(接上期)
2.3 设置显示模式
设置显示模式是使用SetDispalyMode函数实现的,函数的定义如下:
object.SetDisplayMode( _
w As Long, _
h As Long, _
bpp As Long, _
ref As Long, _
mode As CONST_DDSDMFLAGS
其中参数w、h分别指定屏幕的宽度和高度,bpp指定屏幕显示的颜色位数,参数ref指定屏幕的刷新频率,设置为0使用显示驱动的缺省刷新频率,mode指定附加的参数。要获得系统支持的显示模式,可以使用DirectDraw对象的GetDisplayModesEnum函数来遍历所有支持的显示模式。
2.4 建立平面对象
一个平面或者说DirectDrawSurface对象是DirectDraw中图形显示和绘制对象。用户可以在DirectDrawSurface上贴位图、绘制图形,还可以直接操作DirectDrawSurface对象使用显存里的内容。利用DirectDraw对象的CreateSurface方法可以建立一个DirectDrawSurface7对象。例如:
Public DDSFrontDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2
With DDSFrontDesc
.lFlags = DDSD_CAPS
.ddsCaps.lCaps=DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE '
End With
Set DDSFront = DDraw.CreateSurface(DDSFrontDesc)
也可以利用DirectDraw对象的CreateSurfaceFromFile函数或者CreateSurfaceFromResource函数建立一个DirectDrawSurface7对象,同时将图像文件或者资源文件中的图像装入建立的DirectDrawSurface中。如果上面的函数调用成功,函数将返回一个DirectDrawSurface对象。如果在设定DirectDraw对象的协作层时将其设置为全屏幕模式的话,为了改善图像性能,可以设立一个主平面和若干个屏下缓冲平面,首先在屏下平面中生成图像,然后将图像翻转到主平面上,这样可以有效地避免图像闪烁。
下面通过一个具体的范例来对DirectDraw进行说明:这个范例建立一个全屏幕的DirectDraw对象,通过操作主显示平面的显示内存在屏幕上显示火焰字的特效,然后按Enter键可以将DirectDraw平面中的图形保存起来。程序的具体实现如下:
建立一个新的工程文件,点击菜单中的 Project | Reference 选项,打开Object Library 列表窗口,将DirectX 7.0 For Visual Basic Type Library 加入工程文件。将Form1的Name属性改变为MainForm,在MainForm中加入一个PictureBox控件,将其的Visible属性设置为False。然后在MainForm的代码窗口中加入以下代码:
Private Sub Form_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer)
Dim sRect As RECT
Dim hdcSrc As Long
If KeyAscii = 27 Then
ExitLoop = True
'End
ElseIf KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then
DDSFront.BltToDC Picture1.hDC, sRect, sRect
With Picture1
'获得与主显示平面兼容的图形设备句柄
hdcSrc = DDSFront.GetDC
'保存图像
Set .Picture = SaveTohBmp(hdcSrc, 0, 0, 640, 480)
'释放图形句柄
DDSFront.ReleaseDC hdcSrc
SavePicture Picture1, “c:\a.bmp”
End With
End If
End Sub
Public Sub Form_Paint()
BlitRect.Right = DDSBackDesc.lWidth
BlitRect.Bottom = DDSBackDesc.lHeight
DDSFront.Blt BlitRect, DDSBack, BlitRect, DDBLT_WAIT
End Sub
在工程文件中加入一个Module文件,这个文件中DirectDraw操作做出了定义,在这个Module中加入以下代码:
Option Explicit
Public DX As New DirectX7
Public DDraw As DirectDraw7
Public DDSFront As DirectDrawSurface7
Public DDSFrontDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2
Public DDSBack As DirectDrawSurface7
Public DDSBackDesc As DDSURFACEDESC2
Public Clipper As DirectDrawClipper
Dim Pict() As Byte
Dim AlphaRect As RECT
Dim X As Long, Y As Long
Dim Temp As Long
Dim Index As Long
Dim Index2 As Long
Dim Pos As Long
Dim PosPlus1 As Long
Dim PosPlus2 As Long
Dim PosPlus3 As Long
Public Pal(255) As PALETTEENTRY
Public Palette As DirectDrawPalette
Public BlitRect As RECT
Public FullSize As Boolean
Public ExitLoop As Boolean
Dim Accum As Long
Dim Msg(9) As String
Dim Counter As Long
Dim MsgIndex As Long
Dim bDrawText As Boolean
Dim lastTime As Long
Dim XPos As Long, YPos As Long
Dim wait As Long
Dim Angle As Single
Dim Flag As Boolean
Dim Count As Long
Dim CurModeActiveStatus As Boolean
Dim bRestore As Boolean
Dim Mode As Boolean
Private Sub Main()
InitializeDX
'初始化Picture1以获得DirectDraw界面图像
With MainForm.Picture1 .Width = 640 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelX .Height = 480 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelY
End With
DDSBack.SetForeColor RGB(255, 255, 255)
MainForm.Font.Name = “宋体”
DDSBack.SetFont MainForm.Font
Msg(0) =“一个显示火焰字的演示”
Msg(1) =“演示”
Msg(2) =“利用VB阵列”
Msg(3) =“对显示内存”
Msg(4) =“进行直接存取”
Msg(5) =“{Esc}键退出”
'设置8位的调色板
For Index = 0 To 84
Pal(Index + 1).red = Index * 3 + 3
Pal(Index + 1).green = 0
Pal(Index + 1).blue = 0
Pal(Index + 86).red = 255
Pal(Index + 86).green = Index * 3 + 3
Pal(Index + 86).blue = 0
Pal(Index + 171).red = 255
Pal(Index + 171).green = 255
Pal(Index + 171).blue = Index * 3 + 3
Next
Set Palette = DDraw.CreatePalette(DDPCAPS_8BIT _ Or DDPCAPS_ALLOW256, Pal())
DDSFront.SetPalette Palette
AlphaRect.Right = DDSBackDesc.lWidth - 1
AlphaRect.Bottom=DDSBackDesc.lHeight- 1
DDSBack.Lock AlphaRect, DDSBackDesc, DDLOCK_WAIT, 0
DDSBack.GetLockedArray Pict()
For X = 0 To 639
For Y = 0 To 479
Pict(X, Y) = 0
Next
Next
'Corresponding unlock
DDSBack.Unlock AlphaRect
While Not ExitLoop
Mode = ExModeActive
bRestore = False
Do Until ExModeActive
DoEvents
bRestore = True
Loop
DoEvents
If bRestore Then
bRestore = False
DDraw.RestoreAllSurfaces
End If
DDSBack.Lock AlphaRect, DDSBackDesc, DDLOCK_WAIT, 0
DDSBack.GetLockedArray Pict()
For Y = 0 To 479
Pict(0, Y) = 0
Pict(639, Y) = 0
Next
For X = 0 To 639
Pict(X, 477) = Rnd * 220 + 35
Pict(X, 478) = Rnd * 220 + 35
Pict(X, 479) = Rnd * 220 + 35
Next
Accum = 0
For X = 1 To 638
For Y = 0 To 477
Accum = (Accum + Pict(X, Y + 1) _
+ Pict(X, Y + 2) _
+ Pict(X + 1, Y + 1) _
+ Pict(X - 1, Y + 1)) \ 5
If Accum < 0 Then
Accum = 0
ElseIf Accum > 255 Then
Accum = 255
End If
Pict(X, Y) = Accum
Next
Next
For X = 0 To 639
Pict(X, 0) = 0
Pict(X, 1) = 0
Next
X = Rnd * 639
For Y = 50 To 439
Next
DDSBack.Unlock AlphaRect
If DX.TickCount() - lastTime > wait Then
If Counter = 0 Then
bDrawText = True
Counter = 1
XPos = Rnd * 200
YPos = 300 + Rnd * 140
wait = 400
ElseIf Counter = 1 Then
MsgIndex = MsgIndex + 1
If MsgIndex > 5 Then MsgIndex = 0
bDrawText = False
Counter = 0
wait = 2000
End If
lastTime = DX.TickCount
End If
If bDrawText Then
On Error Resume Next
DDSBack.DrawText XPos, YPos, Msg(MsgIndex), False
On Error GoTo 0
End If
MainForm.Form_Paint
Wend
TerminateDX
End
End Sub
Function ExModeActive() As Boolean
Dim TestCoopRes As Long
TestCoopRes = DDraw.TestCooperativeLevel
Select Case TestCoopRes
Case DDERR_NOEXCLUSIVEMODE
ExModeActive = False
Case DD_OK
ExModeActive = True
End Select
End Function
Public Sub InitializeDX()
MainForm.Left = 0
MainForm.Top = 0
MainForm.Height =640 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelY
MainForm.Width = 480 * Screen.TwipsPerPixelX
MainForm.Show
'建立DirectDraw对象
Set DDraw = DX.DirectDrawCreate(“”)
'设定DirectDraw对象的协作层
DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel MainForm.hWnd, DDSCL_EXCLUSIVE Or DDSCL_FULLSCREEN ' DDSCL_NORMAL
'设定显示模式位640×480×8位颜色
DDraw.SetDisplayMode 640, 480, 8, 0, DDSDM_DEFAULT
'设定DDSFrontDesc为主平面
With DDSFrontDesc
.lFlags = DDSD_CAPS
.ddsCaps.lCaps = DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE 'Or DDSCAPS_SYSTEMMEMORY
End With
'设定DDSBackDesc为后台缓冲平面
With DDSBackDesc
.d
Dim DirectX As New DirectX7
Dim DDEnum As DirectDrawEnum
Dim DDSound As DirectSoundEnum
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim Count, i As Integer
Set DDEnum = DirectX.GetDDEnum
Count = DDEnum.GetCount
List1.Clear
For i = 1 To Count
List1.AddItem DDEnum.GetDescription(i)
Next i
Set DDEnum = Nothing
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Dim Count, i As Integer
Set DDEnum = DirectX.GetDDEnum
Count = DDEnum.GetCount
List1.Clear
For i = 1 To Count
List1.AddItem DDEnum.GetName(i)
Next i
Set DDEnum = Nothing
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Dim Count, i As Integer
Set DDSound = DirectX.GetDSEnum
Count = DDSound.GetCount
List1.Clear
For i = 1 To Count
List1.AddItem DDSound.GetDescription(i)
Next i
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Dim Count, i As Integer
Set DDSound = DirectX.GetDSEnum
Count = DDSound.GetCount
List1.Clear
For i = 1 To Count
List1.AddItem DDSound.GetName(i)
Next i
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Command1.Caption = “DirectDraw驱动描述”
Command2.Caption = “DirectDraw驱动名称”
Command3.Caption = “DirectSound驱动描述”
Command4.Caption = “DirectSound驱动名称”
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
Set DirectX = Nothing
End Sub
运行程序,分别点击不同的按钮,在列表框中就会出现相应的设备驱动名和描述。
2 DirectDraw7对象
DirectDraw是一个与Windows 图形系统接口(GDI)相兼容的直接操作显示设备的软件接口。DirectDraw提供与硬件无关性的同时允许直接操作显存。程序只要使用一些基本的标准硬件约定,如:RGB及YUV色彩格式及解析度。你无须调用特殊的过程来使用显存块移动(Blitter)及调色板。使用DirectDraw,你可简单操作显存,完全使用各种硬件特性而不必理会各种不同硬件之间的差异。
2.1 建立DirectDraw对象
DirectDraw7对象是DirectX7中的DirectDraw对象,你需要首先建立一个DirectX7对象,然后使用该对象的DirectDrawCreate方法来建立DirectDraw7对象。例如:
Dim DX As New DirectX7
Dim DDraw As DirectDraw7
Set DDraw = DX.DirectDrawCreate(“”)
2.2 建立协作层
当建立了一个DirectDraw对象之后,首先要设定DirectDraw的协作层。实现的方法是调用DirectDraw对象的SetCooperativeLevel函数。该函数的定义是:
object.SetCooperativeLevel( hdl As Long, flags As CONST_DDSCLFLAGS)
其中参数hdl指定程序的窗口句柄,参数flag决定程序运行的方式,函数调用
DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel Me.hWnd, DDSCL_NORMAL
将使程序运行于普通的协作层即窗口模式之下。在这种协作层你无法改变主平面调色板或进行页交换,因为程序可以使用多窗口。而函数调用
DDraw.SetCooperativeLevel MainForm.hWnd, DDSCL_EXCLUSIVE Or _
DDSCL_FULLSCREEN
将使程序运行于全屏幕模式之下。在全屏幕协作模式之下你可以完全使用硬件的一切。在这个模式之下,你可以设置使用定义及动态调色板,改变显示分辨率及进行页交换。