达梦数据库having和order by中的字段提示"引用列未找到"

qq_39683071 2024-12-19 16:49:36

达梦数据库having和order by中的字段提示"引用列未找到"

sql是类似

select xx , sum (yy) as yyy
from xxx
group by xx
having yyy > 0

 

为什么having yyy > 0 会提示 "引用列未找到"

 

明明mysql是可以这么写的 , 不想写成 having sum(yy) > 0

然后我感觉是配置项问题,但是这里面配置项太多了,光是 

#query  这个类别下面的就一大堆 , 也不知道是哪个 , 网上搜到个 
SUBQ_EXP_CVT_FLAG , 改为0了也没用
		USE_PLN_POOL                    = 1                     #Query Plan Reuse Mode, 0: Forbidden; 1:strictly reuse, 2:parsing reuse, 3:mixed parsing reuse
		DYN_SQL_CAN_CACHE               = 1                     #Dynamic SQL cache mode. 0: Forbidden; 1: Allowed if the USE_PLN_POOL is non-zero;
		VPD_CAN_CACHE                   = 0                     #VPD SQL cache mode. 0: Forbidden; 1: Allowed if the USE_PLN_POOL is non-zero;
		RS_CAN_CACHE                    = 0                     #Resultset cache mode. 0: Forbidden; 1: Allowed only if the USE_PLN_POOL is non-zero;
		RS_CACHE_TABLES                 =                       #Tables allowed to enable result set cache
		RS_CACHE_MIN_TIME               = 0                     #Least time for resultset to be cached
		RS_BDTA_FLAG                    = 0                     #Resultset mode. 0: row; 2: bdta;
		RS_BDTA_BUF_SIZE                = 32                    #Maximum size of message in Kilobytes for BDTA cursor, it's valid only if RS_BDTA_FLAG is set to 2
		RS_TUPLE_NUM_LIMIT              = 2000                  #Maximum number for resultset to be cached
		RESULT_SET_LIMIT                = 10000                 #Maximum Number Of  cached Resultsets
		RESULT_SET_FOR_QUERY            = 0                     #Whether to generate result set for non-query statement
		SESSION_RESULT_SET_LIMIT        = 10000                 #Maximum number of cached result sets for each session, 0 means unlimited
		BUILD_FORWARD_RS                = 0                     #Whether to generate result set for forward only cursor
		MAX_OPT_N_TABLES                = 6                     #Maximum Number Of Tables For Query Optimization
		MAX_N_GRP_PUSH_DOWN             = 5                     #Maximum Number Of Rels For Group push down Optimization
		CNNTB_MAX_LEVEL                 = 20000                 #Maximum Level Of Hierarchical Query
		CTE_MAXRECURSION                = 100                   #Maximum recursive Level Of Common Expression Table
		CTE_OPT_FLAG                    = 1                     #Optimize recursive with, 0: false, 1: convert refed subquery to invocation
		BATCH_PARAM_OPT                 = 0                     #optimize flag for DML with batch binded params
		CLT_CONST_TO_PARAM              = 0                     #Whether to convert constant to parameter
		LIKE_OPT_FLAG                   = 127                   #the optimized flag of LIKE expression 
		FILTER_PUSH_DOWN                = 2                     #whether push down filter to base table
		USE_MCLCT                       = 2                     #mclct use flag for replace mgat 
		PHF_NTTS_OPT                    = 1                     #phf ntts opt flag
		MPP_MOTION_SYNC                 = 200                   #mpp motion sync check number
		UPD_DEL_OPT                     = 2                     #update&delete opt flag, 0: false, 1: opt, 2: opt & ntts opt
		ENABLE_INJECT_HINT              = 0                     #enable inject hint
		FETCH_PACKAGE_SIZE              = 512                   #command fetch package size
		UPD_QRY_LOCK_MODE               = 0                     #lock mode of FOR UPDATE query
		ENABLE_DIST_IN_SUBQUERY_OPT     = 0                     #Whether to enable in-subquery optimization
		MAX_OPT_N_OR_BEXPS              = 7                     #maximum number of OR bool expressions for query optimization
		USE_HAGR_FLAG                   = 0                     #Whether to use HAGR operator when can't use SAGR operator
		DTABLE_PULLUP_FLAG              = 1                     #the flag of pulling up derived table
		VIEW_PULLUP_FLAG                = 34                    #the flag of pulling up view
		GROUP_OPT_FLAG                  = 60                    #the flag of opt group
		FROM_OPT_FLAG                   = 0                     #the flag of opt from
		HAGR_PARALLEL_OPT_FLAG          = 4                     #the flag of opt hagr in mpp or parallel
		HAGR_DISTINCT_OPT_FLAG          = 2                     #the flag of opt hagr distinct in mpp
		REFED_EXISTS_OPT_FLAG           = 1                     #Whether to optimize correlated exists-subquery into non-correlated in-subquery
		REFED_OPS_SUBQUERY_OPT_FLAG     = 1                     #Whether to optimize correlated op all/some/all-subquery into exists-subquery
		HASH_PLL_OPT_FLAG               = 107                   #the flag of cutting partitioned table when used hash join
		PARTIAL_JOIN_EVALUATION_FLAG    = 1                     #Whether to convert join type when upper operator is DISTINCT
		USE_FK_REMOVE_TABLES_FLAG       = 1                     #Whether to remove redundant join by taking advantage of foreign key constraint
		USE_FJ_REMOVE_TABLE_FLAG        = 1                     #Whether to remove redundant join by taking advantage of filter joining
		SLCT_ERR_PROCESS_FLAG           = 0                     #How to handle error when processing single row
		MPP_HASH_LR_RATE                = 10                    #The ratio of left child's cost to right child's cost of hash join in MPP environment that can influence the execution plan
		LPQ_HASH_LR_RATE                = 30                    #The ratio of left child's cost to right child's cost of hash join in LPQ environment that can influence the execution plan
		USE_HTAB                        = 1                     #Whether to use HTAB operator for the whole plan
		SEL_ITEM_HTAB_FLAG              = 0                     #Whether to use HTAB operator for correlated subquery in select items
		OR_CVT_HTAB_FLAG                = 1                     #Whether to use HTAB operator to optimizer or-expression
		ENHANCED_SUBQ_MERGING           = 3                     #Whether to use merging subquery opt
		CASE_WHEN_CVT_IFUN              = 9                     #Flag of converting subquery in case-when expression to IF operator
		OR_NBEXP_CVT_CASE_WHEN_FLAG     = 0                     #Whether to convert or-expression to case-when expression
		NONCONST_OR_CVT_IN_LST_FLAG     = 0                     #Whether to convert nonconst or-expression to in lst expression
		OUTER_CVT_INNER_PULL_UP_COND_FLAG = 11                  #Whether to pull up join condition when outer join converts to inner join
		OPT_OR_FOR_HUGE_TABLE_FLAG      = 0                     #Whether to use HFSEK to optimize or-expression for HUGE table
		ORDER_BY_NULLS_FLAG             = 0                     #Whether to place NULL values to the end of the result set when in ascending order
		SUBQ_CVT_SPL_FLAG               = 1                     #Flag of indicating how to convert correlated subquery
		ENABLE_RQ_TO_SPL                = 1                     #Whether to convert correlated subquery to SPOOL
		MULTI_IN_CVT_EXISTS             = 1                     #Whether to convert multi-column-in subquery to exists subquery
		PRJT_REPLACE_NPAR               = 1                     #Whether to replace NPAR tree in NSEL after projection
		ENABLE_RQ_TO_INV                = 0                     #Whether to convert correlated subquery to temporary function
		SUBQ_EXP_CVT_FLAG               = 0                     #whether convert refered subquery exp to non-refered subquery exp
		USE_REFER_TAB_ONLY              = 0                     #Whether to pull down correlated table only when dealing with correlated subquery
		REFED_SUBQ_CROSS_FLAG           = 1                     #Whether to replace hash join with cross join for correlated subquery
		IN_LIST_AS_JOIN_KEY             = 0                     #Whether to use in-list expression as join key
		OUTER_JOIN_FLATING_FLAG         = 1                     #Flag of indicating whether outer join will be flattened
		TOP_ORDER_OPT_FLAG              = 5                     #The flag of optimizing the query with the top clause and the order by clause
		TOP_ORDER_ESTIMATE_CARD         = 300                   #The estimated card of leaf node when optimize the query with the top clause and the order by clause
		PLACE_GROUP_BY_FLAG             = 0                     #The flag of optimizing the query with group_by and sfun by clause
		TOP_DIS_HASH_FLAG               = 1                     #Flag of disable hash join in TOP-N query
		ENABLE_RQ_TO_NONREF_SPL         = 1                     #Whether to convert correlated query to non-correlated query
		ENABLE_CHOOSE_BY_ESTIMATE_FLAG  = 0                     #Whether to choose different plan by estimating
		OPTIMIZER_MODE                  = 1                     #Optimizer_mode
		NEW_MOTION                      = 1                     #New Motion
		LDIS_NEW_FOLD_FUN               = 0                     #ldis use different fold fun with mdis
		DYNAMIC_CALC_NODES              = 0                     #different nodes of npln use different nubmer of calc sizes/threads
		OPTIMIZER_MAX_PERM              = 7200                  #Optimizer_max permutations
		ENABLE_INDEX_FILTER             = 1                     #enable index filter
		OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING      = 0                     #Dynamic sampling level
		TABLE_STAT_FLAG                 = 0                     #How to use stat of table
		AUTO_STAT_OBJ                   = 0                     #Flag of automatically collecting statistics and recording DML changing rows
		MONITOR_MODIFICATIONS           = 0                     #Flag of monitor statistics and recording DML modifications
		MON_CHECK_INTERVAL              = 3600                  #Server flush monitor modifications data to disk interval
		NONREFED_SUBQUERY_AS_CONST      = 1                     #Whether to convert non-correlated subquery to const
		HASH_CMP_OPT_FLAG               = 0                     #Flag of operators that enable optimization with static hash table
		OUTER_OPT_NLO_FLAG              = 0                     #Flag of enable index join for those whose right child is not base table
		DISTINCT_USE_INDEX_SKIP         = 2                     #Distinct whether to use index skip scan
		USE_INDEX_SKIP_SCAN             = 0                     #Whether to use index skip scan
		INDEX_SKIP_SCAN_RATE            = 0.0025                #Rate in index skip scan
		SPEED_SEMI_JOIN_PLAN            = 9                     #Flag of speeding up the generating process of semi join plan
		COMPLEX_VIEW_MERGING            = 2                     #Flag of merging complex view into query without complex view
		HLSM_FLAG                       = 1                     #Choose one method to realize hlsm operator
		DEL_HP_OPT_FLAG                 = 0                     #Optimize delete for horization partition table
		OPTIMIZER_OR_NBEXP              = 29                    #Flag of or-expression optimization method
		NPLN_OR_MAX_NODE                = 20                    #Max number of or-expression on join condition
		CNNTB_OPT_FLAG                  = 193                   #Optimize hierarchical query
		ADAPTIVE_NPLN_FLAG              = 3                     #Adaptive npln
		MULTI_UPD_OPT_FLAG              = 1                     #Optimize multi column update
		MULTI_UPD_MAX_COL_NUM           = 128                   #Max value of column counts when optimize multi column update
		ENHANCE_BIND_PEEKING            = 0                     #Enhanced bind peeking
		NBEXP_OPT_FLAG                  = 7                     #Whether to enable optimization for bool expressions
		HAGR_HASH_ALGORITHM_FLAG        = 0                     #HAGR hash algorithm choice
		DIST_HASH_ALGORITHM_FLAG        = 0                     #Distinct hash algorithm choice
		UNPIVOT_OPT_FLAG                = 0                     #Optimize UNPIVOT operator
		VIEW_FILTER_MERGING             = 138                   #Flag of merging view filter
		ENABLE_PARTITION_WISE_OPT       = 1                     #whether enable partition-wise optimization
		OPT_MEM_CHECK                   = 0                     #reduce search space when out of memory
		ENABLE_JOIN_FACTORIZATION       = 1                     #Whether to enable join factorization
		EXPLAIN_SHOW_FACTOR             = 1                     #factor of explain
		ERROR_COMPATIBLE_FLAG           = 0                     #enable/disable specified errors to be compatible with previous version
		ENABLE_NEST_LOOP_JOIN_CACHE     = 0                     #whether enable cache temporary result of nest loop join child
		ENABLE_TABLE_EXP_REF_FLAG       = 1                     #Whether allow table expression to reference brother tables
		BIND_PARAM_OPT_FLAG             = 3                     #flag of optimizer bind parameter
		VIEW_OPT_FLAG                   = 1                     #flag of optimize view
		SORT_ADAPTIVE_FLAG              = 0                     #sort buf adaptive
		DPC_OPT_FLAG                    = 131071                #optimizer control for DPC
		DPC_SYNC_STEP                   = 16                    #dpc motion sync check step
		DPC_SYNC_TOTAL                  = 0                     #dpc motion sync check total
		XBOX_DUMP_THRESHOLD             = 0                     #The xbox_sys mem used threshold of dump xbox_msg
		STMT_XBOX_REUSE                 = 1                     #Xbox resuse flag on statement
		XBOX_SHORT_MSG_SIZE             = 1024                  #The xbox_sys short message threshold of dump xbox_msg
		MAX_HEAP_SIZE                   = 0                     #Maximum heap size in megabyte allowed to use during analysis phase
		PLAN_OP_FLAG                    = 0                     #flag of disabled plan operator
		DUAL_ENABLE_SELECT              = 1                     #Enable select dual/sysdual/sysdual2 in mount status. 0: no, 1: yes.
		LOAD_BINDED_PLN                 = 0                     #Whether to load binded plan
		LIKE_PATTERN_NUM                = 300                   #The maximum length of like pattern-matching
		FORALL_OPT                      = 1                     #Whether to optimize FORALL statements
		HASH_OPT_FLAG                   = 1                     #Flag of operators that enable optimization with hash table
		SFUN_PUSH_DOWN_FLAG             = 1                     #sfun push down flag
		SKIP_CORRUPT_PAGE              = 0                    #Policy for dealing with corrupt pages, 0: raise an error, 1: skip them
		AUTO_GEN_PLAN                   = 0                     #Upper limit of iterative rounds for parameter iterative optimization; 0 means never try
		MAX_SCAN_PAGES                  = 32                    #Maximum scan pages per data fill
		XBOX_SPACE_LIMIT             = 0                     #Disk space limit of one xbox's all dump files
		XBOXS_SPACE_LIMIT            = 0                     #Disk space limit of all xbox's dump files
		BF_SIZE                        = 0                     #The size of bloom filter in Megabytes; 0:internal default size, other value:user-specified size
		BF_OPT_FLAG                    = 0                     #Whether enable Bloom-filter Optimization

 

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第1章结构化查询语言DM_SQL简介 ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 DM_SQL语言的特点 ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 保留字与标识符 ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 DM_SQL语言的功能及语句 ..................................................................................................... 2 1.4 DM_SQL所支持的数据类型 ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 常规数据类型 .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 日期时间数据类型 ............................................................................................................ 6 1.4.3 多媒体数据类型 ................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.4 数据类型别名 .................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 DM_SQL语言支持的表达式 ..................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 数值表达式 ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5.2 字符串表达式 .................................................................................................................. 11 1.5.3 时间值表达式 .................................................................................................................. 12 1.5.4 时间间隔值表达式 .......................................................................................................... 13 1.5.5 运算符的优先级 .............................................................................................................. 14 1.6 DM_SQL语言支持的数据库模式 ........................................................................................... 15 第2章本手册的实例说明 ............................................................................................................... 16 2.1 实例库说明 .............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 参考脚本 ................................................................................................................................. 24 第3章数据定义语句 ........................................................................................................................... 42 3.1 数据库定义语句 ...................................................................................................................... 42 3.2 数据库修改语句 ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.3 数据库删除语句 ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.4 设置当前数据库语句 .............................................................................................................. 46 3.5 登录定义语句 .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.6 登录修改语句 .......................................................................................................................... 51 3.7 登录删除语句 .......................................................................................................................... 53 3.8 用户定义语句 .......................................................................................................................... 53 3.9 用户修改语句 .......................................................................................................................... 54 3.10 用户删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 54 3.11 模式定义语句 ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.12 设置当前模式语句 ................................................................................................................ 56 3.13 模式删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 57 3.14 基表定义语句 ........................................................................................................................ 57 3.15 基表修改语句 ........................................................................................................................ 68 3.16 基表删除语句 ..................................................................................................................... 74 3.17 全表删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 75 3.18 索引定义语句 ........................................................................................................................ 76 3.19 索引删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 78 3.20 序定义语句 ........................................................................................................................ 79 3.21 序删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 80 3.22 全文索引定义语句 ................................................................................................................ 81 3.23 全文索引修改语句 ................................................................................................................ 81 3.24 全文索引删除语句 ................................................................................................................ 82 II 3.25 数据库快照定义语句 ............................................................................................................ 83 3.26 数据库快照删除语句 ............................................................................................................ 84 第4章数据查询语句和全文检索语句 ............................................................................................... 85 4.1 单表查询 ................................................................................................................................. 91 4.1.1 简单查询 .......................................................................................................................... 91 4.1.2 带条件查询 ...................................................................................................................... 92 4.1.3 集函数 .............................................................................................................................. 94 4.1.4 情况表达式 ...................................................................................................................... 96 4.2 连接查询 ................................................................................................................................. 98 4.3 子查询 ................................................................................................................................... 105 4.3.1 标量子查询 .................................................................................................................... 106 4.3.2 表子查询 ........................................................................................................................ 107 4.3.3 派生表子查询 ................................................................................................................ 109 4.3.4 定量比较 ........................................................................................................................ 110 4.3.5 带EXISTS谓词的子查询 ............................................................................................... 111 4.3.6 多表子查询 ................................................................................................................ 112 4.4 查询结果的合并 .....................................................................................................................113 4.5 GROUP BY和HAVING子句 ...................................................................................................114 4.5.1 GROUP BY子句的使用 ................................................................................................. 114 4.5.2 HAVING子句的使用 ...................................................................................................... 115 4.6 ORDER BY子句 ......................................................................................................................116 4.7 选取前几条数据 .....................................................................................................................117 4.8 选取其几条数据 .................................................................................................................117 4.9 全文检索 ................................................................................................................................118 4.10 层次查询 .............................................................................................................................. 120 4.10.1 层次查询子句 .............................................................................................................. 120 4.10.2 层次查询相关伪 ...................................................................................................... 121 4.10.3 层次查询相关操作符 .................................................................................................. 121 4.10.4 层次查询相关函数 ...................................................................................................... 121 4.11 查看执行计划 ...................................................................................................................... 125 第5章数据的插入、删除和修改 ..................................................................................................... 126 5.1 数据插入语句 ........................................................................................................................ 126 5.2 数据修改语句 ........................................................................................................................ 129 5.3 数据删除语句 ........................................................................................................................ 130 5.4 伪的使用 ............................................................................................................................ 131 5.4.1 ROWID ........................................................................................................................... 131 5.4.2 UID和USER .................................................................................................................... 132 5.4.3 ROWNUM ...................................................................................................................... 132 5.5 DM自增的使用 ................................................................................................................... 132 5.5.1 DM自增定义 ............................................................................................................... 132 5.5.2 SET IDENTITY_INSERT 属性 ..................................................................................... 133 第6章视图 ........................................................................................................................................ 136 6.1 视图的作用 .......................................................................................................................... 136 6.2 视图的定义 ............................................................................................................................ 137 6.3 视图的删除 ............................................................................................................................ 139 6.4 视图的查询 ............................................................................................................................ 140 III 6.5 视图数据的更新 .................................................................................................................... 141 第7章嵌入式SQL ............................................................................................................................. 143 7.1 SQL前缀和终结符 ................................................................................................................. 143 7.2 宿主变量 ............................................................................................................................... 143 7.2.1 输入和输出变量 ............................................................................................................ 144 7.2.2 指示符变量 .................................................................................................................... 145 7.3 服务器登录与退出 ................................................................................................................ 145 7.3.1 登录服务器 .................................................................................................................... 145 7.3.2 退出服务器 .................................................................................................................... 146 7.4 游标的定义与操纵 ................................................................................................................ 146 7.4.1 定义游标语句 ................................................................................................................ 147 7.4.2 打开游标语句 ................................................................................................................ 147 7.4.3 拨动游标语句 ................................................................................................................ 148 7.4.4 关闭游标语句 ................................................................................................................ 150 7.4.5 关于可更新游标 ............................................................................................................ 150 7.4.6 游标定位删除语句 ........................................................................................................ 150 7.4.7 游标定位修改语句 ........................................................................................................ 151 7.5 单元组查询语句 .................................................................................................................... 152 7.6 动态SQL ............................................................................................................................... 153 7.6.1 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE立即执行语句 ........................................................................ 154 7.6.2 PREPARE准备语句 ........................................................................................................ 155 7.6.3 EXCUTE执行语句 ......................................................................................................... 155 7.7 异常处理 ............................................................................................................................... 156 第8章函数 ........................................................................................................................................ 157 8.1 数值函数 ............................................................................................................................... 166 8.2 字符串函数 ............................................................................................................................ 173 8.3 日期时间函数 ........................................................................................................................ 184 8.4 空值判断函数 ........................................................................................................................ 193 8.5 类型转换函数 ........................................................................................................................ 194 8.6 杂类函数 ............................................................................................................................... 195 8.7 系统函数 ............................................................................................................................... 196 8.8 存储加密函数 ........................................................................................................................ 215 8.9 标记处理函数 ........................................................................................................................ 222 8.10 备份恢复函数 ...................................................................................................................... 223 8.11 附加分离数据库 .................................................................................................................. 230 第9章一致性和并发性 ..................................................................................................................... 233 9.1 DM事务相关语句 ................................................................................................................... 233 9.1.1 事务的开始 .................................................................................................................... 233 9.1.2 事务的结束 .................................................................................................................... 233 9.1.3 保存点相关语句 ............................................................................................................ 234 9.1.4 设置事务隔离级及读写特性 ........................................................................................ 235 9.2 DM手动上锁语句 ................................................................................................................... 236 第10章存储模块 ............................................................................................................................... 238 10.1 存储模块的定义 .................................................................................................................. 238 10.2 存储模块的删除 .................................................................................................................. 246 10.3 存储模块的控制语句 .......................................................................................................... 247 IV 10.3.1 语句块 .......................................................................................................................... 247 10.3.2 赋值语句 ...................................................................................................................... 249 10.3.3 条件语句 ...................................................................................................................... 249 10.3.4 循环语句 ...................................................................................................................... 250 10.3.5 EXIT语句 ...................................................................................................................... 252 10.3.6 调用语句 ...................................................................................................................... 253 10.3.7 RETURN语句 ............................................................................................................... 255 10.3.8 NULL语句 .................................................................................................................... 255 10.3.9 GOTO语句 .................................................................................................................... 255 10.3.10 RAISE语句 ................................................................................................................. 256 10.3.11 打印语句 .................................................................................................................... 256 10.4 存储模块的异常处理 .......................................................................................................... 256 10.4.1 异常变量的说明 .......................................................................................................... 257 10.4.2 异常的抛出 .................................................................................................................. 257 10.4.3 异常处理器 .................................................................................................................. 257 10.4.4 异常处理用法举例 ...................................................................................................... 257 10.5 存储模块的SQL语句 .......................................................................................................... 259 10.5.1 游标 .............................................................................................................................. 259 10.5.2 动态SQL ...................................................................................................................... 260 10.5.3 游标变量 ...................................................................................................................... 261 10.5.4 返回查询结果集 .......................................................................................................... 261 10.5.5 SQL语句应用举例 ........................................................................................................ 261 10.6 客户端存储模块 .................................................................................................................. 264 10.7 子过程、子函数 .................................................................................................................. 265 10.7.1 子过程 .......................................................................................................................... 265 10.7.2 子函数 .......................................................................................................................... 266 10.8 %TYPE、%ROWTYPE ....................................................................................................... 266 10.8.1 %TYPE .......................................................................................................................... 266 10.8.2 %ROWTYPE ................................................................................................................ 267 10.9 记录类型 .............................................................................................................................. 267 10.9.1 记录类型定义 .............................................................................................................. 267 10.9.2 记录赋值 ...................................................................................................................... 268 第11章触发器 .................................................................................................................................. 270 11.1 触发器的定义 ...................................................................................................................... 270 11.1.1 触发器类型 .................................................................................................................. 277 11.1.2 触发器激发顺序 .......................................................................................................... 279 11.1.3 新、旧行值的引用 ...................................................................................................... 280 11.1.4 触发器谓词 .................................................................................................................. 281 11.1.5 变异表 .......................................................................................................................... 282 11.1.6 设计触发器的原则 ...................................................................................................... 283 11.2 触发器的删除 ...................................................................................................................... 284 11.3 禁止和允许触发器 .............................................................................................................. 284 11.4 触发器应用举例 .................................................................................................................. 286 11.4.1 使用触发器实现审计功能 .......................................................................................... 286 11.4.2 使用触发器维护数据完整性 ...................................................................................... 286 11.4.3 使用触发器保障数据安全性 ...................................................................................... 287 V 11.4.4 使用触发器派生字段值 .............................................................................................. 288 第12章DM安全管理 ..................................................................................................................... 289 12.1 创建角色语句 ...................................................................................................................... 289 12.2 删除角色语句 ...................................................................................................................... 290 12.3 授权语句(数据库权限) ....................................................................................................... 290 12.4 授权语句(对象权限) ........................................................................................................... 291 12.5 授权语句(角色权限) ........................................................................................................... 295 12.6 回收权限语句(数据库权限) ............................................................................................... 295 12.7 回收权限语句(对象权限) ................................................................................................... 297 12.8 回收权限语句(角色权限) ................................................................................................... 299 12.9 策略与标记管理 .................................................................................................................. 300 12.9.1 创建策略 ...................................................................................................................... 300 12.9.2 修改策略 ...................................................................................................................... 300 12.9.3 删除策略 ...................................................................................................................... 302 12.9.4 安全标记 ...................................................................................................................... 302 12.9.5 用户标记设置语句 ...................................................................................................... 303 12.9.6 表标记设置语句 .......................................................................................................... 306 12.10 审计设置语句 .................................................................................................................... 308 12.11 审计取消语句 .................................................................................................................... 312 12.12 审计信息查阅语句 ............................................................................................................ 314 12.13 审计分析 ............................................................................................................................ 314 12.13.1 创建审计分析规则 .................................................................................................... 314 12.13.2 删除审计分析规则 .................................................................................................... 316 12.14加密引擎 ............................................................................................................................. 316 12.14.1 创建加密引擎 ............................................................................................................ 316 12.14.2 修改加密引擎 ............................................................................................................ 317 12.14.3 删除加密引擎 ............................................................................................................ 320 第13章外部链接 ............................................................................................................................... 321 13.1 创建外部链接 ...................................................................................................................... 321 13.2 删除外部链接 ...................................................................................................................... 322 13.3 使用外部连接进行远程对象操作 ...................................................................................... 322 第14章DM备份还原 ......................................................................................................................... 324 14.1 备份数据库 .......................................................................................................................... 324 14.2 还原数据库 .......................................................................................................................... 325 第15章包 ......................................................................................................................................... 327 15.1 创建包 ................................................................................................................................. 327 15.1.1 创建包规范 .................................................................................................................. 327 15.1.2 创建包主体 .................................................................................................................. 327 15.2 删除包 ................................................................................................................................. 328 15.2.1 删除包规范 .................................................................................................................. 328 15.2.2 删除包主体 .................................................................................................................. 329 15.3 应用实例 .............................................................................................................................. 329 第16章同义词 .................................................................................................................................. 332 16.1 创建同义词 .......................................................................................................................... 332 16.2 删除同义词 .......................................................................................................................... 332 附录1 关键字和保留字 ...................................................................................................................... 334 VI 附录2 SQL语法描述说明 ................................................................................................................... 338 附录3 SQL命令参考 ........................................................................................................................... 341 附录4系统存储过程和函数 ............................................................................................................... 343 附录5 DM技术支持 ............................................................................................................................ 387
目录 第 1 章 结构化查询语言 DM_SQL 简介 ....................................................................1 1.1 DM_SQL 语言的特点 .....................................................................................................1 1.2 保留字与标识符 ............................................................................................................2 1.3 DM_SQL 语言的功能及语句 .........................................................................................2 1.4 DM_SQL 所支持的数据类型 .........................................................................................3 1.4.1 常规数据类型 ....................................................................................................3 1.4.2 位串数据类型 ....................................................................................................5 1.4.3 日期时间数据类型 ............................................................................................6 1.4.4 多媒体数据类型 ..............................................................................................10 1.5 DM_SQL 语言支持的表达式 .......................................................................................10 1.5.1 数值表达式 ......................................................................................................11 1.5.2 字符串表达式 ..................................................................................................13 1.5.3 时间值表达式 ..................................................................................................13 1.5.4 时间间隔值表达式 ..........................................................................................15 1.5.5 运算符的优先级 ..............................................................................................16 1.6 DM_SQL 语言支持的数据库模式 ...............................................................................17 第 2 章 手册的示例说明 ......................................................................................18 2.1 示例库说明 ..................................................................................................................18 2.2 参考脚本 ......................................................................................................................26 2.2.1 创建示例库 ......................................................................................................26 2.2.2 创建模式及表 ..................................................................................................26 2.2.3 插入数据 ..........................................................................................................33 第 3 章 数据定义语句 ..............................................................................................50 3.1 数据库修改语句 ..........................................................................................................50 3.2 管理用户 ......................................................................................................................53 3.2.1 用户定义语句 ..................................................................................................53 3.2.2 修改用户语句 ..................................................................................................59 3.2.3 用户删除语句 ..................................................................................................62 3.3 管理模式 ......................................................................................................................63 3.3.1 模式定义语句 ..................................................................................................63 3.3.2 设置当前模式语句 ..........................................................................................65 3.3.3 模式删除语句 ..................................................................................................65 3.4 管理表空间 ..................................................................................................................66 3.4.1 表空间定义语句 ..............................................................................................66 3.4.2 修改表空间语句 ..............................................................................................67 3.4.3 表空间删除语句 ..............................................................................................69 3.4.4 表空间失效文件检查 ......................................................................................70 3.4.5 表空间失效文件恢复准备 ..............................................................................70 I 目录 3.4.6 表空间失效文件恢复 ......................................................................................70 3.5 管理 HTS 表空间 .........................................................................................................71 3.5.1 创建 HTS 表空间 .............................................................................................71 3.5.2 修改 HTS 表空间 .............................................................................................71 3.5.3 删除 HTS 表空间 .............................................................................................72 3.6 管理表 ..........................................................................................................................72 3.6.1 表定义语句 ......................................................................................................72 3.6.2 表修改语句 ....................................................................................................115 3.6.3 基表删除语句 .............................................................................................133 3.6.4 基表数据删除语句 ........................................................................................134 3.6.5 事务型 HUGE 表数据重整 ............................................................................134 3.7 管理索引 ....................................................................................................................135 3.7.1 索引定义语句 ................................................................................................135 3.7.2 索引修改语句 ................................................................................................140 3.7.3 索引删除语句 ................................................................................................142 3.8 管理位图连接索引 .....................................................................................................143 3.8.1 位图连接索引定义语句 ................................................................................143 3.8.2 位图连接索引删除语句 ................................................................................145 3.9 管理全文索引 ............................................................................................................145 3.9.1 全文索引定义语句 ........................................................................................145 3.9.2 全文索引修改语句 ........................................................................................146 3.9.3 全文索引删除语句 ........................................................................................147 3.10 管理空间索引 ..........................................................................................................148 3.11 管理数组索引 ..........................................................................................................148 3.11.1 数组索引定义语句 .....................................................................................149 3.11.2 数组索引修改语句 .....................................................................................149 3.11.3 数组索引使用 .............................................................................................149 3.11.4 数组索引删除语句 .....................................................................................151 3.12 管理序 ..................................................................................................................151 3.12.1 序定义语句 .............................................................................................151 3.12.2 序修改语句 .............................................................................................154 3.12.3 序删除语句 .............................................................................................156 3.13 管理 SQL 域 .............................................................................................................156 3.13.1 创建 DOMAIN...............................................................................................156 3.13.2 使用 DOMAIN...............................................................................................157 3.13.3 删除 DOMAIN...............................................................................................158 3.14 管理上下文 ..............................................................................................................158 3.14.1 创建上下文 ..................................................................................................158 3.14.2 删除上下文 ..................................................................................................160 3.15 管理目录 ..................................................................................................................161 3.15.1 创建目录 ......................................................................................................161 3.15.2 删除目录 ......................................................................................................161 3.16 设置当前会话 ..........................................................................................................162 3.16.1 时区信息 ......................................................................................................162 II 目录 3.16.2 日期串语言 ..................................................................................................162 3.16.3 日期串格式 ..................................................................................................163 3.17 注释语句 ..................................................................................................................163 3.18 设置 INI 参数 .........................................................................................................164 3.18.1 设置参数值 ..................................................................................................164 3.18.2 设置仅对当前会话起作用 ..........................................................................165 3.19 修改系统语句 ..........................................................................................................166 3.20 设置、索引生成统计信息 ..................................................................................166 第 4 章 数据查询语句 ............................................................................................168 4.1 单表查询 ....................................................................................................................179 4.1.1 简单查询 ........................................................................................................179 4.1.2 带条件查询 ....................................................................................................180 4.1.3 集函数 ............................................................................................................183 4.1.4 分析函数 ........................................................................................................188 4.1.5 情况表达式 ....................................................................................................205 4.2 连接查询 ....................................................................................................................209 4.2.1 交叉连接 ........................................................................................................209 4.2.2 自然连接(NATURAL JOIN)......................................................................210 4.2.3 JOIN … USING............................................................................................210 4.2.4 JOIN…ON .......................................................................................................211 4.2.5 自连接 ............................................................................................................211 4.2.6 内连接(INNER JOIN)................................................................................212 4.2.7 外连接(OUTER JOIN)................................................................................213 4.3 子查询 ........................................................................................................................217 4.3.1 标量子查询 ....................................................................................................217 4.3.2 表子查询 ........................................................................................................218 4.3.3 派生表子查询 ................................................................................................221 4.3.4 定量比较 ........................................................................................................221 4.3.5 带 EXISTS 谓词的子查询 ...........................................................................222 4.3.6 多表子查询 ................................................................................................223 4.4 WITH 子句 ................................................................................................................224 4.4.1 WITH FUNCTION 子句 ...............................................................................224 4.4.2 公用表表达式子句 ........................................................................................225 4.5 合并查询结果 .............................................................................................................227 4.6 GROUP BY 和 HAVING 子句 ....................................................................................229 4.6.1 GROUP BY 子句的使用 ...............................................................................229 4.6.2 ROLLUP 的使用 ............................................................................................230 4.6.3 CUBE 的使用 .................................................................................................231 4.6.4 GROUPING 的使用 .......................................................................................233 4.6.5 GROUPING SETS 的使用 ...........................................................................234 4.6.6 GROUPING_ID 的使用 ................................................................................235 4.6.7 GROUP_ID 的使用 .......................................................................................236 4.6.8 HAVING 子句的使用 ....................................................................................237 III 目录 4.7 ORDER BY 子句 ........................................................................................................237 4.8 FOR UPDATE 子句 ...................................................................................................238 4.9 TOP 子句 ....................................................................................................................240 4.10 LIMIT 限定条件 .....................................................................................................241 4.10.1 LIMIT 子句 ................................................................................................241 4.10.2 ROW_LIMIT 子句 ......................................................................................242 4.11 全文检索 ..................................................................................................................243 4.12 层次查询子句 ..........................................................................................................245 4.12.1 层次查询子句 .............................................................................................245 4.12.2 层次查询相关伪 .....................................................................................246 4.12.3 层次查询相关操作符 .................................................................................246 4.12.4 层次查询相关函数 .....................................................................................246 4.12.5 层次查询层内排序 .....................................................................................246 4.12.6 层次查询的限制 .........................................................................................247 4.13 并行查询 ..................................................................................................................251 4.14 ROWNUM ....................................................................................................................252 4.15 数组查询 ..................................................................................................................253 4.16 查看执行计划与执行跟踪统计 ..... 目录 第 7 章 物化视图 ....................................................................................................283 7.1 物化视图的定义 ....................................................................................................283 7.2 物化视图的修改 ....................................................................................................286 7.3 物化视图的删除 ....................................................................................................287 7.4 物化视图的更新 ....................................................................................................288 7.5 物化视图允许的操作 ...........................................................................................288 7.6 物化视图日志的定义 ...........................................................................................288 7.7 物化视图日志的删除 ...........................................................................................290 7.8 物化视图的限制 ....................................................................................................290 7.8.1 物化视图的一般限制 ....................................................................................290 7.8.2 物化视图的分类 ............................................................................................290 7.8.3 快速刷新通用约束 ........................................................................................291 7.8.4 物化视图信息查看 ........................................................................................291 第 8 章 函数 ............................................................................................................293 8.1 数值函数 ....................................................................................................................298 8.2 字符串函数 ................................................................................................................311 8.3 日期时间函数 ............................................................................................................332 8.4 空值判断函数 ............................................................................................................351 8.5 类型转换函数 ............................................................................................................352 8.6 杂类函数 ....................................................................................................................355 第 9 章 一致性和并发性 ........................................................................................358 9.1 DM 事务相关语句 ......................................................................................................358 9.1.1 事务的开始 ....................................................................................................358 9.1.2 事务的结束 ....................................................................................................358 9.1.3 保存点相关语句 ............................................................................................359 9.1.4 设置事务隔离级及读写特性 ........................................................................360 9.2 DM 手动上锁语句 ......................................................................................................361 第 10 章 外部函数 ..................................................................................................364 10.1 C 外部函数 ..............................................................................................................364 10.1.1 生成动态库 .................................................................................................364 10.1.2 C 外部函数创建 ..........................................................................................366 10.1.3 举例说明 .....................................................................................................367 10.2 JAVA 外部函数 .......................................................................................................369 10.2.1 生成 jar 包 ................................................................................................370 10.2.2 JAVA 外部函数创建 ..................................................................................370 10.2.3 举例说明 .....................................................................................................371 10.3 AP 使用说明 ............................................................................................................372 第 11 章 包 .............................................................................................................373 11.1 创建包 ......................................................................................................................373 V 目录 11.1.1 创建包规范 .................................................................................................373 11.1.2 创建包主体 .................................................................................................374 11.2 重编译包 ..................................................................................................................376 11.3 删除包 ......................................................................................................................376 11.3.1 删除包规范 .................................................................................................376 11.3.2 删除包主体 .................................................................................................377 11.4 应用实例 ..................................................................................................................377 第 12 章 类类型 ......................................................................................................381 12.1 普通 CLASS 类型 .....................................................................................................381 12.1.1 声明类 .........................................................................................................382 12.1.2 实现类 .........................................................................................................383 12.1.3 重编译类 .....................................................................................................385 12.1.4 删除类 .........................................................................................................386 12.1.5 类的使用 .....................................................................................................386 12.2 JAVA CLASS 类型 .................................................................................................388 12.2.1 定义 JAVA 类 ..............................................................................................389 12.2.2 重编译 JAVA 类 ..........................................................................................391 12.2.3 删除 JAVA 类 ..............................................................................................391 12.2.4 类的使用 .....................................................................................................391 第 13 章自定义类型 ................................................................................................393 13.1 创建类型 ..................................................................................................................393 13.2 创建类型体 ...............................................................................................................394 13.3 重编译类型 ...............................................................................................................395 13.4 删除类型 ...................................................................................................................395 13.4.1 删除类型 ......................................................................................................396 13.4.2 删除类型体 ..................................................................................................396 13.5 自定义类型的使用 ...................................................................................................396 13.5.1 使用规则 .....................................................................................................396 13.5.2 应用实例 .....................................................................................................396 第 14 章 触发器 ......................................................................................................398 14.1 触发器的定义 ..........................................................................................................398 14.1.1 表触发器 ......................................................................................................398 14.1.2 事件触发器 ..................................................................................................408 14.1.3 时间触发器 ..................................................................................................418 14.2 触发器替换 ..............................................................................................................419 14.3 设计触发器的原则 ...................................................................................................419 14.4 触发器的删除 ..........................................................................................................420 14.5 禁止和允许触发器 ..................................................................................................420 14.6 触发器的重编 ..........................................................................................................421 14.7 触发器应用举例 ......................................................................................................421 14.7.1 使用触发器实现审计功能 .........................................................................422 VI 目录 14.7.2 使用触发器维护数据完整性 ......................................................................422 14.7.3 使用触发器保障数据安全性 ......................................................................423 14.7.4 使用触发器生成字段默认值 ......................................................................424 第 15 章 同义词 ......................................................................................................426 15.1 创建同义词 ..............................................................................................................426 15.2 删除同义词 ..............................................................................................................427 第 16 章 外部链接 ..................................................................................................429 16.1 创建外部链接 ..........................................................................................................429 16.2 删除外部链接 ..........................................................................................................433 16.3 使用外部链接 ..........................................................................................................434 第 17 章 闪回查询 ..................................................................................................435 17.1 闪回查询子句 ..........................................................................................................435 17.2 闪回版本查询 ..........................................................................................................437 17.3 闪回事务查询 ..........................................................................................................439 第 18 章 JSON.........................................................................................................440 18.1 数据类型 ...................................................................................................................440 18.1.1 string......................................................................................................440 18.1.2 number......................................................................................................441 18.1.3 true、false...........................................................................................441 18.1.4 null...........................................................................................................443 18.1.5 object......................................................................................................444 18.1.6 array ........................................................................................................444 18.2 函数 ..........................................................................................................................444 18.2.1 json_value ............................................................................................444 18.2.2 json_query ............................................................................................445 18.2.3 函数参数详解 ...........................................................................................446 18.3 使用 IS JSON/IS NOT JSON 条件 ...................................................................448 18.4 视图 ...........................................................................................................................451 18.4.1 视图使用说明 ..............................................................................................451 18.4.2 DBA_JSON_COLUMNS................................................................................451 18.4.3 USER_JSON_COLUMNS .............................................................................452 18.4.4 ALL_JSON_COLUMNS................................................................................452 18.5 一个简单的例子 .......................................................................................................452 第 19 章 高级日志 ..................................................................................................455 19.1 简介 ..........................................................................................................................455 19.2 使用须知 ..................................................................................................................455 19.3 语法 ..........................................................................................................................455 19.3.1 管理日志辅助表 .........................................................................................455 19.3.2 使用日志辅助表的规则与约束 ..................................................................456 VII 目录 19.3.3 日志辅助表结构 .........................................................................................456 19.3.4 系统过程 .....................................................................................................457 19.4 使用高级日志同步数据的原则 ..............................................................................457 19.5 应用实例 ..................................................................................................................459 19.5.1 创建不带主键的源表 .................................................................................459 19.5.2 创建带主键的源表 .....................................................................................462 附录 1 关键字和保留字 .........................................................................................465 附录 2 SQL 语法描述说明 ....................................................................................469 附录 3 系统存储过程和函数 .................................................................................472 1) INI 参数管理 ..............................................................................................................472 2) 系统信息管理 ...............................................................................................................477 3) 备份恢复管理 ...............................................................................................................491 4) 定时器管理 ...................................................................................................................521 5) 数据复制管理 ...............................................................................................................524 6) 模式对象相关信息管理 ...............................................................................................533 7) 数据守护管理 ...............................................................................................................543 8) MPP 管理 ......................................................................................................................548 9) 日志与检查点管理 .......................................................................................................551 10) 数据库重演 ................................................................................................................552 11) 统计信息 ....................................................................................................................553 12) 资源监测 ....................................................................................................................560 13) 类型别名 ....................................................................................................................570 14) 杂类函数 ....................................................................................................................572 15) 编目函数调用的系统函数 .........................................................................................583 16) BFILE.........................................................................................................................593 17) HUGE 表备份还原 ......................................................................................................593 18) 定制会话级 INI 参数 ...............................................................................................595 19) 为 SQL 指定 HINT......................................................................................................597 20) 时区设置 ....................................................................................................................599

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