl misses symbols by John R. Jackson [2908481] USB Printer by Ben Lunt - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2861662] dbg_xlate_linear2phy needs to be updated [2956217] INT13 AH=8 returns wrong values when cylinders=1 [2981161] Allow DMA transfers to continue when CPU is in HALT state [2795115] NX fault could be missed [2964824] bad newline sequence in aspi-win32.h [913419] configure options and build process needs some work [2938398] gdbstub compile error with x86_64 enabled [2734455] shutdown/reset type 05 should reinit the PICs [1921294] extended memory less than 1M wrong size [1947249] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and MP table placement [1933859] BX_USE_EBDA_TABLES and memory overlapping [2923680] "help dregs" is a syntax error [2919661] CPU may fail to do 16bit near call [2790768] Memory corruption with SMP > 32, Panic BIOS Keyboard Error [2902118] interrupts vectors 0x60 to 67 should be NULL ! [2912502] Instruction Pointer behaving erratically [2901047] Bochs crashed, closed by guest os [2905385] Bochs crash [2901481] Instruction SYSRET and SS(PL) [2900632] Broken long mode RETF to outer priviledge with null SS [1429011] Use bx_phyaddr_t for physaddr vars and bx_adress for lin adr - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2955911] RPM preuninstall scriptlet removes /core [2947863] don't abort on unrecognised options [2878861] numerics in the disassembler output [2900619] make more CPU state changeable ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.2 (November 12, 2009): - CPU and internal debugger - VMX: Implemented TPR shadow VMEXIT - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (mostly for VMX support). - Bugfixes and updates for Bochs internal debugger - On SMP system stepN command now affects only current processor - Memory - Bugfixes for > 32-bit physical address space. - Allow to emulate more physical memory than host actually could or would like to allocate. For more details look for new .bochsrc 'memory' option. - Cleanup configure options - All paging related options now will be automatically determined according to --enable-cpu-level option. Related configure options --enable-global-pages, --enable-large-pages, --enable-pae, --enable-mtrr are deprecated now. Only 1G paging option still remaining unchanged. - Deprecate --enable-daz configure option. Denormals-are-zeros MXCSR control will be enabled automatically iff SSE2 is supported (like in hardware). - Deprecate --enable-vme configure option, now it will be supported iff CPU_LEVEL >= 5 (like in hardware). - I/O Devices - Bugfixes for 8254 PIT, VGA, Cirrus-Logic SVGA, USB UCHI - SF patches applied [2817840] Make old_callback static by Mark Marshall [2874004] fix for VMWRITE instruction by Roberto Paleari [2873999] fix CS segment type during fast syscall invocation by Roberto Paleari [2864389] Debugger gui maximize on startup by Thomas Nilsen [2817868] Rework loops in the memory code by Mark Marshall [2812948] PIT bug by Derek - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2833504] GUI debugger bug-about GDT display [2872244] BIOS writes not allowed value to MTRR MSR causing #GP [2885383] SDL GUI memory leak [2872290] compilation in AIX5.3 ML10 failes [2867904] crash with cirrus bx_vga_c::mem_write [2851495] BIOS PCI returns with INT flag = 0 [2860333] vista 64 guest STOP 109 (GDT modification) [2849745] disassembler bug for 3DNow and SSE opcodes [1066748] Wrong registers values after #RESET, #INIT [2836893] Regression: Windows XP installer unable to format harddrive [2812239] VMX: VM-Exit: Incorrect instruction length on software int [2814130] bx_debug lex/yacc
file
s incorrectly generated [2813199] MP Tables Missing From BIOS [2824093] VMX exception bug [2811909] VMX : CS Access-rights Type.Accessed stays 0 [2810571] Compile Errors on OSX [2823749] GCC regression or VM_EXIT RDMSR/WRMSR bug [2815929] Vista/XP64 unnecessary panic [2803519] Wrong example in man page bochsrc - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [422766] Large Memory configurations [1311287] Idea for a better GUI [455971] USB support [615363] debugger shortcut for repeat last cmd ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4.1 (June 7, 2009): - Fixed bunch of CPUID issues - Bochs is now able to install and boot 64-bit Windows images! (special thanks to Mark Ebersole for his patch) - Several bugfixes in CPU emulation (mostly for x87 instructions) - Fixed two critical deadlock bugs in the Win32 gui (patches from @SF tracker) - Fixes related to the 'show ips' feature - removed conflicting win32-specific alarm() functions ('win32' and 'sdl' gui) - feature now works in wx on win32 - Added support for gdb stub on big endian machine (patch by Godmar Back) - Rewritten obsolete hash_map code in dbg symbols module (patch from @SF) - BIOS: implemented missing INT 15h/89h (patch by Sebastian Herbszt) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.4 (May 3, 2009): Brief summary : - Added graphical Bochs debugger frontend for most of the supported platforms. - Thanks for Chourdakis Michael and Bruce Ewing. - Many new CPU features in emulation - Support for > 32 bit physical address space and configurable MSRs - VMX, 1G pages in long mode, MOVBE instruction - Bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness, debugger and CPU instrumentation. - New config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu - USB: added OHCI support, external hub and cdrom - Added user plugin interface support. Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger - Support for VMX hardware emulation in Bochs CPU, to enable configure with --enable-vmx option Nearly complete VMX implementation, with few exceptions: - Dual-monitor treatment of SMIs and SMM not implemented yet - NMI virtualization, APIC virtualization not implemented yet - VMENTER to not-active state not supported yet - No advanced features like Extended Page Tables or VPID - Support for configurable MSR registers emulation, to enable configure with --enable-configurable-msrs option Look for configuration example in .bochsrc and msrs.def - Support new Intel Atom(R) MOVBE instruction, to enable configure with --enable-movbe option - Support for 1G pages in long mode, to enable configure with --enable-1g-pages option - Support for > 32 bit physical address space in CPU. Up to 36 bit could be seen in legacy mode (PAE) and up to 40 bit in x86-64 mode. Still support the same amount of the physical memory in the memory object, so system with > 4Gb of RAM yet cannot be emulated. To enable configure with --enable-long-phy-address option. - Implemented modern BIOSes mode limiting max reported CPUID function to 3 using .bochsrc CPU option. The mode is required in order to correctly install and boot WinNT. - Added ability to configure CPUID vendor/brand strings through .bochsrc (patch from @SF by Doug Reed). - Many bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64). - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks. - Fixed Bochs internal debugger breakpoints/watchpoints handling. - Configure and compile - Added ability to choose Bochs log
file
name and Bochs debugger log
file
name from Bochs command line (using new -log and -dbglog options) - Removed Peter Tattam's closed source external debugger interface from the code. - Removed --enable-guest2host-tlb configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. - Removed --enable-icache configure option. The option is always enabled for any Bochs configuration. Trace cache support still remains optional and could be configured off. - Added configure option to compile in GUI frontend for Bochs debugger, to enable configure with --enable-debugger-gui option. The GUI debugger frontend is enabled by default with Bochs debugger. - Removed --enable-port-e9-hack configure option. The feature now could be configured at runtime through .bochsrc. - Added configure option to enable/disable A20 pin support. Disabling the A20 pin support slightly speeds up the emulation. - reduced dependencies between source
file
s for faster code generation - BIOS - Added S3 (suspend to RAM) ACPI state to BIOS (patch by Gleb Natapov) - Implemented MTRR support in the bios (patches by Avi Kivity and Alex Williamsion with additions by Sebastian Herbszt) - Bug fixes - I/O Devices - Added user plugin support - remaining devices converted to plugins: pit, ioapic, iodebug - added 'plugin_ctrl' bochsrc option to control the presence of optional device plugins without a separate option. By default all plugins are enabled. - added register mechanism for removable mouse and keyboard devices - Hard drive / cdrom - PACKET-DMA feature now supported by all ATAPI commands - ATAPI command 0x1A added (based on the Qemu implementation) - sb16 - Added ALSA sound support on Linux (PCM/MIDI output) - FM synthesizer now usable with MIDI output (simple piano only) - Fixed OPL frequency to MIDI note translation - Fixed MIDI output command - keyboard - added keyboard controller commands 0xCA and 0xCB - USB - USB code reorganized to support more HC types and devices - added USB OHCI support written by Ben Lunt - added external USB hub support (initial code ported from Qemu) - added USB cdrom support (SCSI layer ported from Qemu) - added status bar indicators to show data transfer - VGA - VBE video memory increased to 16 MB - implemented changeable VBE LFB base address (PCI only, requires latest BIOS and VGABIOS images) - I/O APIC - implemented I/O APIC device hardware reset - Config interface - new config interface 'win32config' with start and runtime menu is now the default on Windows ('textconfig' is still available) - win32 device config dialogs are now created dynamicly from a parameter list (works like the wx ParamDialog) - changes in textcofig and the wx ParamDialog for compatibility with the new win32 dialog behaviour - Bochs param tree index keys are case independent now - some other additions / bugfixes in the simulator interface code - Misc - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6c - Updated Bochs TESTFORM to version 0.4 - SF patches applied [2784858] IO Handler names are not compared properly [2712569] Legacy bios serial data buffer timeout bug by grybranix [2655090] 64 bit BSWAP with REX.W broken by M. Eby [2645919] CR8 bug when reading by M. Eby [1895665] kvm: bios: add support to memory above the pci hole by Izik Eidus [2403372] rombios: check for valid cdrom before using it by Sebastian [2307269] acpi: handle S3 by Sebastian [2354134] TAP networking on Solaris/Sparc repaired [2144692] The scsi device can not complete its writing data command by naiyue [1827082] [PATCH] Configurable CPU vendor by Marcel Sondaar [2217229] Panic on EBDA overflow in rombios32 by Sebastian [2210194] Log pci class code by Sebastian [1984662] red led for disk write and titlebar mod by ggbsf [2142955] Fix for monitor/mwait by Doug Gibson [2137774] Patch to fix bug: cdrom: read_block: lseek returned error by Gabor Olah [2134642] Fix scan_to_scanascii table for F11 and F12 by Ben Guthro & Steve Ofsthun [2123036] sdl fullscreen fix by ggbsf [2073039] Remove CMOS accsess from AML code by Gleb Natapov [2072168] smbios: add L1-L3 cache handle to processor information by Sebastian [2055416] bochsrc cpu options for cpuid vendor and brand string by Doug Reed [2035278] rombios: Fix return from BEV via retf by Sebastian [2035260] rombios: El Torito load segment fix by Sebastian [2031978] Fix VMware backdoor command 0Ah by Jamie Lokier [2015277] Remove obsolete comment about DATA_SEG_DEFS_HERE hack by Sebastian [2011268] Set new default format and unit only if both are supported by Sebastian [2001919] gdbstub: fix qSupported reply by Sebastian [2001912] gdbstub: enclose packet data by apostrophes by Sebastian [1998071] fix missing SIGHUP and SIGQUIT with term ui on mingw by Sebastian [1998063] fix wrong colors with term ui by Sebastian [1995064] Compile fix needed for --enable-debugger and gcc 4.3 by Hans de Goede [1994564] Fix typo in RDMSR BX_MSR_MTRRFIX16K_A0000 by Sebastian [1994396] Change hard_drive_post #if by Sebastian [1993235] TESTFORM email address update by Sebastian [1992322] PATCH: fix compilation of bochs 2.3.7 on bigendian machines by Hans de Goede [1991280] Shutdown status code 0Ch handler by Sebastian [1990108] Shutdown status code 0Bh handler by Sebastian [1988907] Shutdown status code 0Ah handler by Sebastian [1984467] two typos in a release! (2.3.7) [1981505] Init PIIX4 PCI to ISA bridge and IDE by Sebastian - these S.F. bugs were closed/fixed [2784148] an integer overflow BUG of Bochs-2.3.7 source code [2695273] MSVC cpu.dsp failure in 2.3.7.zip [616114] Snapshot/Copy crash on Win2K [2628318] 'VGABIOS-latest' bug [1945055] can't 'make install' lastest bochs on loepard [2031993] Mac OS X Make
file
bug [1843199] install error on mac osx [2710931] Problem compiling both instrumentation and debugger [2617003] ExceptionInfo conflicts with OS X api [2609432] stepping causes segfault (CVS) [2605861] compile error with --enable-smp [1757068] current cvs(Jul19, 07) failed to boot smp [2426271] cannot get correct symbol entry [2471982] VGA character height glitches [1659659] wrong behaviour a20 at boot [1998027] minwg + --with-term + --with-out-win32 = link failure [1871936] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on wx.cc [1684666] info idt for long mode [2105989] could not read() hard drive image
file
at byte 269824 [1173093] Debugger totally not supports x86-64 [1803018] new win32debug dialog problems [2141679] windows vcc build broken [2162824] latest cvs fails to compile [2164506] latest bochs fails to start [2129223] MOV reg16, SS not working in real mode due to dead code [2106514] RIS / startrom.com install ALMOST works [2123358] SMP (HTT): wbinvd executed by CPU1 crashes CPU0 [2002758] Arch Linux: >>PANIC<< ATAPI command with zero byte count [2026501] El Torito incorrect boot segment:offset [2029758] BEV can return via retf instead of int 18h [2010173] x command breaks after one error about x/s or x/i [1830665] harddrv PANIC: ATAPI command with zero byte count [1985387] fail to make using gcc4 with --enable-debugger [1990187] testform feedback [1992138] Misspell in cpu/ia_opcodes.h - these S.F. feature requests were closed/implemented [2175153] Update MSVC project
file
s [658800] front end program and bios [1883370] Make cd and floppy images more usable [422783] change floppy size without restarting [2552685] param tree names should be case insensitive [1214659] PC Speaker emu turnoff. Plugin Controll. [1977045] support 40 bit physical address [1506385] Intel Core Duo VT features [1429015] Support for user plugins [1488136] debugger access to floppy controller [1363136] Full debugger SMP and 64 bit support [2068304] Support for ACPI [431032] debugger "x" command [423420] profiling ideas (SMF) [445342] Add FM support? [928439] alsa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.7 (June 3, 2008): Brief summary : + More optimizations in CPU code - Bochs 2.3.7 is more than 2x faster than Bochs 2.3.5 build ! - Implemented LBA48 support in BIOS - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger - Implemented Intel(R) XSAVE/XRSTOR and AES instruction set extensions - Many fixes in CPU emulation and internal debugger - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6b Detailed change log : - CPU - Support of XSAVE/XRSTOR CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-xsave option - Support of AES CPU extensions, to enable configure with --enable-aes option - Fixed Bochs failure on RISC host machines with BxRepeatSpeedups optimization enabled - Implemented SYSENTER/SYSEXIT instructions in long mode - More than 100 bugfixes for CPU emulation correctness (both x86 and x86-64) - MenuetOS64 floppy images booting perfect again ! - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Added memory access tracing for Bochs internal debugger, enable by typing 'trace-mem on' in debugger command line - Many bug fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - System BIOS (Volker) - Implemented LBA48 support - Added generation of SSDT ACPI table that contains definitions for available processors - Added RTC device to ACPI DSDT table - Added implementation of SMBIOS - I/O devices (Volker) - VGA - Implemented screen disable bit in sequencer register #1 - Implemented text mode cursor blinking - Serial - new serial modes 'pipe-server' and 'pipe-
client
' for win32 - new serial mode 'socket-server' - Configure and compile - Fixed configure bug with enabling of POPCNT instruction, POPCNT instruction should be enabled by default when SSE4.2 is enabled. - Removed --enable-magic-breakpoint configure option. The option is automatically enabled if Bochs internal debugger is compiled in. It is still possible to turn on/off the feature through .bochsrc. - Allow boot from network option in .bochsrc - Added Bochs version info for Win32 - Display libraries - implemented text mode character blinking in some guis - improved 'X' gui runtime dialogs - SF patches applied [1980833] Fix shutdown status code 5h handler by Kevin O'Connor [1928848] "pipe" mode for serial port (win32 only) by Eugene Toder [1956843] Set the compatible pci interrupt router back to PIIX by Sebastian [1956366] Do not announce C2 & C3 cpu power state support by Igor Lvovsky [1921733] support for LBA48 by Robert Millan [1938185] Fix link problem with --enable-debugger by Sebastian [1938182] Make
file
.in - use @IODEV_LIB_VAR@ by Sebastian [1928945] fix for legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE by Sebastian [1925578] rombios32.c - fix ram_size in ram_probe for low memory setup by Sebastian [1908921] rombios32.c - move uuid_probe() call by Sebastian [1928902] improvements to load-symbols by Eugene Toder [1925568] PATCH: msvc compilation by Eugene Toder [1913150] rombios.c - e820 cover full size if memory <= 16 mb by Alexander van Heukelum [1919804] rombios.c - fix and add #ifdef comments by Sebastian [1909782] rombios.c - remove segment values from comment by Sebastian [1908918] SMBIOS - BIOS characteristics fix by Sebastian [1901027] BIOS boot menu support (take 3) [1902579] rombios32.c - define pci ids by Sebastian [1859447] Pass segment:offset to put_str and introduce %S by Sebastian [1889057] rombios.c - boot failure message by Sebastian [1891469] rombios.c - print BEV product string by Sebastian [1889851] Win32 version information
FILE
VERSION for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1889042] rombios.c - fix comment by Sebastian [1881500] bochsrc, allow boot: network by Sebastian [1880755] Win32 version information for bochs.exe by Sebastian [1880471] SMBIOS fix type 0 by Sebastian [1878558] SMBIOS fixes by Sebastian [1864692] SMBIOS support by Filip Navara [1865105] Move bios_table_area_end to 0xcc00 by Sebastian [1875414] Make
file
.in - change make use by Sebastian [1874276] Added instrumentation for sysenter/sysexit by Lluis [1873221] TLB page flush: add logical address to instrumentation by Lluis [1830626] lba32 support by Samuel Thibault [1861839] Move option rom scan after floppy and hard drive post by Sebastian [1838283] Early vga bios init by Sebastian [1838272] rom_scan range parameter by Sebastian [1864680] Save CPUID signature by Filip Navara - these S.F. bugs were closed [1976171] Keyboard missing break code for enter (0x9C) [666433] physical read/write breakpoint sometimes fails [1744820] info gdt and info idt shows the entire tables [1755652] graphics: MenuetOS64 shows black screen [1782207] Windows Installer malfunction, Host=Linux, Guest=Win98SE [1697762] OS/2 Warp Install Failed [1952548] String to char * warnings [1940714] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT doesn't work in long mode [1422342] SYSRET errors [1923803] legacy rombios - e820 map and ACPI_DATA_SIZE [1936132] Link problem with --enable-debugger & --enable-disasm [1934477] Linear address wrap is not working [1424984] virtual machine freezes in Bochs 2.2.6 [1902928] with debugger cpu_loop leaves CPU with unstable state [1898929] Bochs VESA BIOS violates specs (banks == 1) [1569256] bug in datasegment change in long mode [1830662] ACPI: no DMI BIOS year, acpi=force is required [1868806] VGA blink enable & screen disable [1875721] Bit "Accessed" in LDT/GDT descriptors & #PF [1874124] bx_Instruction_c::ilen() const [1873488] bochs-2.3.6 make fails on dbg_main.cc - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1422769] SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support in x86-64 mode [1847955] Version information for bochs(dbg).exe [939797] SMBIOS support ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.6 (December 24, 2007): Brief summary : + More than 25% emulation speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release! - Thanks to Darek Mihocka (http://www.emulators.com) for providing patches and ideas that made the speedup possible! + Up to 40% speedup vs Bochs 2.3.5 release with trace cache optimization! - Lots of bugfixes in CPU emulation - Bochs benchmarking support - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.2 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Added emulation of SSE4.2 instruction set, to enable use --enable-sse=4 --enable-sse-extension configure options to enable POPCNT instruction only use configure option --enable-popcnt - Implemented MTRR emulation, to enable use --enable-mtrr configure option. MTRRs is enabled by default when cpu-level >= 6. - Implemented experimental MONITOR/MWAIT support including optimized MWAIT CPU state and hardware monitoring of physical address range, to enable use --enable-monitor-mwait configure option. - Removed hostasm optimizations, after Bochs rebenchmarking it was found that the feature bringing no speedup or even sometimes slows down emulation! - Merged trace cache optimization patch, the trace cache optimization is enabled by default when configure with --enable-all-optimizations option, to disable trace cache optimization configure with --disable-trace-cache - Many minor bugfixes in CPU emulation (both ia32 and x86-64) - Updated CPU instrumentation callbacks - Bochs Internal Debugger and Disassembler - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler, some debugger interfaces significantly changed due transition to the param tree architecture - Added support for restoring of the CPU state from external
file
directly from Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - Renamed configure option --enable-4meg-pages to --enable-large-pages. The option enables page size extensions (PSE) which refers to 2M pages as well. - Removed --enable-save-restore configure option, save/restore feature changed to be one of the basic Bochs features and compiled by default for all configurations. - Added new Bochs benchmark mode. To run Bochs in benchmark mode execute it with new command line option 'bochs -benchmark time'. The emulation will be automatically stopped after 'time' millions of emulation cycles executed. - Another very useful option for benchmarking of Bochs could be enabled using new 'print_timestamps' directive from .bochsrc: print_timestamps: enable=1 - Added --enable-show-ips option to all configuration scripts used to build release binaries, so all future releases will enjoy IPS display. - Enable alignment check in the CPU and #AC exception by default for --cpu-level >= 4 (like in real hardware) - SF patches applied [1491207] Trace Cache Speedup patch by Stanislav [1857149] Define some IPL values by Sebastian [1850183] Get memory access mode in BX_INSTR_LIN_READ by Lluis Vilanova [1841421] pic: keep slave_pic.INT and master_pic.IRQ_in bit 2 in sync by Russ Cox [1841420] give segment numbers in exception logs by Russ Cox [1801696] Allow Intel builds on Mac OS X [1830658] Fix >32GB disk banner by Samuel Thibault [1813314] Move #define IPL_* and typedef ipl_entry by Sebastian [1809001] Save PnP Option ROM Product Name string in IPL Boot Table by Sebastian [1821242] Fix for #1801285, Niclist.exe broken by Sebastian [1819567] Code warning cleanup [1816162] Update comment on bios_printf() by Sebastian [1811139] Trivial Fix when BX_PCIBIOS and BX_ROMBIOS32 not defined by Myles Watson [1811190] Improve HD recognition and CD boot by Myles Watson [1811860] Implement %X in bios_printf by Sebastian [1809649] printf %lx %ld %lu by Myles Watson [1809651] move BX_SUPPORT_FLOPPY by Myles Watson [1809652] dpte and Int13DPT fixes by Myles Watson [1809669] clip cylinders to 16383 in hard drive by Myles Watson [1799903] Build BIOS on amd64 by Robert Millan [1799877] Fix for parallel build (make -j2) by Robert Millan - these S.F. bugs were closed [1837354] website bug:
View
the Source link broken [1801268] Reset from real mode no longer working [1843250] Using forward slashes gives invalid
file
name [1823446] BIOS bug, local APIC #0 not detected [1801285] Niclist.exe broken [1364472] breakpoints sometimes don't work [994451] breakpoint bug [1801295] NSIS installer vs Windows Notepad [1715328] Unreal mode quirk [1503972] debugger doesn't debug first instruction on exception [1069071] div al, byte ptr [ds:0x7c18] fails to execute [1800080] Wrong "BX_MAX_SMP_THREADS_SUPPORTED" assertion - these S.F. feature requests were implemented [1662687] Download for Win32-exe with x64 Mode and debugging [604221] Debugger command: query lin->phys mapping ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3.5 (September 16, 2007): Brief summary : - Critical problems fixed for x86-64 support in CPU and Bochs internal debugger - ACPI support - The release compiled with x86-64 and ACPI - Hard disk emulation supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - Added emulation of Intel SSE4.1 instruction set Detailed change log : - CPU - Fixed critical bug with 0x90 opcode (NOP) handling in x86-64 mode - implied stack references where the stack address is not in canonical form should causes a stack exception (#SS) - Added emulation of SSE4.1 instruction set (Stanislav) - Do not save and restore XMM8-XMM15 registers when not in x86-64 mode - Fixed zero upper 32-bit part of GPR in x86-64 mode - CMOV_GdEd should zero upper 32-bit part of GPR register even if the 'cmov' condition was false ! - Implemented CLFLUSH instruction, report non-zero cache size in CPUID - Fixed PUSHA/POPA instructions behavior in real mode - Fixed detection of inexact result by FPU - Fixed denormals-are-zero (DAZ) handling by SSE convert instructions - Implemented Misaligned Exception Mask support for SSE (MXCSR[17]) - Implemented Alignment Check in the CPU and #AC exception, to enable use --enable-alignment-check configure option - General - 2nd simulation support in wxBochs now almost usable (simulation cleanup code added and memory leaks fixed) - Configure and compile - several fixes for MacOSX, OpenBSD and Solaris 10 - enable save/restore feature by default for all configurations - reorganized SSE configure options to match Intel(R) Programming Reference Manual, new option introduced for SSE extensions enabling. To enable Intel Core Duo 2 new instructions use --enable-sse=3 --enable-sse-extension enabling of SSE4.1 (--enable-sse=4) will enable SSE3 extensions as well - removed old PIT, always use new PIT written by Greg Alexander, removed configure option --enable-new-pit - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial non-DMA mode support (patch by John Comeau) - Hard drive / cdrom - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-6 (LBA48 addressing, UDMA modes) - VMWare version 4 disk image support added (patch by Sharvil Nanavati) - PCI - initial support for the PIIX4 ACPI controller - Serial - added support for 3-button mouse with Mousesystems protocol - USB - experimental USB device change support added - rewrite of the existing USB devices code - new USB devices 'disk' and 'tablet' (ported from the Qemu project) - Bochs internal debugger - fixed broken debugger "rc
file
" option (execute debugger command from
file
) - implementation of a gui frontend ("windebug") for win32 started - gdbstub now accepts connection from any host - several documentation updates - a lot of disasm and internal debugger x86_64 support fixes - Configuration interface - fixes and improvements to the save state dialog handling - Display libraries - text mode color handling improved in some guis - win32 fullscreen mode (patch by John Comeau) - System BIOS (Volker) - 32-bit PM BIOS init code for ACPI, PCI, SMP and SMM (initial patches by Fabrice Bellard) - PCI BIOS function "find class code" implemented - SF patches applied [1791000] 15h 8600h is reading the wrong stack frame by Sebastian [1791016] rombios32.c, ram_probe(), BX_INFO missing value by Sebastian [1786429] typo in bochsrc.5 by Sebastian [1785204] Extend acpi_build_table_header to accept a revision number by Sebastian [1766536] Partial Patch for Bug Report 1549873 by Ben Lunt [1763578] ACPI Table Revision 0 -> 1 [1642490] implement alignment check and #AC exception by Stanislav Shwartsman [1695652] [PATCH] .pcap pktlog and vnet PXE boot by Duane Voth [1741153] Add expansion-ROM boot support to the ROMBIOS [1734159] Implemented INT15h, fn 0xC2 (mouse), subfn 3, set resolution [1712970] bios_printf %s fix [1573297] PUSHA/POPA real mode fix by Stanislav Shwartsman [1641816] partial support for non-DMA access to floppy by John Comeau [1624032] shows where write outside of memory occurred by John Comeau [1607793] allow fullscreen when app requests it by John Comeau [1603013] Bugfix for major NOP problem on x64 by mvysin [1600178] Make tap and tuntap compile on OpenBSD by Jonathan Gray [1149659] improve gdbstub network efficiency by Avi Kivity [1554502] Trivial FPU exception handling fix - these S.F. bugs were closed [1316008] Double faults when it shouldn't - gcc 4.0.2 [1787289] broken ABI for redolog class when enable-compressed-hd [1787500] tftp_send_optack not 64bit clean [1264540] Security issue with Bochs website [1767217] Debugger Faults including ud2 [1729822] Various security issues in io device emulation [1675202] mptable hosed (bad entry count in header) [1197141] 'make install' installs to bad location [1157623] x86Solaris10 cannot recoginize ACPI RSD PTR [1768254] large HDD in Bochs/bximage [1496157] Windows Vista Beta2 dosn't boot [1755915] Illegal Hard Disk Signature Output [1717790] info gdt and info idt scrolls away, too long result [1726640] Debugger displays incorrect segment for mov instruction [1719156] Typo in misc_mem.cpp [1715270] Debugger broken in/beyond 2.3 [1689107] v8086 mode priviledge check failed [1704484] A few checks when CPU_LEVEL < 4 [1678395] Problem with zero sector... [876990] SA-RTL OS fails on PIC configuration [1673582] save/restore didn't restore simulation correctly [1586662] EDD int 13h bug, modify eax [666618] POP_A Panic in DOS EMU [1001485] panic: not enough bytes on stack [1667336] delay times an order of magnitude slow [1665601] crash disassembling bootcode [1657065] CVS sources won't compile [1653805] bochs's gdbstub uses incorrect protocol [1640737] ASM sti command frezzes guest OS [1636439] latest CVS sources don't compile under Cygwin [1634357] disasm incorrect (no sign ext) displacement in 64-bit mode [1376453] pcidev segfaults bochs [1180890] IOAPIC in BOCHS - WinXP 64 in MP version [1597528] 2.3 fails to compile on amd64 [1526255] FLD1 broken when compaling with gcc 4.0.x [1597451] eth_fbsd is broken under FreeBSD [1571949] Bochs will not compile under Solaris [1500216] Bochs fails to boot BeOs CD [1458339] bochs-2.2.6 WinXP Binary ACPI error installing FreeBSD 6.0 [1440011] patches needed for FreeBSD 6.0 to compile Bochs [431674] some devices don't have a prefix [458150] QNX demo disk crashes with new pit [818322] Bochs 2.1 cvs: OS/2 - read verify on non disk [906840] KBD: bogus scan codes generated in set 3 [1005053] No keyboard codes translation [1109374] Problem with Scancodeset 2 [1572345] Bochs won't continue [1568153] Bochs looks for (and loads?) unspecified display libraries [1563462] Errors in /iodev/harddrv.h [1562172] TLB_init() fails to initialize priv_check array if USE_TLB 0 [1385303] debugger crashes after panic [1438227] crc.cpp missing in bx_debug version 2.2.6 [1501825] debugger crashes on to high input [1420959] Memory leak + buffer overflow in Bochs debugger [1553289] Error in Dis-assembler [542464] I cannot use FLAT [1548270] Bochs won't die with its pseudo terminal [1545588] roundAndPackFloatx80 does not detect round up correctly ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.3 (August 27, 2006): Brief summary : - limited save/restore support added (config + log options, hardware state) - configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree - lots of cpu and internal debugger fixes - hard disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types - hard disk emulation now supports ATA-3 (multiple sector transfers) - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VGA/VBE fixes - updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a Detailed change log : - CPU and internal debugger fixes - Fixed bug in FSTENV instruction (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Recognize #XF exception (19) when SSE is enabled - Fixed bug in PSRAW/PSRAD MMX and SSE instructions - Save and restore RIP/RSP only for FAULT-type exceptions, not for traps - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute multi-byte NOP '0F F1' opcode - Raise A20 line after system reset (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Implemented SMI and NMI delivery (APIC) and handling in CPU (Stanislav) - Experimental implementation of System Management Mode (Stanislav) - Added emulation of SSE3E instructions (Stanislav Shwarstman) - Save and restore FPU opcode, FIP and FDP in FXSAVE/FRSTOR instructions - Fixed bug in MOVD_EdVd opcode (always generated #UD exception) - Fixed critical issue, Bochs was not supporting > 16 bit LDT.LIMIT values - Many fixes in Bochs internal debugger and disassembler - CPU x86-64 fixes - Fixed SYSRET instruction implementation - Fixed bug in CALL/JMP far through 64-bit callgate in x86-64 mode - Correctly decode, disassemble and execute 'XCHG R8, rAX' instruction - Correctly decode and execute 'BSWAP R8-R15' instructions - Fixed ENTER and LEAVE instructions in x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - Fixed CR4 exception condition (No Name) - Fixed x86 debugger to support x86-64 mode (Stanislav) - APIC and SMP - Support for Dual Core and Intel(R) HyperThreading Technology. Now you could choose amount of cores per processor and amount of HT threads per core from .bochsrc for SMP simulation (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Allow to control SMP quantum value through .bochsrc CPU option parameter. Previous Bochs versions used hardcoded quantum=5 value. - Fixed interrupt priority bug in service_local_apic() - Fixed again reading of APIC IRR/ISR/TMR registers. Finally it becomes fully correct :-) - Configure and compile - Moved configure time --enable-reset-on-triple-fault option to runtime, the 'cpu' option in .bochsrc is extended and the old configure option is deprecated (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Removed --enable-pni configure option, to compile with PNI use --enable-sse=3 instead (Stanislav Shwartsman) - enable SEP (SYSENTER/SYSEXIT) support by default for Penitum II+ processor emulation (i.e. if cpu-level >= 6 and MMX is enabled) - general - Limited save/restore support added. The state of CPU, memory and all devices can be saved now (state of harddisk images not handled yet). - Fixed several memory leaks - configuration interface - Configuration parameter handling rewritten to a parameter tree. This is required for dynamic menus/dialogs, user-defined options and save/restore. - Support for user-defined bochsrc options added - help support at the parameter prompt in textconfig added - I/O devices (Volker) - Floppy - partial sector transfers fixed - Hard drive / cdrom - several fixes to the IDE register behaviour (e.g. in case of a channel with only one drive connected) - fixed data alignment of 'growing' hard drive images (sharing images between Windows and Linux now possible) - disk geometry autodetection now supported by most of the image types (unsupported: external, dll and compressed modes) - multi sector read/write commands implemented - hard disk now reporting ATA-3 supported - ATAPI 'inquiry' now returns a unique device name - Keyboard - reset sent to keyboard has no effect on the 8042 (scancode translation) - PCI - forward PIRQ register changes to the I/O APIC (if present) - attempt to fix and update the emulation part of 'pcidev' (untested) - VGA - VBE memory size increased to 8MB and several VBE fixes - VGA memory read access fixed (bit plane access and read mode) - VGA memory is now a part of the common video memory - System BIOS (Volker) - enable interrupts before executing INT 19h - fixed ATA device detection in case of one drive only connected to controller - improved INT 15h function AX=E820h - real mode PCI BIOS now returns IRQ routing information (function 0Eh) - keyboard LED flags handling fixed and improved - fixed handling of extended keys in INT 09h - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.6a - SF patches applied [1340111] fixes and updates to usb support by Ben Lunt [1539420] minor addition to pci_usb code by Ben Lunt [1455958] call/jmp through call gate in 64-bit mode [1433107] PATCH: fix compile with wxwindows 2.6 (unicode / utf8) by jwrdegoede [1386671] Combined dual core and hyper-threading patch - these S.F. bugs were closed [833927] TTD: System Error TNT.40025: Unexpected processor exception [789230] Sending code that shows lock up when setting idt [909670] Problems with Symantec Ghost [1540241] include missing in osdep.cc [1539373] Incorrect disasm for "mov moffset,bla" in 64bit [1538419] incorrect disassembly of [rip+disp] with rex.b [1535432] shift+cursor key maps to a digit [1504891] Knoopix 5.0.1 error [1424355] bochs-2.2.6 ata failure in windoze 98se [1533979] wrong disassembly of IN instruction [620059] paste won't stop [1164904] status bar doesn't show num/caps/scroll lock status [1061720] ATA Support level for HD [1522196] Broken CHANGES link in main page [1438415] crash if screen scrolled downwards [778441] Shouldn't interrupts be enable after BIOS? [1514949] I got a problem with the 8253 timer [1513544] disasm of 0xec (in AL,DX) returns ilen of 2 instead of 1 [1508947] APIC interrupt priority checking and interrupt delivery [766286] Debugger halts after any GPF exception [639143] va_list is not a pointer on linuxppc [1501815] debugger examines memory over page-boundary wrong [1503978] movsb/w/d doesn't work when direction is stored [1499405] WinPCap has changed URL hosting [1498519] APIC IRR bits not set while interrupts disabled [1498193] Bochs segfaults on LTR instruction [787140] Guest2HostTLB optimization bug [1492070] instrument stop [1487772] No SEP on
P4
[1488335] Growing hard disk images severe interoperability errors! [1076312] Shadow RAM and TLB [1282249] The real i440FX chipset Award bios hangs [1479763] mistake "mov ax,[es:di]" for "mov ax,[ds:di]" [1453575] Misconfigured floppy DMA transfers do not terminate. [1460068] Incorrect handling for the Options Menu Item [910203] bochs-2.1.1 wx.lo failed [1438654] PANIC when trying to run install-amd64-minimal-2005.0.iso [1458320] compile hdimage.h fails [1455880] bochs-2.2.6,2: make error on FreeBSD [696890] Network wouldn't run under W2k hosting MSDOS [673391] SMP timer problems [1291059] wxWindows GUI on non-windows/configure issue [1356450] bochs 2.2.1 errors-omittions [1178017] Win98 guest cannot receive network packets from host [1076315] a20_mask after restarting [1436323] real hw does not panic when bad Ib in CMPSS_VssWssIb [1435269] cdrom_amigaos is not compilable [1433314] disasm issues [1170614] relative jumps/calls wrong in debugger [758121] user might get confused when interrupt handler invoked [1170622] You cannot toggle OFF "show" flags [1406387] JMP instruction should display absolute address [1428813] PANIC: ROM address space out of range [1426288] DR-DOSs EMM386 problem [1412036] Bochs cannot recognize PCI NIC correctly [435115] dbg: modebp broken and no docs [1419366] disasm cs:eip does not work anymore [1419393] SSE's #XF exception -> "exception(19): bad vector" [1419429] disassembly of "260f6f00" show DS: instead of ES: prefix [1417583] Interrupt behaviour changed from 2.2.1 to 2.2.5 [1418281] 'push' (6A) incorrectly disassembled [1417791] FLDENV generating exception when real hw does not. [1264583] OS/2 1.1 doesn't run ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.6 (January 29, 2006): - First major SMP release ! - several APIC and I/O APIC fixes make SMP Bochs booting Windows NT4.0 or Knoppix 4.0.2 without noapic kernel option in SMP configuration. - critical APIC timer bug fixed - obsolete SMP BIOS images removed (MP tables created dynamicaly) - determine number of processors in SMP configuration through .bochsrc new .bochsrc option 'CPU' allows to choose number of processors to emulate - new configure option --enable-smp to configure Bochs for SMP support, the old --enable-processors=N option is deprecated - CPU and internal debugger fixes - enabled #PCE bit in CR4 register, previosly setting of this bit generated #GP(0) fault - enabled LAHF/SAHF instructions in x86-64 mode - fixed bug in PMULUDQ SSE2 instruction - fixes in Bochs debugger - Configure and compile - enable VME (virtual 8086 mode extensions) by default if cpu-level >= 5 - enable Bochs disassembler by default for all configurations - win32 installer script improvements - ips parameter moved to new 'CPU' option - show IPS value in status bar if BX_SHOW_IPS is enabled - Other - several fixes in the hard drive, keyboard, timer, usb and vga code - new user button shortcut "bksl" (backslash) - updated Bochs instrumentation examples - user and development documentation improved ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.5 (December 30, 2005): Brief summary : - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation - several fixes/improvements in x86-64 emulation, debugger and disassembler - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. floppy, cdrom) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d Detailed change log : - CPU - fixed XMM registers restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Andrej Palkovsky) - print registers dump to the log if tripple fault occured - fixed PANIC in LTR instruction (Stanislav) - added virtual 8086 mode extensions (VME) implementation, to enable configure with --enable-vme (Stanislav) - flush caches and TLBs when executing WBINVD and INVD instructions - do not modify segment limit and AR bytes when modifying segment register in real mode (support for unreal mode) - fixed init/reset values for LDTR and TR registers - reimplemented hardware task switching mechanism (Stanislav) - generate #GP(0) when fetching instruction cross segment boundary - CPU (x86-64) (Stanislav Shwartsman) - implemented call_far/ret_far/jmp_far instructions in long mode - fixed IRET operation in long mode - fixed bug prevented setting of NXE/FFXSR bits in MSR.EFER register - implemented RDTSCP instruction - do not check CS.limit when prefetching instructions in long mode - fixed masked write instructions (MASKMOVQ/MASKMOVDQU) in long mode - fetchdecode fixes for x86-64 - APIC - Fixed bug in changing local APIC id (Stanislav) - Fixed reading of IRR/ISR/TMR registers (patch by wmrieker) - Implemented spurious interrupt register (Stanislav, patch by wmrieker) - Fixed interrupt delivery bug (anonymous #SF patch) - Correctly implemented ESR APIC register (Stanislav) - Bochs debugger - Fixed bug in bochs debugger caused breakpoints doesn't fire sometimes (Alexander Krisak) - watchpoints in device memory fixed (Nickolai Zeldovich) - new debug interface to access Bochs CPU general purpose registers with support for x86-64 - Disassembler (Stanislav Shwartsman) - Fixed disassembly for FCOMI/FUCOMI instructions - Full x86-64 support in disassembler. The disassembler module extended to support x86-64 extensions. Still limited by Bochs debugger which is not supporting x86-64 at all ;( - I/O devices (Volker) - general - memory management prepared for large BIOS images (up to 512k) - slowdown timer sleep rate fixed (now using 1 msec on all platforms) - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - serial - new serial mode 'socket' connects a network socket (#SF patch by Andrew Backer) - hard drive / cdrom - assign a unique serial number to each drive (fixes harddrive detection problems with Linux kernels 2.6.x: "ignoring undecoded slave") - geometry autodetection for 'flat' hard disk images added. Works with images created with bximage (heads = 16, sectors per track = 63) - ATAPI command 'read cd' implemented, some other commands improved - cdrom read block function now tries up to 3 times before giving up - emulation of raw cdrom reads added, some other lowlevel cdrom fixes - IDE busmaster DMA feature for harddisks and cdroms completed and enabled - disk image size limit changed from 32 to 127 GB - split ATA/ATAPI emulation code and image handling code - floppy - fixes for OS/2 (patch by Robin Kay) - disk change line behaviour fixed (initial patch by Ben Lunt) - end-of-track (EOT) condition handling implemented - more accurate timing for read/write data and format track commands using a motor speed of 300 RPM - timing of recalibrate and seek commands now depends on the step rate, date rate and the steps to do - floppy controller type changed to 82077AA - cmos - RTC 12-hour and binary mode implemented - number of CMOS registers changed from 64 to 128 - bochsrc option 'cmosimage' improved - save cmos image on exit if enabled - speaker - simple speaker support for OS X added (patch by brianonn@telus.net) - pci - BeOS boot failure fix in the PCI IDE code - don't register i/o and memory regions during PCI probe - vga - memory allocation for vga extensions fixed - usb - some bugfixes by Ben Lunt (mouse and keypad are usable now) - networking modules - VDE networking module now enabled on Linux - display libraries - general - new syntax for the userbutton shortcut string and more keys supported - win32 - fixed keycode generation for right alt/ctrl/shift keys - runtime dialog is now a property sheet - x11 - simple dialog boxes for the "ask" and "user shortcut" feature implemented - Slovenian keymap added (contributed by Mitja Ursic) - configuration interface - ask dialog is now enabled by default for win32, wx and x display libraries - bochsrc option floppy_command_delay is obsolete now (floppy timing now based on hardware specs) - floppy image size detection now available in the whole config interface - some device specific parameter handlers moved into the device code - calculate BIOS ROM start address from image if not specified - System BIOS (Volker) - PCI i/o and memory base address initialization added - several keyboard interrupt handler fixes (e.g. patch by japheth) - several floppy fixes (e.g. OS/2 works with patch by Robin Kay) - some more APM functions added - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5d - generate SMP specific tables dynamicly by the Bochs memory init code - SF patches applied [1389776] Disk sizes over 64 Gbytes by Andrzej Zaborowski [1359162] disasm support for x86-64 by Stanislav Shwartsman [857235] task priority and other APIC bugs, etc by wmrieker [1359011] build breaks for 386 + debugger + disasm by shirokuma [1352761] Infinite loop when trying to debug a triple exception [1311170] small APIC bug fix (interrupt sent to the wrong CPU) [1309763] Watchpoints don't work in device memory by Nickolai Zeldovich [1294930] change line status on floppy by Ben Lunt [1282033] SSE FXRESTORE not working correctly by Ondrej Palkovsky [816979] wget generalizations by Lyndon Nerenberg [1214886] No more pageWriteStamp / unified icache by H. Johansson [1107945] com->socket redirection support by Andrew Backer - these S.F. bugs were closed [669180] win95 install : unknown SET FEATURES subcommand 0x03 [1346692] bochs 2.2.1 VGA BIOS error [1354963] floppy in KolibriOS [1378204] error: bochs-2.2.1, --enable-sb16, --disable-gameport [1368412] VDE problems in BOCHS [533446] CPU and APIC devices appear twice [1000796] bximage fails to create image of specified size [1170793] Quarterdeck QEMM doesn't work [923704] Multiple opcode prefixes don't reflect Trap 13 [1166392] DocBook/documentation issues [1368239] broken grater than 4GB size of sparse type hd image [1365830] i386 compile breaks on paging [427550] Incomplete IRETD implementation [1215081] MSVC workspace STILL not fixed [736279] Jump to Task [1356488] FD change fail & occur error [957615] [CPU ] prefetch: RIP > CS.limit [1353866] not booting linux-2.6.14 [1351667] load32bitOSImage does not work with --enable-x86-debugger [1217476] Incorrect (?) handling of segment registers in real mode [1184711] OS2 DOS crash [2.2.pre2] [624330] support for disks > 32GiB [1348368] bochs 2.2.1 bximage error [1342081] Configuration Menu option failed [1138616] OS/2 Warp 4 hangs when booting [1049840] mouse and video conflict [1164570] Unable to perform Fedora Core 4 test 1 installation [1183201] Windows 2000 (MSDN build 2150?) does not completely install [1194284] Can't boot from CD-ROM (Windows NT) [962969] Windows NT crashes while trying to intall them. [1054594] WinXP install halts (redo) [1153107] Windows XP fails with BSOD on 'vga' [938518] Win XP installation fails [645420] getHostMemAddr vetoed direct read [1179985] MS XENIX: >>PANIC<< VGABIOS panic at vgabios.c, line 0 [1329600] WBINVD and INVD should flush caches and TLB [638924] eliminate BX_USE_CONFIG_INTERFACE [1048711] Funny behaviour with CTRL [1288450] keyboard BIOS error [1310706] Keyboard - about key SHIFT [1295981] Ubuntu 5.04 Live-CD won't boot in Bochs [879047] APIC timer behavior different before reset and after [1188506] I still can't install the german Windows XP! [1301847] Windows XP dosn't boot - FXRSTOR problem ? [661259] does not boot QNX under WinX [924412] Keyboard lock states all whacked [681127] MIPSpro compiler (IRIX) is allergic to ^M [1285923] BIOS keyboard handler [516639] ATA controller revisited... [657918] does not boot BeOS under WinX [649245] BeOS CD locks halfway on boot [1094385] Attachment for bug 1090339 (beos failure) [1183196] BeOS 4.5 developer CD does not install [1090339] BeOS fails to boot [639484] panics when int 13 is called [711701] divide by zero [704295] ATAPI/BIOS call missing [682856] hard drive problems [627691] Cursor keys problem [588011] keyboard not working [542260] os/2 warp crashes with floppy handling [1273878] SB16 doesn't work in pure DOS [542254] OS/2 FDC driver dies [1099610] Windows 98 SE Does not install [875479] cr3 problem on task switch [731423] NE2000 causing PANIC on Win2K detection [1156155] bochs fails to boot plan9 iso [1251979] --enable-cpu-level=3 should assume --without-fpu [1257538] Interupt 15h 83h - set wait event interval [658396] Panic for DR DOS emm386 [679339] /? doesn't divulge Bochs command-line syntax [1167016] call/jump/return_protected doesn't support x86-64 [1252432] Mac OS X compile bug [881442] Bochs 2.1 PANIC when loading DOS Turbo Pascal protected mode [1249324] Boch2.2.1 Buffer Overfollow in void bx_local_apic_c::init () [1197144] 'make install' has dependency on wget [1079595] LTR:386TSS: loading tr.limit < 103 [1244070] Compilation Error in gui/rfb.cc [761707] CPU error when trying to start Privateer [517281] Crash running Privateer in DOS... ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2.1 (July 8, 2005): - Fixed several compilation warnings and errors for different platforms (Volker) - Fixed FPU tag word restore in FXRSTOR instruction (Stanislav) - Added missing scancodes for F11 and F12 to BIOS translation table (Volker) - Bochs disassembler bugfixes (h.johansson) - About 5% emulation speed improvement (h.johansson) - Handle writing of zero to APIC timer initial count register (Stanislav) - Enable Idle-Hack for 'TERM' GUI (h.johansson) - Reduced overhead of BX_SHOW_IPS option to minimum. Now every simulation could run with --enable-show-ips without significant performance penalty. (Stanislav) - Fixed pcipnic register access (Volker) - Limited write support for TFTP server in 'vnet' networking module added (Volker) - Changed some timing defaults to more useful values (Volker) - WinXP/2003 style common controls now supported (Vitaly Vorobyov) - Updated LGPL'd VGABIOS to version 0.5c (Volker) - Added new BX_INSTR_HLT callback to instrumentation (Stanislav) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in 2.2 (May 28, 2005): Brief summary : - New floating point emulator based on SoftFloat floating point emulation library. - improved x86-64 emulation - Cirrus SVGA card emulation added - status bar with indicators for keyboard, floppy, cdrom and disk (gui dependant) - many improvements in Bochs emulated I/O devices (e.g. PCI subsystem) Detailed change log : - CPU - fixes for booting OS/2 by Dmitri Froloff - fixed v8086 priveleged instruction processing bug (was also reported by LightCone Aug 7 2003) - exception process bug (was reported by Diego Henriquez Sat Nov 15 01:16:51 CET 2003) - segment validation with IRET instruction - CS segment not present exception processing with IRET - several fixes by Kevin Lawton - add MSVC host asm instructions (patch by suzu) - fixed bug in HADDPD/HSUBP
oracle学习文档 笔记 全面 深刻 详细 通俗易懂 doc word格式 清晰 连接字符串
oracle学习文档 笔记 全面 深刻 详细 通俗易懂 doc word格式 清晰 第一章 Oracle入门 一、 数据库概述 数据库（Database）是按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库，它产生于距今五十年前。简单来说是本身可视为电子化的文件柜——存储电子文件的处所，用户可以对文件中的数据运行新增、截取、更新、删除等操作。 常见的数据模型 1. 层次结构模型: 层次结构模型实质上是一种有根结点的定向有序树，IMS(Information Manage-mentSystem)是其典型代表。 2. 网状结构模型：按照网状数据结构建立的数据库系统称为网状数据库系统，其典型代表是DBTG(Data Base Task Group)。 3. 关系结构模型：关系式数据结构把一些复杂的数据结构归结为简单的二元关系(即二维表格形式)。常见的有Oracle、mssql、mysql等 二、 主流数据库 数据库名 公司 特点 工作环境 mssql 微软 只能能运行在windows平台，体积比较庞大，占用许多系统资源， 但使用很方便，支持命令和图形化管理，收费。 中型企业 Mysql 甲骨文 是个开源的数据库server，可运行在多种平台, 特点是响应速度特别快，主要面向中小企业 中小型企业 PostgreSQL 号称“世界上最先进的开源数据库“，可以运行在多种平台下，是tb级数据库，而且性能也很好 中大型企业 oracle 甲骨文 获得最高认证级别的ISO标准安全认证，性能最高， 保持开放平台下的TPC-D和TPC-C的世界记录。但价格不菲 大型企业 db2 IBM DB2在企业级的应用最为广泛， 在全球的500家最大的企业中,几乎85%以上用DB2数据库服务器。收费 大型企业 Access 微软 Access是一种桌面数据库，只适合数据量少的应用，在处理少量 数据和单机访问的数据库时是很好的，效率也很高 小型企业 三、 Oracle数据库概述 ORACLE数据库系统是美国ORACLE公司（甲骨文）提供的以分布式数据库为核心的一组软件产品，是目前最流行的客户/服务器(
CLIENT
/SERVER)或B/S体系结构的数据库之一。 拉里•埃里森 就业前景 从就业与择业的角度来讲，计算机相关专业的大学生从事oracle方面的技术是职业发展中的最佳选择。 其一、就业面广：全球前100强企业99家都在使用ORACLE相关技术，中国政府机构，大中型企事业单位都能有ORACLE技术的工程师岗位。 其二、技术层次深：如果期望进入IT服务或者产品公司（类似毕博、DELL、IBM等），Oracle技术能够帮助提高就业的深度。 其三、职业方向多：Oracle数据库管理方向、Oracle开发及系统架构方向、Oracle数据建模数据仓库等方向。 四、 如何学习 认真听课、多思考问题、多动手操作、有问题一定要问、多参与讨论、多帮组同学 五、 体系结构 oracle的体系很庞大，要学习它，首先要了解oracle的框架。oracle的框架主要由物理结构、逻辑结构、内存分配、后台进程、oracle例程、系统改变号 (System Change Number)组成 物理结构 物理结构包含三种数据文件: 1) 控制文件 2) 数据文件 3) 在线重做日志文件 逻辑结构 功能：数据库如何使用物理空间 组成：表空间、段、区、块的组成层次 六、 oracle安装、卸载和启动 硬件要求 物理内存：1GB 可用物理内存：50M 交换空间大小：3.25GB 硬盘空间：10GB 安装 1. 安装程序成功下载，将会得到如下2个文件： 解压文件将得到database文件夹，文件组织如下： 点击setup.exe执行安装程序，开始安装。 2. 点击安装程序将会出现如下安装界面，步骤 1/9：配置安全更新 填写电子邮件地址(可以不填)，去掉复选框，点击下一步 3. 步骤2/9：选择安装选项 勾选第一个，安装和配置数据库，点击下一步 4. 步骤3/8：选择系统类 勾选第一个：桌面类，点击下一步 5. 步骤4/8：配置数据库安装 选择安装路径，选择数据库版本(企业版)，选择字符集(默认值) 填写全局数据库名，管理口令 6. 步骤5/8：先决条件检查 如果你的电脑满足要求但仍然显示检查失败，这时候直接忽略，勾选全部忽略 7. 步骤6/8：概要信息 核对将要安装数据的详细信息，并保存响应文件，以备以后查看。然后点击完成数据库安装 8. 步骤7/8：安装产品 产品安装过程中将会出现以上2个界面 9. 步骤8/8：完成安装 卸载Oracle 1. 在运行services.msc打开服务，停止Oracle的所有服务。 2. oracle11G自带一个卸载批处理\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\deinstall\deinstall.bat 3. 运行该批处理程序将自动完成oracle卸载工作，最后手动删除\app文件夹（可能需要重启才能删除） 4. 运行regedit命令，打开注册表窗口。删除注册表中与Oracle相关的内容，具体如下： 删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/ORACLE目录。 删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSTEM/CurrentControlSet/Services中所有以oracle或OraWeb为开头的键。 删除HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSETM/CurrentControlSet/Services/Eventlog/application中所有以oracle开头的键。 删除HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT目录下所有以Ora、Oracle、Orcl或EnumOra为前缀的键。 删除HKEY_CURRENT_USER/SOFTWARE/Microsoft/windows/CurrentVersion/Explorer/MenuOrder/Start Menu/Programs中所有以oracle 开头的键。 删除HKDY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE/ODBC/ODBCINST.INI中除Microsoft ODBC for Oracle注册表键以外的所有含有Oracle的键。 删除环境变量中的PATHT CLASSPATH中包含Oracle的值。 删除“开始”/“程序”中所有Oracle的组和图标。 删除所有与Oracle相关的目录，包括： C:\Program
file
\Oracle目录。 ORACLE_BASE目录。 C:\Documents and Settings\系统用户名、LocalSettings\Temp目录下的临时文件。 七、 oracle中的数据库 八、 常用的工具 Sql Plus Sql Developer Oracle Enterprise Manager 第二章 用户和权限 一、 用户介绍 ORACLE用户是学习ORACLE数据库中的基础知识，下面就介绍下类系统常用的默认ORACLE用户: 1. sys用户：超级用户，完全是个SYSDBA(管理数据库的人)。拥有dba，sysdba，sysoper等角色或权限。是oracle权限最高的用户，登录时不能用normal。 2. system用户：超级用户，默认是SYSOPT(操作数据库的人)，不过它也能以SYSDBA的权限登陆。拥有普通dba角色权限。 3. scott用户：是个演示用户，是让你学习Oracle用的。 二、 常用命令 学习oracle，首先我们必须要掌握常用的基本命令，oracle中的命令比较多，常用的命令如下： 1. 登录命令(sqlplus) 说明：用于登录到oracle数据库 用法：sqlplus 用户名/密码 [as sysdba/sysoper] 注意：当用特权用户登录时，必须带上sysdba或sysoper 例子： 普通用户登录 sys用户登录 操作系统的身份登录 2. 连接命令(conn) 说明：用于连接到oracle数据库，也可实现用户的切换 用法：conn 用户名/密码 [as sysdba/sysoper] 注意：当用特权用户连接时，必须带上sysdba或sysoper 例子： 3. 断开连接(disc) 说明：断开与当前数据库的连接 用法：disc 4. 显示用户名(show user) 说明：显示当前用户名 用法：show user 5. 退出(exit) 说明：断开与当前数据库的连接并会退出 用法：exit 6. 编辑脚本(edit/ed) 说明：编辑指定或缓冲区的sql脚本 用法：edit [文件名] 列子： 7. 运行脚本 (start/@) 说明：运行指定的sql脚本 用法：start/@ 文件名 列子： 8. 印刷屏幕 (spool) 说明：将sql*plus屏幕中的内容输出到指定的文件 用法：开始印刷->spool 文件名 结束印刷->spool off 列子： 文件内容 9. 显示宽度 (linesize) 说明：设置显示行的宽度，默认是80个字符 用法：set linesize 120 10. 显示页数 (pagesize) 说明：设置每页显示的行数，默认是14页 用法：set pagesize 20 三、 用户管理 1. 创建用户 说明：Oracle中需要创建用户一定是要具有dba(数据库管理员)权限的用户才能创建，而且创建的新用户不具备任何权限，连登录都不可以。 用法：create user 新用户名 identified by 密码 例子： 2. 修改密码 说明：修改用户密码一般有两种方式，一种是通过命令password修改，另一种是通过语句alter user实现，如果要修改他人的密码，必须要具有相关的权限才可以 用法： 方式一 password [用户名] 方式二 alert user 用户名 identified by 新密码 例子： 修改当前用户(方式一) 修改当前用户(方式二) 修改其他用户(方式一) 修改其他用户(方式二) 3. 用户禁用与启用 说明：Oracle中想要禁用或启用一个账户也同样是使用alter user 命令来完成，只是语法和修改密码有所不同。 用法： 禁用 alert user 用户名 account lock 启用 alert user 用户名 account unlock 4. 删除用户 说明：Oracle中要删除一个用户，必须要具有dba的权限。而且不能删除当前用户，如果删除的用户有数据对象，那么必须加上关键字cascade。 用法：drop user 用户名 [cascade] 四、 用户权限与角色 1. 权限 Oracle中权限主要分为两种，系统权限和实体权限。 系统权限：系统规定用户使用数据库的权限。（系统权限是对用户而言)。 DBA: 拥有全部特权，是系统最高权限，只有DBA才可以创建数据库结构。 RESOURCE:拥有Resource权限的用户只可以创建实体，不可以创建数据库结构。 CONNECT:拥有Connect权限的用户只可以登录Oracle，不可以创建实体，不可以创建数据库结构。 注意： 对于普通用户：授予connect, resource权限。 对于DBA管理用户：授予connect，resource, dba权限。 授予系统权限 说明：要实现授予系统权限只能由DBA用户授出。 用法：grant 系统权限1[,系统权限2]… to 用户名1[,用户名2]…. 例子： 系统权限回收： 说明：系统权限只能由DBA用户回收 用法：revoke 系统权限 from 用户名 例子： 实体权限：某种权限用户对其它用户的表或视图的存取权限。（是针对表或视图而言的）。主要包括select, update, insert, alter, index, delete, all其中all包括所有权限。 授予实体权限 用法：grant 实体权限1[,实体权限2]… on 表名 to用户名1[,用户名2]…. 例子： 实体权限回收 用法：revoke 实体权限 on 表名from 用户名 例子： 查询用户拥有哪里权限： SQL> select * from role_tab_privs;//查询授予角色的对象权限 SQL> select * from role_role_privs;//查询授予另一角色的角色 SQL> select * from DBA_tab_privs;//查询直接授予用户的对象权限 SQL> select * from dba_role_privs;//查询授予用户的角色 SQL> select * from dba_sys_privs;//查询授予用户的系统权限 SQL> select * from role_sys_privs;//查询授予角色的系统权限 SQL> Select * from session_privs;// 查询当前用户所拥有的权限 2. 角色 角色。角色是一组权限的集合，将角色赋给一个用户，这个用户就拥有了这个角色中的所有权限。 系统预定义角色 预定义角色是在数据库安装后，系统自动创建的一些常用的角色。下面我们就简单介绍些系统角色： CONNECT, RESOURCE, DBA这些预定义角色主要是为了向后兼容。其主要是用于数据库管理。oracle建议用户自己设计数据库管理和安全的权限规划，而不要简单的使用这些预定角色。将来的版本中这些角色可能不会作为预定义角色。 DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE， EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE，SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE这些角色主要用于访问数据字典视图和包。 EXP_FULL_DATABASE， IMP_FULL_DATABASE这两个角色用于数据导入导出工具的使用。 自定义角色 Oracle建议我们自定义自己的角色，使我们更加灵活方便去管理用户 创建角色 SQL> create role admin; 授权给角色 SQL> grant connect,resource to admin; 撤销角色的权限 SQL> revoke connect from admin; 删除角色 SQL> drop role admin; 第三章 Sql查询与函数 一、 SQL概述 SQL（Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言，是一种数据库查询和程序设计语言，用于存取数据以及查询、更新和管理关系数据库系统。同时也是数据库脚本文件的扩展名。 SQL语言主要包含5个部分 数据定义语言Data Definition Language(DDL），用来建立数据库、数据对象和定义其列。例如：CREATE、DROP、ALTER等语句。 数据操作语言Data Manipulation Language(DML），用来插入、修改、删除、查询，可以修改数据库中的数据。例如：INSERT（插入）、UPDATE（修改）、DELETE（删除）语句 数据查询语言 (Data Query Language, DQL) 是SQL语言中，负责进行数据查询而不会对数据本身进行修改的语句，这是最基本的SQL语句。例如：SELECT（查询） 数据控制语言Data Controlling Language（DCL），用来控制数据库组件的存取允许、存取权限等。例如：GRANT、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等语句。 事务控制语言（Transactional Control Language，TCL），用于维护数据的一致性，包括COMMIT（提交事务）、ROLLBACK（回滚事务）和SAVEPOINT（设置保存点）3条语句 二、 Oracle的数据类型 类型 参数 描述 字符类型 char 1~2000字节 固定长度字符串，长度不够的用空格补充 varchar2 1~4000字节 可变长度字符串，与CHAR类型相比，使用VARCHAR2可以节省磁盘空间，但查询效率没有char类型高 数值类型 Number(m,n) m(1~38) n(-84~127) 可以存储正数、负数、零、定点数和精度为38位的浮点数，其中，M表示精度，代表数字的总位数；N表示小数点右边数字的位数 日期类型 date 7字节 用于存储表中的日期和时间数据，取值范围是公元前4712年1月1日至公元9999年12月31日，7个字节分别表示世纪、年、月、日、时、分和秒 二进制数据类型 row 1~2000字节 可变长二进制数据，在具体定义字段的时候必须指明最大长度n long raw 1~2GB 可变长二进制数据 LOB数据类型 clob 1~4GB 只能存储字符数据 nclob 1~4GB 保存本地语言字符集数据 blob 1~4GB 以二进制信息保存数据 三、 DDL语言 1. Create table命令 用于创建表。在创建表时，经常会创建该表的主键、外键、唯一约束、Check约束等 语法结构 create table 表名( [字段名] [类型] [约束] ……….. CONSTRAINT fk_column FOREIGN KEY(column1,column2,…..column_n) REFERENCES tablename(column1,column2,…..column_n) ) 例子： create table student( stuNo char(32) primary key,--主键约束 stuName varchar2(20) not null,--非空约束 cardId char(20) unique,--唯一约束 sex char(2) check(sex='男' or sex='女'),--检查约束 address varchar2(100) default '地址不详'--默认约束 ) create table mark( mid int primary key,--主键约束 stuNo char(32) not null, courseName varchar2(20) not null,--非空约束 score number(3) not null check(score>=0 and scoreselect * from em--查询所有数据 SQL>select ename,job from em--查询指定的字段数据 SQL> select * from emp where sal>1000--加条件 2. 聚合函数 聚合函数对一组值执行计算并返回单一的值。聚合函数忽略空值。聚合函数经常与 SELECT 语句的 GROUP BY 子句一同使用。不能在 WHERE 子句中使用组函数。 AVG(expression): 返回集合中各值的平均值 --查询所有人都的平均工资 select avg(sal) from emp COUNT(expression): 以 Int32 形式返回集合中的项数 --查询工资低于2000的人数 select count(*) from emp where sal2000 5. 连接查询 连接查询是关系数据库中最主要的查询，主要包括内连接、外连接和交叉连接等。通过连接运算符可以实现多个表查询。 内连接 内连接也叫连接，是最早的一种连接。还可以被称为普通连接或者自然连接，内连接是从结果表中删除与其他被连接表中没有匹配行的所有行，所以内连接可能会丢失信息。 等值连接: select * from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno 不等值连接: select * from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno!=dept.deptno 外连接 外连接分为三种：左外连接，右外连接，全外连接。对应SQL：LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER JOIN。通常我们省略outer 这个关键字。写成：LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOIN。 左外连接(left join): 是以左表的记录为基础的 select * from emp left join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno 右外连接(right join): 和left join的结果刚好相反,是以右表(BL)为基础的 select * from emp right join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno 全外连接(full join): 左表和右表都不做限制，所有的记录都显示，两表不足的地方用null 填充 select * from emp full join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno 交叉连接 交叉连接即笛卡儿乘积，是指两个关系中所有元组的任意组合。一般情况下，交叉查询是没有实际意义的。 select * from cross full join dept 6. 常用查询 like模糊查询 --查询姓名首字母为S开始的员工信息 select * from emp where ename like 'S%' --查询姓名第三个字母为A的员工信息 select * from emp where ename like '__A%' is null/is not null 查询 --查询没有奖金的雇员信息 select * from emp where comm is null --查询有奖金的雇员信息 select * from emp where comm is not null in查询 --查询雇员编号为7566、7499、7844的雇员信息 select * from emp where empno in(7566,7499,7844) exists/not exists查询(效率高于in) --查询有上级领导的雇员信息 select * from emp e where exists (select * from emp where empno=e.mgr) --查询没有上级领导的雇员信息 select * from emp e where not exists (select * from emp where empno=e.mgr) all查询 --查询比部门编号为20的所有雇员工资都高的雇员信息 select * from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=20) union合并不重复 select * from emp where comm is not null union select * from emp where sal>3000 union all合并重复 select * from emp where comm is not null union all select * from emp where sal>3000 7. 子查询 当一个查询是另一个查询的条件时，称之为子查询。子查询是一个 SELECT 语句，它嵌套在一个 SELECT、SELECT...INTO 语句、INSERT...INTO 语句、DELETE 语句、或 UPDATE 语句或嵌套在另一子查询中。 在CREATE TABLE语句中使用子查询 --创建表并拷贝数据 create table temp(id,name,sal) as select empno,ename,sal from emp 在INSERT语句中使用子查询 --当前表拷贝 insert into temp(id,name,sal) select * from temp --从其他表指定字段拷贝 insert into temp(id,name,sal) select empno,ename,sal from emp 在DELETE语句中使用子查询 --删除SALES部门中的所有雇员 delete from emp where deptno in (select deptno from dept where dname='SALES') 在UPDATE语句中使用子查询 --修改scott用户的工资和smith的工资一致 update emp set sal=(select sal from emp where ename='SMITH') where ename='SCOTT' --修改black用户的工作,工资,奖金和scott一致 update emp set(job,sal,comm)=(select job,sal,comm from emp where ename='SCOTT') where ename='BLAKE' 在SELECT语句中使用子查询 --查询和ALLEN同一部门的员工信息 select * from emp where deptno in (select deptno from emp where ename='ALLEN') --查询工资大于部门平均工资的雇员信息 select * from emp e (select avg(sal) asal,deptno from emp group by deptno) t where e.deptno=t.deptno and e.sal>t.asal 六、 TCL语言 1. COMMIT commit --提交事务 2. ROLLBACK rollback to p1 --回滚到指定的保存点 rollback --回滚所有的保存点 3. SAVEPOINT savepoint p1 --设置保存点 4. 只读事务 只读事务是指只允许执行查询的操作，而不允许执行任何其它dml操作的事务，它的作用是确保用户只能取得某时间点的数据。 set transaction read only 七、 oracle函数 1. 字符串函数 字符串函数是oracle中比较常用的，下面我们就介绍些常用的字符串函数: concat：字符串连接函数，也可以使用’||’ --将职位和雇员名称显示在一列中 select concat(ename,concat('(',concat(job,')'))) from emp select ename || '(' || job || ')' from emp length：返回字符串的长度 --查询雇员名字长度为5个字符的信息 select * from emp where length(ename)=5 lower：将字符串转换成小写 --以小写方式显示雇员名 select lower(ename) from emp upper：将字符串转换成大写 --以大写方式显示雇员名 select upper (ename) from emp substr：截取字符串 --只显示雇员名的前3个字母 select substr(ename,0,3) from emp replace：替换字符串 --将雇员的金额显示为*号 select ename,replace(sal,sal,’*’) from emp instr：查找字符串 --查找雇员名含有’LA’字符的信息 select * from emp where instr(ename,’LA’)>0 2. 日期函数 sysdate：返回当前session所在时区的默认时间 --获取当前系统时间 select sysdate from dual add_months：返回指定日期月份+n之后的值，n可以为任何整数 --查询当前系统月份+2的时间 select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual --查询当前系统月份-2的时间 select add_months(sysdate,-2) from dual last_day：返回指定时间所在月的最后一天 --获取当前系统月份的最后一天 select last_day(sysdate) from dual months_between：返回月份差，结果可正可负，当然也有可能为0 --获取入职日期距离当前时间多少天 select months_between(sysdate, hiredate) from emp trunc：为指定元素而截去的日期值 --获取当前系统年，其他默认 select trunc(sysdate,'yy') from dual --查询81年2月份入职的雇员 select * from emp where trunc(hiredate,'mm')=trunc(to_date('1981-02','yyyy-mm'),'mm') 3. 转换函数 to_char：将任意类型转换成字符串 --日期转换 select to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual --数字转换 select to_char(-100.789999999999,'L99G999D999') from dual 数字格式控制符 符号 描述 9 代表一位数字，如果当前位有数字，显示数字，否则不显示(小数部分仍然会强制显示) 0 强制显示该位，如果当前位有数字，显示数字，否则显示0 $ 增加美元符号显示 L 增加本地货币符号显示 . 小数点符号显示 , 千分位符号显示 to_date：将字符串转换成日期对象 --字符转换成日期 select to_date('2011-11-11 11:11:11', 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual to_number：将字符转换成数字对象 --字符转换成数字对象 select to_number('209.976')*5 from dual select to_number('209.976', '9G999D999')*5 from dual 4. 数学函数 abs：返回数字的绝对值 select abs(-1999) from dual ceil：返回大于或等于n的最小的整数值 select ceil(2.48) from dual floor：返回小于等于n的最大整数值 select floor(2.48) from dual round：四舍五入 select round(2.48) from dual select round(2.485,2) from dual bin_to_num：二进制转换成十进制 select bin_to_num(1,0,0,1,0) from dual 第四章 锁 一、 概述 锁是实现数据库并发控制的一个非常重要的技术。当事务在对某个数据对象进行操作前，先向系统发出请求，对其加锁。加锁后事务就对该数据对象有了一定的控制，在该事务释放锁之前，其他的事务不能对此数据对象进行更新操作。 在数据库中有两种基本的锁类型：排它锁（Exclusive Locks，即X锁）和共享锁（Share Locks，即S锁）。当数据对象被加上排它锁时，其他的事务不能对它读取和修改。加了共享锁的数据对象可以被其他事务读取，但不能修改。 根据保护的对象不同，Oracle数据库锁可以分为以下几大类： DML锁（data locks，数据锁），用于保护数据的完整性 DDL锁（dictionary locks，字典锁），用于保护数据库对象的结构，如表、索引等的结构定义 内部锁和闩（internal locks and latches），保护数据库的内部结构 二、 DML锁 DML锁的目的在于保证并发情况下的数据完整性，在Oracle数据库中，DML锁主要包括TM锁和TX锁，其中TM锁称为表级锁，TX锁称为事务锁或行级锁。 1. 行级锁 当事务执行数据库插入、更新、删除操作时，该事务自动获得操作表中操作行的排它锁 --不允许其他用户对雇员表的部门编号为20的数据进行修改 select * from emp where deptno=20 for update --不允许其他用户对雇员表的所有数据进行修改 select * from emp for update --如果已经被锁定，就不用等待 select * from emp for update nowait --如果已经被锁定，更新的时候等待5秒 select * from emp for update wait 5 2. 锁模式 0(none) 1(null) 2(rs)：行共享 3(rx)：行排他 4(s)：共享 5(srx)：共享行排他 6(x)：排他 数字越大，锁级别越高 3. 表级锁 当事务获得行锁后，此事务也将自动获得该行的表锁(行排他),以防止其它事务进行DDL语句影响记录行的更新 行共享锁(RS锁)：允许用户进行任何操作，禁止排他锁 lock table emp in row share mode 行排他锁(RX锁)：允许用户进行任何操作，禁止共享锁 lock table emp in row exclusive mode 共享锁(R锁)：其他用户只能看，不能修改 lock table emp in share mode 排他锁(X锁)：其他用户只能看，不能修改，不能加其他锁 lock table emp in exclusive mode 共享行排他(SRX锁)：比行排他和共享锁级别高，不能添加共享锁 lock table emp in share row exclusive mode 4. 锁兼容性 S X RS RX SRX N/A S Y N Y N N Y X N N N N N Y RS Y N Y Y Y Y RX N N Y Y N Y SRX N N Y N N Y N/Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 5. 死锁 当两个事务需要一组有冲突的锁，而不能将事务继续下去的话，就出现死锁。 1) 用户A修改A表，事务不提交 2) 用户B修改B表，事务不提交 3) 用户A修改B表，阻塞 4) 用户B修改A表，阻塞 Oracle系统能自动发现死锁，并会自动选择工作量最少的事务进行撤销和释放所有锁 6. 悲观锁和乐观锁 数据的锁定分为两种方法，第一种叫做悲观锁，第二种叫做乐观锁 悲观锁：就是对数据的冲突采取一种悲观的态度，也就是说假设数据肯定会冲突，所以在数据开始读取的时候就把数据锁定住。 乐观锁：就是认为数据一般情况下不会造成冲突，所以在数据进行提交更新的时候，才会正式对数据的冲突与否进行检测，如果发现冲突了，则让用户返回错误的信息，让用户决定如何去做。 三、 DDL锁 1. 排它DDL锁 创建、修改、删除一个数据库对象的DDL语句获得操作对象的排它锁。 2. 共享DDL锁 需在数据库对象之间建立相互依赖关系的DDL语句通常需共享获得DDL锁 3. 分析锁 分析锁是一种独特的DDL锁类型，ORACLE使用它追踪共享池对象及它所引用数据库对象之间的依赖关系 四、 内部锁和闩 这是ORACLE中的一种特殊锁，用于顺序访问内部系统结构。当事务需向缓冲区写入信息时，为了使用此块内存区域，ORACLE首先必须取得这块内存区域的闩锁，才能向此块内存写入信息。 第五章 数据库对象 一、 概述 ORACLE数据库主要有如下数据库对象： tablespace and data
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(表空间和数据文件) table(表) constraints(约束) index(索引)
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(试图) sequence(序列) synonyms(同义词) DB-link(数据库链路) 二、 表空间和数据文件 表空间是数据库的逻辑组成部分，从物理上讲，数据库数据是存放在数据文件中，从逻辑上讲数据库则是存放在表空间中，表空间是由一个或多个数据文件组成。 表空间 某一时刻只能属于一个数据库 由一个或多个数据文件组成 可进一步划分为逻辑存储 表空间主要分为两种 System表空间 随数据库创建 包含数据字典 包含system还原段 非system表空间 用于分开存储段 易于空间管理 控制分配给用户的空间量 数据文件 只能属于一个表空间和一个数据库 是方案对象数据的资料档案库 创建表空间 语法 CREATE TABLESPACE tablespacename [DATA
FILE
clause] [MINIMUM EXTENT integer[k|m]] [BLOCKSIZE integer[k]] [LOGGING|NOLOGGING] [DEFAULT storage_clause] [ONLINE|OFFLINE] [PERMANENT|TEMPORARY] [extent_management_clause] [segment_management_clause] 例子 --创建本地管理表空间 create tablespace firstSpance data
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'e:/firstspance.dbf'size 100M extent management local uniform size 256k --修改文件大小 alter database data
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'e:/firstspance.dbf' resize 110m --删除表空间 drop tablespace firstSpance INCLUDING CONTENTS and data
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s --使用数据库表空间 --创建用户指定表空间 create user guest identified by 123456 default tablespace firstSpance --表中指定表空间 create table account( accountid number(4), accountName varchar2(20) )tablespace firstSpance --表空间脱机 alter tablespace firstSpance offline --表空间联机 alter tablespace firstSpance online --表空间只读，不能进行dml操作 alter tablespace firstSpance read only 三、 同义词 Oracle数据库中提供了同义词管理的功能。同义词是数据库方案对象的一个别名，经常用于简化对象访问和提高对象访问的安全性。Oracle同义词有两种类型，分别是公用Oracle同义词与私有Oracle同义词。 公有同义词 语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] PUBLIC SYNONYM sys_name FOR [SCHEMA.] object_name 创建（需拥有CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM权限才可以创建） --创建同义词 create public synonym syn_emp for scott.emp --访问同义词 select * from syn_emp 删除 drop public synonym syn_emp 私有同义词 语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] SYNONYM sys_name FOR [SCHEMA.] object_name 创建 --创建同义词 create synonym syn_pri_emp for emp --访问同义词 select * from syn_ pri _emp 删除 drop public synonym syn_emp 四、 表分区 当表中的数据量不断增大，查询数据的速度就会变慢，应用程序的性能就会下降，这时就应该考虑对表进行分区。表进行分区后，逻辑上表仍然是一张完整的表，只是将表中的数据在物理上存放到多个表空间(物理文件上)，这样查询数据时，不至于每次都扫描整张表。 优点： 改善查询性能：对分区对象的查询可以仅搜索自己关心的分区，提高检索速度。 增强可用性：如果表的某个分区出现故障，表在其他分区的数据仍然可用； 维护方便：如果表的某个分区出现故障，需要修复数据，只修复该分区即可； 均衡I/O：可以把不同的分区映射到磁盘以平衡I/O，改善整个系统性能。 使用场合 表的大小超过2GB 表中包含历史数据，新的数据被增加都新的分区中 常见分区方法: 范围 --- 8 Hash --- 8i 列表 --- 9i 组合 --- 8i 1. 范围分区 范围分区将数据基于范围映射到每一个分区，这个范围是你在创建分区时指定的分区键决定的。这种分区方式是最为常用的，并且分区键经常采用日期。 特点: 最早、最经典的分区算法 Range分区通过对分区字段值的范围进行分区 Range分区特别适合于按时间周期进行数据的存储。日、周、月、年等。 数据管理能力强(数据迁移、数据备份、数据交换) 范围分区的数据可能不均匀 范围分区与记录值相关，实施难度和可维护性相对较差 例子 按值划分 --创建 CREATE TABLE book ( bookid NUMBER(5), bookname VARCHAR2(30), price NUMBER(8) )PARTITION BY RANGE (price)--分区字段 ( PARTITION P1 VALUES LESS THAN (4) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P2 VALUES LESS THAN (8) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P3 VALUES LESS THAN (maxvalue) TABLESPACE system, ) --MAXVALUE代表了一个不确定的值,这个值高于其它分区中的任何分区键的值 按日期划分 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date )PARTITION BY RANGE (birthday)--分区字段 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN (to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system, PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN (to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ); 2. Hash分区(散列分区) 这类分区是在列值上使用散列算法，以确定将行放入哪个分区中。当列的值没有合适的条件时，建议使用散列分区。散列分区为通过指定分区编号来均匀分布数据的一种分区类型。如果你要使用hash分区，只需指定分区的数量即可。建议分区的数量采用2的n次方，这样可以使得各个分区间数据分布更加均匀。 特点 基于分区字段的HASH值，自动将记录插入到指定分区。 分区数一般是2的幂 易于实施 总体性能最佳 适合于静态数据 HASH分区适合于数据的均匀存储 数据管理能力弱 HASH分区对数据值无法控制 例子 CREATE TABLE classes ( clsno NUMBER(5), clsname VARCHAR2(30) )PARTITION BY HASH(clsno)--分区字段 ( PARTITION ph1 tablespace system, PARTITION ph2 tablespace system ) 3. List分区(列表分区) 该分区的特点是某列的值只有几个，基于这样的特点我们可以采用列表分区。 特点 List分区通过对分区字段的离散值进行分区 List分区是不排序的，而且分区之间也没有关联 List分区适合于对数据离散值进行控制 List分区只支持单个字段 List分区具有与range分区相似的优缺点 数据管理能力强 各分区的数据可能不均匀 例子 CREATE TABLE users ( userid NUMBER(5), username VARCHAR2(30), province char(5) )PARTITION BY list(province)--分区字段 ( PARTITION pl1 values('广东') tablespace system, PARTITION pl2 values('江西') tablespace system, PARTITION pl3 values('广西') tablespace system, PARTITION pl4 values('湖南') tablespace system ); 4. 组合分区 常见的组合分区主要有范围散列分区和范围列表分区 特点 既适合于历史数据，又适合于数据均匀分布 与范围分区一样提供高可用性和管理性 实现粒度更细的操作 组合范围列表分区 这种分区是基于范围分区和列表分区，表首先按某列进行范围分区，然后再按某列进行列表分区，分区之中的分区被称为子分区。 例子 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date, province char(5) )PARTITION BY RANGE (birthday) --主分区字段 subpartition BY LIST(province)--子分区字符 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION pl1 values('广东') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl2 values('江西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl3 values('广西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION pl4 values('湖南') tablespace system ), PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION p21 values('广东') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p22 values('江西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p23 values('广西') tablespace system, SUBPARTITION p24 values('湖南') tablespace system ) ); 组合范围散列分区 这种分区是基于范围分区和散列分区，表首先按某列进行范围分区，然后再按某列进行散列分区。 例子 CREATE TABLE student ( stuno NUMBER(5), stuname VARCHAR2(30), birthday date )PARTITION BY RANGE(birthday) --主分区字段 SUBPARTITION BY HASH(stuno)--子分区字符 ( PARTITION P1990 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1990-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION ph12 tablespace system, SUBPARTITION ph13 tablespace system ), PARTITION P1991 VALUES LESS THAN(to_date('1991-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) TABLESPACE system ( SUBPARTITION ph21 tablespace system, SUBPARTITION ph22 tablespace system ) ); 5. 表分区常用操作 添加分区 --添加主分区 alter table book add partition
p4
values less than(maxvalue) tablespace system --添加子分区 ALTER TABLE student MODIFY PARTITION P1990 ADD SUBPARTITION pl5 values('福建') 删除分区 --删除主分区 ALTER TABLE student DROP PARTITION P1990 --删除子分区 ALTER TABLE student DROP SUBPARTITION p15 重命名表分区 ALTER TABLE student RENAME PARTITION P21 TO P2 显示数据库所有分区表的信息 select * from DBA_PART_TABLES 显示当前用户所有分区表的信息 select * from USER_PART_TABLES 查询指定表分区数据 select * from users partition(pl2)--主分区 select * from users subpartition(phl2)--子分区 删除分区表一个分区的数据 alter table book truncate partition p11 第六章 视图 一、 概述 视图是基于一个表或多个表或视图的逻辑表，本身不包含数据，通过它可以对表里面的数据进行查询和修改。视图基于的表称为基表。视图是存储在数据字典里的一条select语句。 通过创建视图可以提取数据的逻辑上的集合或组合。 为什么使用视图 控制数据访问 简化查询 数据独立性 避免重复访问相同的数据 使用修改基表的最大好处是安全性，即保证那些能被任意人修改的列的安全性 Oracle中视图分类 关系视图 内嵌视图 对象视图 物化视图 二、 关系视图 关系视图是作为数据库对象存在的，创建之后也可以通过工具或数据字典来查看视图的相关信息。关系视图是4种视图中最简单，同时也最常用的视图。 语法 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE]
VIEW
view
_name [(alias[, alias]...)] AS subquery [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint]] [WITH READ ONLY] 1. OR REPLACE:若所创建的试图已经存在，ORACLE自动重建该视图 2. FORCE:不管基表是否存在ORACLE都会自动创建该视图 3. NOFORCE:只有基表都存在ORACLE才会创建该视图 4. Alias:为视图产生的列定义的别名 5. subquery:一条完整的SELECT语句，可以在该语句中定义别名 6. WITH CHECK OPTION:插入或修改的数据行必须满足视图定义的约束 7. WITH READ ONLY:该视图上不能进行任何DML操作 例子 create or replace
view
view
_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 --只读视图 create or replace
view
view
_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 order by sal with read only --约束视图 create or replace
view
view
_Account_dept as select * from emp where deptno=10 with check option 查询视图 select * from emp where
view
_Account_dept 修改视图 通过OR REPLACE 重新创建同名视图即可 删除视图 DROP
VIEW
VIEW
_NAME语句删除视图 视图上的DML 操作原则 1. 简单视图可以执行DML操作； 2. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字时不能执行delete语句 3. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字，ROWNUM为例，列定义为表达式时不能执行update语句 4. 在视图包含GROUP函数，GROUP BY子句，DISTINCT关键字，ROWNUM为例，列定义为表达式，表中非空的列子视图定义中未包括时不能执行insert语句 5. 可以使用WITH READ ONLY来屏蔽DML操作 三、 内嵌视图 内嵌视图是在from语句中的可以把表改成一个子查询。内嵌视图不属于任何用户，也不是对象，内嵌视图是子查询的一种。 例子 Select * from (select * from emp where deptno=10) where sal>2000 四、 对象视图 对象类型在数据库编程中有许多好处，但有时，应用程序已经开发完成。为了迎合对象类型而重建数据表是不现实的。对象视图正是解决这一问题的优秀策略。 五、 物化视图 常用于数据库的容灾，不是传统意义上虚拟视图，是实体化视图，和表一样可以存储数据、查询数据。主备数据库数据同步通过物化视图实现，主备数据库通过data link连接，在主备数据库物化视图进行数据复制。当主数据库垮掉时，备数据库接管，实现容灾。 语法 create materialized
view
materialized_
view
_name build [immediate|deferred] --1.创建方式 refresh [complete|fast|force|never] --2.物化视图刷新方式 on [commit|demand] --3.刷新触发方式 start with (start_date) --4.开始时间 next (interval_date) --5.间隔时间 with [primary key|rowid] --默认 primary key ENABLE QUERY REWRITE --7.是否启用查询重写 as --8.关键字 select statement; --9.基表选取数据的select语句 1. 创建方式 immediate(默认):立即 deferred:延迟，至第一次refresh时，才生效 2. 物化视图刷新方式 force(默认):如果可以快速刷新，就执行快速刷新,否则，执行完全刷新 complete:完全刷新，即刷新时更新全部数据，包括视图中已经生成的原有数据 fast:快速刷新，只刷新增量部分。前提是，需要在基表上创建物化视图日志。该日志记录基表数据变化情况，所以才能实现增量刷新 never:从不刷新 3. 刷新触发方式 on commit:基表有commit动作时，刷新视图，不能跨库执行(因为不知道别的库的提交动作) on demand，在需要时刷新，根据后面设定的起始时间和时间间隔进行刷新，或者手动调用dbms_m
view
包中的过程刷新时再执行刷新。 4. 开始时间和间隔时间 4和5即开始刷新时间和下次刷新的时间间隔。如：start with sysdate next sysdate+1/1440表示马上开始，刷新间隔为1分钟。（与 on commit选项冲突） 5. 创建模式 primary key(默认):基于基表的主键创建 rowed:不能对基表执行分组函数、多表连结等需要把多个rowid合成一行的操作 6. 是否启用查询重写 如果设置了初始化参数query_rewrite_enabled=true则默认就会启用查询重写。但是，数据库默认该参数为false。并且，不是什么时候都应该启用查询重写。所以，该参数应该设置为false，而在创建特定物化视图时，根据需要开启该功能。 7. 注意 如果选择使用了上面第4,5选项，则不支持查询重写功能（原因很简单，所谓重写，就是将对基表的查询定位到了物化视图上，而4、5选项会造成物化视图上部分数据延迟，所以，不能重写）。 例子 --创建增量刷新的物化视图时应先创建存储的日志空间 --在scott.emp表中创建物化视图日志 create materialized
view
log on emp tablespace users with rowid; --开始创建物化视图 --方式一 create materialized
view
mv_emp tablespace users --指定表空间 build immediate --创建视图时即生成数据 refresh fast --基于增量刷新 on commit --数据DML操作提交就刷新 with rowid --基于ROWID刷新 as select * from emp --方式二 create materialized
view
mv_emp2 tablespace users --指定表空间 refresh fast --基于增量刷新 start with sysdate --创建视图时即生成数据 next sysdate+1/1440 /*每隔一分钟刷新一次*/ with rowid --基于ROWID刷新 as select * from emp --删除物化视图日志 drop materialized
view
mv_emp 第七章 索引 一、 概述 索引是建立在表上的可选对象，设计索引的目的是为了提高查询的速度。但同时索引也会增加系统的负担，进行影响系统的性能。 索引一旦建立后，当在表上进行DML操作时，Oracle会自动维护索引，并决定何时使用索引。 索引的使用对用户是透明的，用户不需要在执行SQL语句时指定使用哪个索引及如何使用索引，也就是说，无论表上是否创建有索引，SQL语句的用法不变。用户在进行操作时，不需要考虑索引的存在，索引只与系统性能相关。 索引的原理 当在一个没有创建索引的表中查询符合某个条件的记录时，DBMS会顺序地逐条读取每个记录与查询条件进行匹配，这种方式称为全表扫描。全表扫描方式需要遍历整个表，效率很低。 索引的类型 Oracle支持多种类型的索引，可以按列的多少、索引值是否唯一和索引数据的组织形式对索引进行分类，以满足各种表和查询条件的要求。 单列索引和复合索引 B树索引 位图索引 函数索引 创建索引 CREATE [UNIQUE] | [BITMAP] INDEX index_name ON table_name([column1 [ASC|DESC],column2 [ASC|DESC],…] | [express]) [TABLESPACE tablespace_name] [PCTFREE n1] [STORAGE (INITIAL n2)] [NOLOGGING] [NOLINE] [NOSORT] UNIQUE：表示唯一索引，默认情况下，不使用该选项。 BITMAP：表示创建位图索引，默认情况下，不使用该选项。 PCTFREE：指定索引在数据块中的空闲空间。对于经常插入数据的表，应该为表中索引指定一个较大的空闲空间。 NOLOGGING：表示在创建索引的过程中不产生任何重做日志信息。默认情况下，不使用该选项。 ONLINE：表示在创建或重建索引时，允许对表进行DML操作。默认情况下，不使用该选项。 NOSORT：默认情况下，不使用该选项。则Oracle在创建索引时对表中记录进行排序。如果表中数据已经是按该索引顺序排列的，则可以使用该选项。 二、 单列索引和复合索引 一个索引可以由一个或多个列组成。基于单个列所创建的索引称为单列索引，基于两列或多列所创建的索引称为多列索引。 三、 B树索引 B树索引是Oracle数据库中最常用的一种索引。当使用CREATE INDEX语句创建索引时，默认创建的索引就是B树索引。B树索引就是一棵二叉树，它由根、分支节点和叶子节点三部分构成。叶子节点包含索引列和指向表中每个匹配行的ROWID值。叶子节点是一个双向链表，因此可以对其进行任何方面的范围扫描。 B树索引中所有叶子节点都具有相同的深度，所以不管查询条件如何，查询速度基本相同。另外，B树索引能够适应各种查询条件，包括精确查询、模糊查询和比较查询。 例子 --创建B树索引，属于单列索引 create index idx_emp_job on emp(job) --创建B树索引，属于复合索引 create index idx_emp_nameorsal on emp(ename,sal) --创建唯一的B树索引，属于单列索引 create unique index idx_emp_ename on emp(ename) --删除索引 drop index idx_emp_job drop index idx_emp_nameorsal drop index idx_emp_ename --如果表已存在大量的数据，需要规划索引段 create index idx_emp_nameorsal on emp(ename,sal) pctfree 30 tablespace system 四、 位图索引 在B树索引中，保存的是经排序过的索引列及其对应的ROWID值。但是对于一些基数很小的列来说，这样做并不能显著提高查询的速度。所谓基数，是指某个列可能拥有的不重复值的个数。比如性别列的基数为2（只有男和女）。 因此，对于象性别、婚姻状况、政治面貌等只具有几个固定值的字段而言，如果要建立索引，应该建立位图索引，而不是默认的B树索引。 例子 --创建位图索引,单列索引 create bitmap index idx_bm_job on emp(job) --创建位图索引,复合索引 create bitmap index idx_bm_jobordeptno on emp(job,deptno) --删除位图索引 drop index idx_bm_job drop index idx_bm_jobordeptno 五、 函数索引 函数索引既可以使用B树索引，也可以使用位图索引，可以根据函数或表达式的结果的基数大小来进行选择，当函数或表达式的结果不确定时采用B树索引，当函数或表达式的结果是固定的几个值时采用位图索引。 例子 --合并索引 alter index idx_emp_ename COALESCE 六、 并和重建索引 表在使用一段时间后，由于用户不断对其进行更新操作，而每次对表的更新必然伴随着索引的改变，因此，在索引中会产生大量的碎片，从而降低索引的使用效率。有两种方法可以清理碎片：合并索引和重建索引。 合并索引就是将B树叶子节点中的存储碎片合并在一起，从而提高存取效率，但这种合并并不会改变索引的物理组织结构。 --创建B树类型的函数索引 create index idx_fun_emp_hiredate on emp(to_char(hiredate,'yyyy-mm-dd')) --创建位图类型的函数索引 create index idx_fun_emp_job on emp(upper(job)) 重建索引相当于删除原来的索引，然后再创建一个新的索引，因此，CREAT INDEX语句中的选项同样适用于重建索引。如果在索引列上频繁进行UPDATE和DELETE操作，为了提高空间的利用率，应该定期重建索引。 七、 管理索引的原则 使用索引的目的是为了提高系统的效率，但同时它也会增加系统的负担，进行影响系统的性能，因为系统必须在进行DML操作后维护索引数据。 在新的SQL标准中并不推荐使用索引，而是建议在创建表的时候用主键替代。因此，为了防止使用索引后反而降低系统的性能，应该遵循一些基本的原则: 1. 小表不需要建立索引。 2. 对于大表而言，如果经常查询的记录数目少于表中总记录数目的15%时，可以创建索引。这个比例并不绝对，它与全表扫描速度成反比。 3. 对于大部分列值不重复的列可建立索引。 4. 对于基数大的列，适合建立B树索引，而对于基数小的列适合建立位图索引。 5. 对于列中有许多空值，但经常查询所有的非空值记录的列，应该建立索引。 6. LONG和LONG RAW列不能创建索引。 7. 经常进行连接查询的列上应该创建索引。 8. 在使用CREATE INDEX语句创建查询时，将最常查询的列放在其他列前面。 9. 维护索引需要开销，特别时对表进行插入和删除操作时，因此要限制表中索引的数量。对于主要用于读的表，则索引多就有好处，但是，一个表如果经常被更改，则索引应少点。 10. 在表中插入数据后创建索引。如果在装载数据之前创建了索引，那么当插入每行时，Oracle都必须更改每个索引。 八、 ROWID和ROWNUM 1. ROWID rowid是一个伪列，是用来确保表中行的唯一性，它并不能指示出行的物理位置，但可以用来定位行。rowid是存储在索引中的一组既定的值（当行确定后）。我们可以像表中普通的列一样将它选出来, 利用rowid是访问表中一行的最快方式。rowid的是基于64位编码的18个字符显示（数据对象编号(6)+文件编号(3) +块编号(6)+行编号(3)=18位） select rowid from emp ROWID的使用 --快速删除重复的记录 delete from temp t where rowid not in( select max(rowid) from temp where t.id=id and t.name=name and t.sal = sal ) 2. ROWNUM ROWNUM是一个序列，是oracle数据库从数据文件或缓冲区中读取数据的顺序。它取得第一条记录则rownum值为1，第二条为2，依次类推。 select rownum,emp.* from emp ROWID的使用 --取前3条记录 select * from emp where rownum<=3--方式一 select * from emp where rownum!=4--方式二 --分页 select * from emp where empno not in( select empno from emp where rownum<5--方式一 ) and rownum <4 第八章 PL/SQL编程 一、 介绍 PL/SQL是oracle在标准sql语言上的扩展，PL/SQL不仅允许嵌入sql语言，还可以定义变量和常量，允许使用例外处理各种错误，这样使它的功能变得更加强大。 PL/SQL也是一种语言，叫做过程化sql语言(procedural language/sql),通过此语言可以实现复杂功能或者复杂的计算。 优点 1. 提高应用程序的运行性能 2. 模块化的设计思想 3. 减少网络传输量 4. 提高安全性 缺点 1. 可移植性差 2. 违反MVC设计模式 3. 无法进行面向对象编程 4. 无法做成通用的业务逻辑框架 5. 代码可读性差，相当难维护 分类 二、 PL/SQL基础 1. 编写规范 1) 注释 --单行注释 /*块注释*/ 2) 标识符的命名规范 定义变量：建议用v_作为前缀v_price 定义常量：建议用c_作为前缀c_pi 定义游标：建议用_cursor作为后缀emp_cursor 定义例外：建议用e_作为前缀e_error 2. 块结构 PL/SQL块由三个部分组成：定义部分、执行部分、例外处理部分 Declare /* 定义部分(可选)：定义常量、变量、游标、例外，复杂数据类型 */ begin /* 执行部分(必须):要执行的PL/SQL语句和SQL语句 */ exception /*例外部分(可选):处理运行各种错误*/ end 案例一 ：只定义执行部分 begin /* dbms_output是oracle提供的包(类似java开发包) 该包包含一些过程，put_line就是其一个过程 */ dbms_output.put_line('HELLO WORLD'); --控制台输出 end; 案例二 ：定义声明部分和执行部分 declare --声明变量 v_name varchar2(20); v_sal number(7,2); begin --执行查询 select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where rownum=1; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('用户名：' || v_name); dbms_output.put_line('工资：' || v_sal); end; 案例三 ：定义声明部分、执行部分和例外部分 declare --声明变量 v_name varchar2(20); v_sal number(7,2); begin --执行查询,条件中的&表示从控制接受数据 select ename,sal into v_name,v_sal from emp where empno=&no; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('用户名：' || v_name); dbms_output.put_line('工资：' || v_sal); exception --例外处理(no_data_found) when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('执行查询没有结果'); end; 3. 预定义例外 1) case_not_found预定义例外 在开发pl/sql块中编写case语句时，如果在when子句中没有包含必须的条件分支，就会触发case_not_found例外。 2) cursor_already_open预定义例外 当重新打开已经打开的游标时，会隐含的触发cursor_already_open例外。 3) dup_val_on_index预定义例外 在唯一索引所对应的列上插入重复的值时，会隐含的触发例外 4) invalid_cursorn预定义例外 当试图在不合法的游标上执行操作时，会触发该例外 5) invalid_number预定义例外 当输入的数据有误时，会触发该例外 6) no_data_found预定义例外 当执行select into没有返回行，就会触发该例外 7) too_many_rows预定义例外 当执行select into语句时，如果返回超过了一行，则会触发该例外 8) zero_divide预定义例外 当执行2/0语句时，则会触发该例外 9) value_error预定义例外 当在执行赋值操作时，如果变量的长度不足以容纳实际数据，则会触发该例外value_error 10) others 4. 变量类型分类 在编写PL/SQL时，可以定义变量和常量，常用的类型主要有： 标量类型(scalar) 复合类型(composite) 参照类型(reference) lob(large object) 5. 标量类型:常用类型 declare --定义一个变长字符串 v_name varchar2(20); --定义小数,并赋值 v_sal number(7,2) :=9.8; --定义整数 v_num number(4); --定义日期 v_birthday date; --定义布尔类型，不能为空，初始值为false v_flg boolean not null default false; --使用%type类型 v_job emp.job%type; begin v_flg := true; v_birthday :=sysdate; dbms_output.put_line('当前时间:' || v_birthday); end; 6. 复合类型：可以存放多个值。主要包括PL/SQL记录、PL/SQL表、嵌入表和varray这四种类型 记录类型：类似于c中的结构体 declare --定义记录类型 type emp_record_type is record( empno emp.empno%type, ename emp.ename%type, sal emp.sal%type ); --定义变量引用记录类型 v_record emp_record_type; begin --使用记录类型 select empno,ename,sal into v_record from emp where rownum=1; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line('雇员编号：' || v_record.empno); dbms_output.put_line('雇员姓名：' || v_record.ename); dbms_output.put_line('雇员工资：' || v_record.sal); end; 表类型:类似于java语言中的数组 declare --声明表类型 type emp_table_type is table of varchar2(20) index by PLS_INTEGER;--表示表按整数来排序 v_enames emp_table_type;--定义变量引用表类型 begin select ename into v_enames(0) from emp where rownum=1; select ename into v_enames(1) from emp where empno=7499; select ename into v_enames(2) from emp where empno=7698; --输出 dbms_output.put_line('下标0：' || v_enames(0)); dbms_output.put_line('下标1：' || v_enames(1)); dbms_output.put_line('下标2：' || v_enames(2)); end; varray类型:可变长数组 declare --定义varray类型 type varray_list is varray(20) of number(4); --定义变量引用varray类型 v_list varray_list:=varray_list(7369,7499,7566); begin --for i in v_list.first..v_list.last for i in 1..v_list.count loop dbms_output.put_line(v_list(i)); end loop; end; PL/SQL集合方法 1) exists():用于确定特定集合元素是否存在 2) count：用于返回集合变量的元素总个数 3) limit：用于返回varray变量所允许的最大元素个数 4) first：用于返回集合变量中的一个元素的下标 5) last：用于返回集合变量中最后一个元素的下标 6) prior()：返回当前元素前一个元素的下标 7) next()：返回当前元素后一个元素的下标 8) extend：为集合变量添加元素，此方法适合用于嵌套表和varray 9) trim：从集合变量尾部删除元素，此方法适用于嵌套表和varray 10) delete：从集合变量中删除特定的元素，此方法适用于嵌套表和index-by表 7. 参照类型:类似c语言中的指针，oracle的游标 三、 PL/SQL控制语句 1. 条件分支语句 1) if—then declare --声明变量 v_empno emp.empno%type; v_sal emp.sal%type; begin --根据雇员编号查询工资 select empno,sal into v_empno,v_sal from emp where empno=&no; --如果工资小于2000就加100 if v_sal<2000 then --工资加100 update emp set sal = sal+100 where empno=v_empno; --提交 commit; end if; end; 2) if—then—else declare --声明变量 v_loginname varchar2(10); v_password varchar2(10); begin --从控制台接收数据 v_loginname := '&ln'; v_password := '&pw'; if v_loginname = 'admin' and v_password = '123456' then dbms_output.put_line('用户登录成功！'); else dbms_output.put_line('用户登录失败！'); end if; end; 3) if—then—elsif—else declare --声明变量 v_empno emp.empno%type; v_job emp.job%type; begin --根据雇员编号查询职位 select empno,job into v_empno,v_job from emp where empno=&no; /*如果雇员所属职位是manager工资加1000 职位是salesman工资加500 其他职位加200 */ if v_job = 'MANAGER' then --MANAGER职位工资加1000 update emp set sal = sal+1000 where empno=v_empno; elsif v_job = 'SALESMAN' then --SALESMAN职位工资加500 update emp set sal = sal+500 where empno=v_empno; else --其他职位工资加200 update emp set sal = sal+200 where empno=v_empno; end if; --提交 commit; end; 4) case declare --声明变量 v_mark number(4); v_outstr varchar2(40); begin --从控制台接收成绩 v_mark := &m; case when v_mark=90 then v_outstr := '优秀'; when v_mark=80 then v_outstr := '良好'; when v_mark=70 then v_outstr := '中等'; when v_mark=60 then v_outstr := '及格'; when v_mark=0 then v_outstr := '不及格'; else v_outstr := '成绩输入有误'; end case; --控制台输出 dbms_output.put_line(v_outstr); end; 2. 循环语句 1) loop LOOP 要执行的语句; EXIT WHEN /*条件满足，退出循环语句*/ END LOOP; 其中：EXIT WHEN 子句是必须的，否则循环将无法停止。 declare v_num number(4):=1; begin --从控制台接收数据并插入到account表中 loop insert into account values(v_num,'&name'); exit when v_num =10; v_num :=v_num+1; end loop; end; 2) while WHILE LOOP要执行的语句;END LOOP; 其中： 循环语句执行的顺序是先判断的真假，如果为真则循环执行，否则退出循环 在WHILE循环语
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