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分享A Science Calculator Based on Python
I.Introduction
This blog introduces a calcultator with a visual interface, which is completed with python.
| The Link to My Class | https://bbs.csdn.net/forums/ssynkqtd-04 |
|---|---|
| The Link of Requirement of This Assignment | https://bbs.csdn.net/topics/617332156 |
| The Aim of This Assignment | To create a science calculator with visual interface |
| MU STU ID and FZU STU ID | 21124710(MU) / 832102122(FZU) |
| Link to github: https://github.com/Arthurhim/EE308/tree/main/Assignment1_Calculator |
The calcutator has gone through iterations and has two versions, including:
V1.0: Simple Calculator
This version realises the basic fuctions required by a calculator, including addition, substraction, multiplication,
division and clear fuction (which inculdes clearing the lable to show the result as well as deleting only the last
digit).
V2.0: Science Calculator
On the basis of the first version, this version adds more functions to its interface, among which are:
1. Triangular functions(sin cos and tan, both in degree and radian modes)
2. Logarithmic fuctions(log and ln)
3. exponential function
4. other special symbols & functions(π and e, squareroot and factorial)
5. inverse functions of 1. and 2.
——non-inverse version
——inverse version
II.Project process
PSP form
| Personal Software Process Stages | Estimated Time（minutes） | Actual Time（minutes） |
|---|---|---|
| Planning | 20 | 30 |
| • Estimate | 15 | 20 |
| Development | 10 | 10 |
| • Analysis | 15 | 20 |
| • Design Spec | 40 | 40 |
| • Design Review | 10 | 10 |
| • Coding Standard | 15 | 20 |
| • Design | 20 | 20 |
| • Coding | 300 | 350 |
| • Code Review | 15 | 20 |
| • Test | 15 | 15 |
| Reporting | 20 | 15 |
| • Test Report | 10 | 10 |
| • Size Measurement | 10 | 10 |
| • Postmortem & Process Improvement Plan | 30 | 30 |
| Sum | 545 | 620 |
Design ideas
-Prototype
A calculator basically includes two parts: a user interface and a logic process unit. The former allows user to interact with it,
and the latter calculates and return the result to screen, so as to finish a logic cycle of it.
Based on these thoughts, the first prototype is created. It has a result label to show calculating procedure and results, and
buttons for user to type numbers and operators on the label as well as get result from it.
-Improvement
As the first prototype(presented as calculator V1.0) is finished, more functions can be added in. This includes trangular
functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, factorial function and some special symbols. To make it easier to use,
buttons "rad" and "deg" are added in so that user can use the trangular functions in the mode he want(radius or degree).
Finally, inverse function is also added to the calculator. The last two fuctions(rad & deg fuction, inverse fuction) are designed
to support "memory": For example, if user chose degree mode and inv mode before he close the calculator, it will rememer
these choices and remain itself in these modes the next time it is opened.
Error throw-out
Consider that sometime user failed to enter the complete content before he presses the "=" function to get the result, to let user
realize this, once it happens, a "error" information is designed to appear on the result label.
Flow chart -- how the calculator works:
III.Code
V1.0 Simple Calculator
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('Calculator v1.0')
root.geometry('269x260+700+400')
root.attributes("-alpha", 0.9)
root["background"] = "#ffffff"
font_result = ('楷体', 21)
font_key = ('楷体', 15)
# 初始化变量
result_num = tk.StringVar()
result_num.set('0')
calculate_done = False
#
interface initialization and global variables declaring
#
button_clear = tk.Button(root, text="CE", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_back = tk.Button(root, text="←", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_division = tk.Button(root, text="÷", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_multiplication = tk.Button(root, text="×", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_clear.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_back.grid(row=2, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_division.grid(row=2, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_multiplication.grid(row=2, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第一行
#
button_seven = tk.Button(root, text="7", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_eight = tk.Button(root, text="8", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_nine = tk.Button(root, text="9", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_subtraction = tk.Button(root, text="-", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_seven.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_eight.grid(row=3, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_nine.grid(row=3, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_subtraction.grid(row=3, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第二行
#
button_four = tk.Button(root, text="4", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_five = tk.Button(root, text="5", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_six = tk.Button(root, text="6", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_addition = tk.Button(root, text="+", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_four.grid(row=4, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_five.grid(row=4, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_six.grid(row=4, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_addition.grid(row=4, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第三行
#
button_one = tk.Button(root, text="1", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_two = tk.Button(root, text="2", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_three = tk.Button(root, text="3", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_one.grid(row=5, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_two.grid(row=5, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_three.grid(row=5, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第四行
#
button_zero = tk.Button(root, text="0", width=12, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_dot = tk.Button(root, text=".", width=5, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_equivalence = tk.Button(root, text="=", width=5, height=3, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_zero.grid(row=6, column=1, padx=3, pady=2, columnspan=2)
button_dot.grid(row=6, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_equivalence.grid(row=5, column=4, padx=3, pady=2, rowspan=2)
# "0" "." "="
button initialization
def click_button(x):
global calculate_done
if result_num.get() == '0':
result_num.set(x)
calculate_done = False
elif calculate_done:
if not x.isdigit():
result_num.set(result_num.get() + x)
else:
result_num.set(x)
calculate_done = False
else:
result_num.set(result_num.get()+x)
def calculation():
opt_str = result_num.get()
result = eval(opt_str)
result_num.set(str(result))
global calculate_done
calculate_done = True
def clear():
result_num.set('0')
def back():
global calculate_done
result_num.set(result_num.get()[:-1])
calculate_done = False
button_one.config(command=lambda: click_button('1'))
button_two.config(command=lambda: click_button('2'))
button_three.config(command=lambda: click_button('3'))
button_four.config(command=lambda: click_button('4'))
button_five.config(command=lambda: click_button('5'))
button_six.config(command=lambda: click_button('6'))
button_seven.config(command=lambda: click_button('7'))
button_eight.config(command=lambda: click_button('8'))
button_nine.config(command=lambda: click_button('9'))
button_zero.config(command=lambda: click_button('0'))
button_addition.config(command=lambda: click_button('+'))
button_subtraction.config(command=lambda: click_button('-'))
button_multiplication.config(command=lambda: click_button('*'))
button_division.config(command=lambda: click_button('/'))
button_clear.config(command=clear)
button_equivalence.config(command=calculation)
button_back.config(command=back)
button_dot.config(command=lambda: click_button('.'))
root.mainloop()
logic unit
V2.0 Science Calculator
import re
import tkinter as tk
import math
root = tk.Tk()
root.title('Calculator v2.0')
root.geometry('380x336+700+400')
root.attributes("-alpha", 0.9)
root["background"] = "#ffffff"
font_result = ('楷体', 21)
font_key = ('楷体', 15)
# 初始化变量
result_num = tk.StringVar()
result_num.set('0')
calculate_done = False
#
interface initialization
tk.Label(root,
textvariable=result_num, font=font_result, height=2,
width=26, justify=tk.LEFT, anchor=tk.SE
).grid(row=1, column=1, columnspan=5)
#
button_sin = tk.Button(root, text="sin", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_cos = tk.Button(root, text="cos", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_tan = tk.Button(root, text="tan", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_rad = tk.Button(root, text="rad", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_deg = tk.Button(root, text="deg", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_sin.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_cos.grid(row=2, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_tan.grid(row=2, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_rad.grid(row=2, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_deg.grid(row=2, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第一行
#
button_log = tk.Button(root, text="log", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_ln = tk.Button(root, text="ln", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_left_bracket = tk.Button(root, text="(", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_right_bracket = tk.Button(root, text=")", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_inv = tk.Button(root, text="inv", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_log.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_ln.grid(row=3, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_left_bracket.grid(row=3, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_right_bracket.grid(row=3, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_inv.grid(row=3, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第二行
#
button_factorial = tk.Button(root, text="!", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_clear = tk.Button(root, text="C", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_percent = tk.Button(root, text="%", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_back = tk.Button(root, text="←", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_division = tk.Button(root, text="÷", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_factorial.grid(row=4, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_clear.grid(row=4, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_percent.grid(row=4, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_back.grid(row=4, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_division.grid(row=4, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第三行
#
button_power = tk.Button(root, text="^", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_seven = tk.Button(root, text="7", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_eight = tk.Button(root, text="8", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_nine = tk.Button(root, text="9", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_multiplication = tk.Button(root, text="×", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_power.grid(row=5, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_seven.grid(row=5, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_eight.grid(row=5, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_nine.grid(row=5, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_multiplication.grid(row=5, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第四行
#
button_square_root = tk.Button(root, text="√￣", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_four = tk.Button(root, text="4", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_five = tk.Button(root, text="5", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_six = tk.Button(root, text="6", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_subtraction = tk.Button(root, text="-", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_square_root.grid(row=6, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_four.grid(row=6, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_five.grid(row=6, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_six.grid(row=6, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_subtraction.grid(row=6, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第五行
#
button_pi = tk.Button(root, text="π", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_one = tk.Button(root, text="1", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_two = tk.Button(root, text="2", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_three = tk.Button(root, text="3", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_addition = tk.Button(root, text="+", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#b1b2b2')
button_pi.grid(row=7, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_one.grid(row=7, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_two.grid(row=7, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_three.grid(row=7, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_addition.grid(row=7, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
# 按钮第六行
#
button_e = tk.Button(root, text="e", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_D_zero = tk.Button(root, text="00", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_zero = tk.Button(root, text="0", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_dot = tk.Button(root, text=".", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#eacda1')
button_equivalence = tk.Button(root, text="=", width=6, font=font_key, relief=tk.FLAT, bg='#faa755')
button_e.grid(row=8, column=1, padx=3, pady=2)
button_D_zero.grid(row=8, column=2, padx=3, pady=2)
button_zero.grid(row=8, column=3, padx=3, pady=2)
button_dot.grid(row=8, column=4, padx=3, pady=2)
button_equivalence.grid(row=8, column=5, padx=3, pady=2)
button initialization
with open('rad_deg.txt', 'a+') as File:
File.seek(0)
content = File.read()
if content == "":
content = "deg"
if content == "deg":
button_deg.config(fg="red")
if content == "rad":
button_rad.config(fg="red")
File.close()
with open('inv_config.txt', 'a+') as File:
File.seek(0)
mode = File.read()
if mode == "":
mode = "1"
if mode == "-1":
button_inv.config(fg="red")
button_sin.config(text="sin⁻¹")
button_cos.config(text="cos⁻¹")
button_tan.config(text="tan⁻¹")
button_ln.config(text="e^")
button_log.config(text="10^")
button_square_root.config(text="x²")
File.close()
def click_button(x):
global calculate_done
if result_num.get() == '0':
result_num.set(x)
calculate_done = False
elif calculate_done:
if x == '+' or x == "-" or x == "*" or x == "/":
result_num.set(result_num.get() + x)
else:
result_num.set(x)
calculate_done = False
else:
result_num.set(result_num.get()+x)
def calculation():
opt_str = result_num.get()
if content == "rad":
# 正函数
opt_str = opt_str.replace("sin(", "math.sin(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("cos(", "math.cos(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("tan(", "math.tan(")
# 反函数
opt_str = opt_str.replace("sin⁻¹(", "math.asin(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("cos⁻¹(", "math.acos(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("tan⁻¹(", "math.atan(")
elif content == "deg":
# 正函数
opt_str = opt_str.replace("sin(", "math.sin(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("cos(", "math.cos(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("tan(", "math.tan(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
# 反函数
opt_str = opt_str.replace("sin⁻¹(", "math.asin(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("cos⁻¹(", "math.acos(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("tan⁻¹(", "math.atan(math.pi * (1/180) * ")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("log(", "math.log10(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("ln(", "math.log(")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("×", "*")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("÷", "/")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("^", "**")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("%", "*0.01")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("π", "math.pi")
opt_str = opt_str.replace("e", "math.e")
opt_str = factorial(opt_str)
opt_str = square_root(opt_str)
# print(opt_str) # debug
try:
result = eval(opt_str)
result_num.set(str(round(result, 14))) # 去掉最后一位，以纠正浮点型误差
except Exception as e:
result_num.set("error")
global calculate_done # 标记计算完毕（若下一次计算开始，则清屏）
calculate_done = True
def change_tri_mode(s):
global content
with open('rad_deg.txt', 'a+')as file:
file.seek(0)
file.truncate(0)
if s == "rad":
content = "rad"
file.write("rad")
button_rad.config(fg="red")
button_deg.config(fg="black")
elif s == "deg":
content = "deg"
file.write("deg")
button_rad.config(fg="black")
button_deg.config(fg="red")
file.close()
def change_inv_mode():
global mode
with open('inv_config.txt', 'a+')as file:
file.seek(0)
file.truncate(0)
if mode == "1":
mode = "-1"
file.write("-1")
button_inv.config(fg="red")
button_sin.config(text="sin⁻¹", command=lambda: click_button('sin⁻¹('))
button_cos.config(text="cos⁻¹", command=lambda: click_button('cos⁻¹('))
button_tan.config(text="tan⁻¹", command=lambda: click_button('tan⁻¹('))
button_ln.config(text="e^", command=lambda: click_button('e^'))
button_log.config(text="10^", command=lambda: click_button('10^'))
button_square_root.config(text="x²", command=lambda: click_button('^2'))
elif mode == "-1":
mode = "1"
file.write("1")
button_inv.config(fg="black")
button_sin.config(text="sin", command=lambda: click_button('sin('))
button_cos.config(text="cos", command=lambda: click_button('cos('))
button_tan.config(text="tan", command=lambda: click_button('tan('))
button_ln.config(text="ln", command=lambda: click_button('ln('))
button_log.config(text="log", command=lambda: click_button('log('))
button_square_root.config(text="√￣", command=lambda: click_button('√'))
file.close()
def factorial(s):
count_fac = s.count("!")
if count_fac == 0:
return s
pattern = r'\b\d+!?\b'
matches = re.findall(pattern, s)
for match in matches:
num = int(match)
num = math.factorial(num)
s = s.replace(match+"!", str(num), 1)
return s
def square_root(s):
count_squ = s.count("√")
if count_squ == 0:
return s
pattern = r'\b\√?+\d\b'
matches = re.findall(pattern, s)
for match in matches:
num = int(match)
num = math.sqrt(num)
s = s.replace("√" + match, str(num), 1)
return s
def clear():
result_num.set('0')
def back():
global calculate_done
result_num.set(result_num.get()[:-1])
calculate_done = False
button_one.config(command=lambda: click_button('1'))
button_two.config(command=lambda: click_button('2'))
button_three.config(command=lambda: click_button('3'))
button_four.config(command=lambda: click_button('4'))
button_five.config(command=lambda: click_button('5'))
button_six.config(command=lambda: click_button('6'))
button_seven.config(command=lambda: click_button('7'))
button_eight.config(command=lambda: click_button('8'))
button_nine.config(command=lambda: click_button('9'))
button_zero.config(command=lambda: click_button('0'))
button_D_zero.config(command=lambda: click_button('00'))
button_pi.config(command=lambda: click_button('π'))
button_e.config(command=lambda: click_button('e'))
button_addition.config(command=lambda: click_button('+'))
button_subtraction.config(command=lambda: click_button('-'))
button_multiplication.config(command=lambda: click_button('×'))
button_division.config(command=lambda: click_button('÷'))
button_power.config(command=lambda: click_button('^'))
button_square_root.config(command=lambda: click_button('√'))
button_factorial.config(command=lambda: click_button('!'))
button_sin.config(command=lambda: click_button('sin('))
button_cos.config(command=lambda: click_button('cos('))
button_tan.config(command=lambda: click_button('tan('))
button_rad.config(command=lambda: change_tri_mode("rad"))
button_deg.config(command=lambda: change_tri_mode("deg"))
button_log.config(command=lambda: click_button('log('))
button_ln.config(command=lambda: click_button('ln('))
if mode == "-1":
button_sin.config(command=lambda: click_button('sin⁻¹('))
button_cos.config(command=lambda: click_button('cos⁻¹('))
button_tan.config(command=lambda: click_button('tan⁻¹('))
button_log.config(command=lambda: click_button('10^'))
button_ln.config(command=lambda: click_button('e^'))
button_square_root.config(command=lambda: click_button('^2'))
button_left_bracket.config(command=lambda: click_button('('))
button_right_bracket.config(command=lambda: click_button(')'))
button_dot.config(command=lambda: click_button('.'))
button_percent.config(command=lambda: click_button('%'))
button_inv.config(command=change_inv_mode)
button_clear.config(command=clear)
button_equivalence.config(command=calculation)
button_back.config(command=back)
root.mainloop()
logic unit
IV.Result display
V1.0 Simple Calculator:
V2.0 Science Calculator:
Triangular functions
log and ln
Exponential and square root functions
Other functions
V.Summary
In this Assignment I learnt how to make use of a previous learned programming language(python is chosen for this project)
to develop a software. Also during this preocess, I've took the procedure to develop a software with the steps given in class:
designing, coding, improving and debugging.
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