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分享Vulkan深度缓冲
#version 450
layout(binding = 0) uniform UniformBufferObject {
mat4 model;
mat4 view;
mat4 proj;
} ubo;
layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
layout(location = 2) in vec2 inTexCoord;
layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) out vec2 fragTexCoord;
void main() {
gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
fragColor = inColor;
fragTexCoord = inTexCoord;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#version 450
layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2D texSampler;
layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
void main() {
outColor = texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord);
}
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glslc 27_shader_depth.vert -o 27_shader_depth.vert.spv
glslc 27_shader_depth.frag -o 27_shader_depth.frag.spv
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN // 让GLFW自动包含Vulkan头文件
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h> // GLFW窗口库
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE // 让GLM使用Vulkan的深度范围[0,1]而不是OpenGL的[-1,1]
#include <glm/glm.hpp> // GLM数学库核心
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp> // GLM矩阵变换函数（perspective/lookAt/rotate等）
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION // 定义此宏以在当前位置生成stb_image的实现代码
#include <stb_image.h> // stb_image图像加载库（单头文件）
#include <iostream> // 标准输入输出流
#include <fstream> // 文件读写
#include <stdexcept> // 标准异常类
#include <algorithm> // std::clamp等算法
#include <chrono> // 时间库，用于计算旋转动画
#include <vector> // 动态数组
#include <cstring> // memcpy/strcmp等C字符串函数
#include <cstdlib> // EXIT_SUCCESS/EXIT_FAILURE
#include <cstdint> // uint32_t等固定宽度整型
#include <limits> // std::numeric_limits
#include <array> // std::array定长数组
#include <optional> // std::optional，用于可选队列族索引
#include <set> // std::set，用于去重队列族
const uint32_t WIDTH = 800; // 窗口宽度
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600; // 窗口高度
const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2; // 允许同时在途的帧数（双缓冲）
const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = { // 启用的校验层列表
"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" // Khronos官方校验层，用于调试
};
const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { // 需要的设备扩展
VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME // 交换链扩展，呈现图像必需
};
#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false; // Release模式下关闭校验层
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true; // Debug模式下开启校验层
#endif
VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) { // 动态加载vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT
auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); // 从实例获取函数指针
if (func != nullptr) { // 若函数存在
return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger); // 调用创建调试信使
}
else {
return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT; // 扩展不存在则返回错误
}
}
void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) { // 动态加载vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT
auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); // 获取函数指针
if (func != nullptr) { // 若函数存在
func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator); // 销毁调试信使
}
}
struct QueueFamilyIndices { // 队列族索引结构体
std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily; // 图形队列族索引（可选）
std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily; // 呈现队列族索引（可选）
bool isComplete() { // 判断两个队列族是否都已找到
return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
}
};
struct SwapChainSupportDetails { // 交换链支持详情
VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities; // 表面能力
std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats; // 支持的表面格式
std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes; // 支持的呈现模式
};
struct Vertex { // 顶点结构体
glm::vec3 pos; // 位置
glm::vec3 color; // 颜色
glm::vec2 texCoord; // 纹理坐标
static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() { // 顶点绑定描述
VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription{}; // 值初始化
bindingDescription.binding = 0; // 绑定索引
bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex); // 每个顶点跨距
bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX; // 逐顶点输入
return bindingDescription;
}
static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() { // 顶点属性描述（3个）
std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions{};
attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0; // 对应binding 0
attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0; // 着色器location 0
attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT; // vec3
attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos); // pos字段偏移
attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1; // 着色器location 1
attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT; // vec3
attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color); // color字段偏移
attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2; // 着色器location 2
attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT; // vec2
attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord); // texCoord字段偏移
return attributeDescriptions;
}
};
struct UniformBufferObject { // Uniform缓冲对象（每帧传给顶点着色器）
alignas(16) glm::mat4 model; // 模型矩阵（16字节对齐）
alignas(16) glm::mat4 view; // 视图矩阵
alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj; // 投影矩阵
};
const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = { // 顶点数据：两个四边形（前面+后面）
{{-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}}, // 前左下
{{0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}, // 前右下
{{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}}, // 前右上
{{-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}}, // 前左上
{{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}}, // 后左下
{{0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}, // 后右下
{{0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}}, // 后右上
{{-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}} // 后左上
};
const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = { // 索引数据（两个四边形各2个三角形）
0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0, // 前面的两个三角形
4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4 // 后面的两个三角形
};
class HelloTriangleApplication { // 应用主类
public:
void run() { // 入口：初始化 -> 主循环 -> 清理
initWindow(); // 创建窗口
initVulkan(); // 初始化Vulkan
mainLoop(); // 主循环
cleanup(); // 清理资源
}
private:
GLFWwindow* window; // GLFW窗口句柄
VkInstance instance; // Vulkan实例
VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger; // 调试信使
VkSurfaceKHR surface; // 窗口表面
VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // 物理设备（GPU）
VkDevice device; // 逻辑设备
VkQueue graphicsQueue; // 图形队列
VkQueue presentQueue; // 呈现队列
VkSwapchainKHR swapChain; // 交换链
std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages; // 交换链图像
VkFormat swapChainImageFormat; // 交换链图像格式
VkExtent2D swapChainExtent; // 交换链图像尺寸
std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews; // 交换链图像视图
std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers; // 帧缓冲
VkRenderPass renderPass; // 渲染通道
VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout; // 描述符集布局
VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout; // 管线布局
VkPipeline graphicsPipeline; // 图形管线
VkCommandPool commandPool; // 命令池
VkImage depthImage; // 深度图像
VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory; // 深度图像内存
VkImageView depthImageView; // 深度图像视图
VkImage textureImage; // 纹理图像
VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory; // 纹理图像内存
VkImageView textureImageView; // 纹理图像视图
VkSampler textureSampler; // 纹理采样器
VkBuffer vertexBuffer; // 顶点缓冲
VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory; // 顶点缓冲内存
VkBuffer indexBuffer; // 索引缓冲
VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory; // 索引缓冲内存
std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers; // Uniform缓冲（每帧一个）
std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory; // Uniform缓冲内存
std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped; // 映射后的Uniform缓冲指针
VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool; // 描述符池
std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets; // 描述符集
std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers; // 命令缓冲
std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores; // 图像可用信号量
std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores; // 渲染完成信号量
std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences; // 在途帧围栏
uint32_t currentFrame = 0; // 当前帧索引
bool framebufferResized = false; // 帧缓冲是否被改变大小
void initWindow() { // 初始化GLFW窗口
glfwInit(); // 初始化GLFW
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API); // 告诉GLFW不要创建OpenGL上下文
window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr); // 创建窗口
glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this); // 保存this指针，便于回调访问
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback); // 注册窗口大小变化回调
}
static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) { // 窗口大小变化回调
auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); // 取回应用实例
app->framebufferResized = true; // 标记需要重建交换链
}
void initVulkan() { // 初始化Vulkan的各步骤
createInstance(); // 创建实例
setupDebugMessenger(); // 设置调试信使
createSurface(); // 创建窗口表面
pickPhysicalDevice(); // 选择物理设备
createLogicalDevice(); // 创建逻辑设备
createSwapChain(); // 创建交换链
createImageViews(); // 创建图像视图
createRenderPass(); // 创建渲染通道
createDescriptorSetLayout(); // 创建描述符集布局
createGraphicsPipeline(); // 创建图形管线
createCommandPool(); // 创建命令池
createDepthResources(); // 创建深度资源
createFramebuffers(); // 创建帧缓冲
createTextureImage(); // 创建纹理图像
createTextureImageView(); // 创建纹理图像视图
createTextureSampler(); // 创建纹理采样器
createVertexBuffer(); // 创建顶点缓冲
createIndexBuffer(); // 创建索引缓冲
createUniformBuffers(); // 创建Uniform缓冲
createDescriptorPool(); // 创建描述符池
createDescriptorSets(); // 分配描述符集
createCommandBuffers(); // 创建命令缓冲
createSyncObjects(); // 创建同步对象
}
void mainLoop() { // 主循环
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) { // 窗口未关闭时循环
glfwPollEvents(); // 处理窗口事件
drawFrame(); // 绘制一帧
}
vkDeviceWaitIdle(device); // 等待设备空闲
}
void cleanupSwapChain() { // 清理交换链相关资源
vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr); // 销毁深度图像视图
vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr); // 销毁深度图像
vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr); // 释放深度图像内存
for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) { // 遍历帧缓冲
vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr); // 销毁帧缓冲
}
for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) { // 遍历图像视图
vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr); // 销毁图像视图
}
vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr); // 销毁交换链
}
void cleanup() { // 清理所有资源
cleanupSwapChain(); // 先清理交换链相关
vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr); // 销毁图形管线
vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr); // 销毁管线布局
vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr); // 销毁渲染通道
for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { // 遍历每帧资源
vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr); // 销毁Uniform缓冲
vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr); // 释放Uniform缓冲内存
}
vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr); // 销毁描述符池
vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr); // 销毁纹理采样器
vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr); // 销毁纹理图像视图
vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr); // 销毁纹理图像
vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr); // 释放纹理图像内存
vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr); // 销毁描述符集布局
vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr); // 销毁索引缓冲
vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr); // 释放索引缓冲内存
vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr); // 销毁顶点缓冲
vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr); // 释放顶点缓冲内存
for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { // 遍历每帧同步对象
vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr); // 销毁渲染完成信号量
vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr); // 销毁图像可用信号量
vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr); // 销毁围栏
}
vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr); // 销毁命令池
vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr); // 销毁逻辑设备
if (enableValidationLayers) { // 若启用了校验层
DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr); // 销毁调试信使
}
vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr); // 销毁表面
vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr); // 销毁实例
glfwDestroyWindow(window); // 销毁窗口
glfwTerminate(); // 终止GLFW
}
void recreateSwapChain() { // 重建交换链
int width = 0, height = 0; // 当前帧缓冲尺寸
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height); // 获取窗口尺寸
while (width == 0 || height == 0) { // 最小化时等待
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
glfwWaitEvents();
}
vkDeviceWaitIdle(device); // 等待设备空闲
cleanupSwapChain(); // 清理旧的交换链资源
createSwapChain(); // 重建交换链
createImageViews(); // 重建图像视图
createDepthResources(); // 重建深度资源
createFramebuffers(); // 重建帧缓冲
}
void createInstance() { // 创建Vulkan实例
if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) { // 校验层不可用则报错
throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
}
VkApplicationInfo appInfo{}; // 应用信息
appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle"; // 应用名
appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); // 应用版本
appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine"; // 引擎名
appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); // 引擎版本
appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0; // Vulkan API版本
VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{}; // 实例创建信息
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions(); // 获取所需扩展
createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()); // 扩展数量
createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data(); // 扩展名称数组
VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{}; // 调试信使创建信息
if (enableValidationLayers) { // 若启用校验层
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size()); // 层数量
createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data(); // 层名称
populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo); // 填充调试信使信息
createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo; // 挂到pNext
}
else {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0; // 不启用层
createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
}
if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建实例
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
}
}
void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) { // 填充调试信使创建信息
createInfo = {};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT; // 关注Verbose/Warning/Error
createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT; // 关注通用/校验/性能
createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback; // 回调函数
}
void setupDebugMessenger() { // 设置调试信使
if (!enableValidationLayers) return; // 未启用校验层则直接返回
VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo); // 填充信息
if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建
throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
}
}
void createSurface() { // 创建窗口表面
if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 由GLFW创建表面
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
}
}
void pickPhysicalDevice() { // 选择物理设备
uint32_t deviceCount = 0; // 设备数量
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr); // 查询数量
if (deviceCount == 0) { // 没有支持Vulkan的GPU
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
}
std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount); // 设备列表
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data()); // 获取设备
for (const auto& device : devices) { // 遍历设备
if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) { // 若满足需求
physicalDevice = device; // 选中
break;
}
}
if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) { // 没有合适的GPU
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
}
}
void createLogicalDevice() { // 创建逻辑设备
QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); // 查找队列族
std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos; // 队列创建信息
std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; // 去重
float queuePriority = 1.0f; // 队列优先级
for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) { // 遍历队列族
VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily; // 队列族索引
queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1; // 队列数量
queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority; // 优先级
queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
}
VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{}; // 设备特性
deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE; // 启用各向异性采样
VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{}; // 设备创建信息
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size()); // 队列信息数量
createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data(); // 队列信息数组
createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures; // 启用特性
createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size()); // 扩展数量
createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data(); // 扩展名称
if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建逻辑设备
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
}
vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue); // 获取图形队列
vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue); // 获取呈现队列
}
void createSwapChain() { // 创建交换链
SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice); // 查询支持详情
VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats); // 选择表面格式
VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes); // 选择呈现模式
VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities); // 选择尺寸
uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1; // 至少比最小多1
if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) { // 不超过最大值
imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
}
VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{}; // 交换链创建信息
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
createInfo.surface = surface; // 表面
createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount; // 图像数量
createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; // 图像格式
createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace; // 颜色空间
createInfo.imageExtent = extent; // 图像尺寸
createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1; // 数组层数
createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT; // 用作颜色附件
QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); // 队列族
uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; // 两个队列族
if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) { // 不同队列族
createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT; // 并发共享
createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
}
else {
createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE; // 独占
}
createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform; // 当前变换
createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR; // 不透明
createInfo.presentMode = presentMode; // 呈现模式
createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE; // 允许裁剪
if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建交换链
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
}
vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr); // 查询图像数量
swapChainImages.resize(imageCount); // 调整大小
vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data()); // 获取图像
swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; // 保存格式
swapChainExtent = extent; // 保存尺寸
}
void createImageViews() { // 创建图像视图
swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size()); // 调整大小
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) { // 遍历交换链图像
swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT); // 创建视图
}
}
void createRenderPass() { // 创建渲染通道
VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{}; // 颜色附件
colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat; // 格式
colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; // 不多重采样
colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; // 清空
colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE; // 存储
colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE; // 模板不关心
colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; // 初始布局
colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR; // 最终布局用于呈现
VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment{}; // 深度附件
depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat(); // 深度格式
depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; // 清空
depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE; // 不存储
depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL; // 最终布局
VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{}; // 颜色附件引用
colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0; // 附件索引0
colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL; // 颜色附件布局
VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{}; // 深度附件引用
depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1; // 附件索引1
depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL; // 深度布局
VkSubpassDescription subpass{}; // 子通道描述
subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS; // 图形绑定点
subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1; // 颜色附件数
subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef; // 颜色附件引用
subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef; // 深度附件引用
VkSubpassDependency dependency{}; // 子通道依赖
dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL; // 外部
dependency.dstSubpass = 0; // 目标子通道0
dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT; // 源阶段
dependency.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT; // 源访问
dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT; // 目标阶段
dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT; // 目标访问
std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment }; // 附件数组
VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{}; // 渲染通道创建信息
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size()); // 附件数量
renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data(); // 附件数组
renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1; // 子通道数量
renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass; // 子通道
renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1; // 依赖数量
renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency; // 依赖
if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建渲染通道
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
}
}
void createDescriptorSetLayout() { // 创建描述符集布局
VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{}; // UBO绑定
uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0; // 绑定索引0
uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1; // 描述符数量
uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; // Uniform缓冲类型
uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr; // 无不可变采样器
uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT; // 顶点着色器使用
VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{}; // 采样器绑定
samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1; // 绑定索引1
samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; // 组合图像采样器
samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; // 片段着色器使用
std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = { uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding }; // 两个绑定
VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{}; // 布局创建信息
layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size()); // 绑定数量
layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data(); // 绑定数组
if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建布局
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
}
}
void createGraphicsPipeline() { // 创建图形管线
auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/27_shader_depth.vert.spv"); // 读取顶点着色器SPIR-V
auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/27_shader_depth.frag.spv"); // 读取片段着色器SPIR-V
VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode); // 创建顶点着色器模块
VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode); // 创建片段着色器模块
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{}; // 顶点着色阶段
vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT; // 顶点阶段
vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule; // 模块
vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main"; // 入口函数名
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{}; // 片段着色阶段
fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; // 片段阶段
fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo }; // 阶段数组
VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{}; // 顶点输入状态
vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription(); // 绑定描述
auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions(); // 属性描述
vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1; // 绑定数量
vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size()); // 属性数量
vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription; // 绑定描述指针
vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data(); // 属性描述指针
VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{}; // 输入装配状态
inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST; // 三角形列表
inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用图元重启
VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{}; // 视口状态
viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
viewportState.viewportCount = 1; // 视口数量
viewportState.scissorCount = 1; // 剪裁数量
VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{}; // 光栅化状态
rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用深度钳制
rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不丢弃
rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; // 填充模式
rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f; // 线宽
rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT; // 背面剔除
rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE; // 逆时针为正面
rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用深度偏移
VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{}; // 多重采样状态
multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用采样着色
multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; // 1个采样
VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{}; // 深度模板状态
depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE; // 启用深度测试
depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE; // 启用深度写入
depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS; // 深度比较：更小通过
depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用深度边界测试
depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用模板测试
VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{}; // 颜色混合附件
colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT; // 写RGBA
colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用混合
VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{}; // 颜色混合状态
colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用逻辑操作
colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // 逻辑操作
colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1; // 附件数量
colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment; // 附件
colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // 混合常量
colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;
std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = { // 动态状态
VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT, // 视口动态
VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR // 剪裁动态
};
VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{}; // 动态状态创建信息
dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()); // 数量
dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data(); // 数组
VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{}; // 管线布局创建信息
pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1; // 描述符集布局数量
pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout; // 描述符集布局
if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建管线布局
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
}
VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{}; // 图形管线创建信息
pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2; // 着色阶段数量
pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages; // 着色阶段
pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo; // 顶点输入状态
pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly; // 输入装配状态
pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState; // 视口状态
pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer; // 光栅化状态
pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling; // 多重采样状态
pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil; // 深度模板状态
pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending; // 颜色混合状态
pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState; // 动态状态
pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout; // 管线布局
pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass; // 渲染通道
pipelineInfo.subpass = 0; // 子通道索引
pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // 无基础管线
if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建图形管线
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
}
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr); // 销毁片段着色器模块
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr); // 销毁顶点着色器模块
}
void createFramebuffers() { // 创建帧缓冲
swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size()); // 调整大小
for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) { // 遍历图像视图
std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = { // 附件：颜色+深度
swapChainImageViews[i], // 颜色图像视图
depthImageView // 深度图像视图
};
VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{}; // 帧缓冲创建信息
framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass; // 渲染通道
framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size()); // 附件数量
framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data(); // 附件数组
framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width; // 宽度
framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height; // 高度
framebufferInfo.layers = 1; // 层数
if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建帧缓冲
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
}
}
}
void createCommandPool() { // 创建命令池
QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); // 队列族
VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{}; // 命令池创建信息
poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT; // 允许重置命令缓冲
poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value(); // 图形队列族
if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建命令池
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
}
}
void createDepthResources() { // 创建深度资源
VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat(); // 查找深度格式
createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory); // 创建深度图像
depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT); // 创建深度图像视图
}
VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) { // 查找支持的格式
for (VkFormat format : candidates) { // 遍历候选格式
VkFormatProperties props; // 格式属性
vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props); // 查询属性
if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) { // 线性平铺支持
return format;
}
else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) { // 最优平铺支持
return format;
}
}
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
}
VkFormat findDepthFormat() { // 查找深度格式
return findSupportedFormat(
{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT }, // 候选格式
VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, // 最优平铺
VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT // 用作深度模板附件
);
}
bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) { // 是否含模板分量
return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
}
void createTextureImage() { // 创建纹理图像
int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels; // 纹理宽高通道
stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load("textures/1.jpg", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha); // 加载图像
VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4; // 图像字节数（RGBA）
if (!pixels) { // 加载失败
throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
}
VkBuffer stagingBuffer; // 暂存缓冲
VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory; // 暂存缓冲内存
createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory); // 创建暂存缓冲
void* data; // 映射指针
vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data); // 映射
memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize)); // 拷贝像素
vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory); // 取消映射
stbi_image_free(pixels); // 释放图像数据
createImage(texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory); // 创建纹理图像
transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL); // 转换布局为传输目标
copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight)); // 拷贝缓冲到图像
transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL); // 转换为着色器只读
vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr); // 销毁暂存缓冲
vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr); // 释放暂存缓冲内存
}
void createTextureImageView() { // 创建纹理图像视图
textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT); // 创建视图
}
void createTextureSampler() { // 创建纹理采样器
VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{}; // 物理设备属性
vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties); // 查询属性
VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{}; // 采样器创建信息
samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR; // 放大过滤：线性
samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR; // 缩小过滤：线性
samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT; // U方向重复
samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT; // V方向重复
samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT; // W方向重复
samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE; // 启用各向异性
samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy; // 最大各向异性
samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK; // 边界颜色
samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE; // 使用归一化坐标
samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE; // 不启用比较
samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS; // 比较操作
samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR; // mipmap线性
if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建采样器
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
}
}
VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags) { // 创建图像视图
VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{}; // 视图创建信息
viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
viewInfo.image = image; // 图像
viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; // 2D视图
viewInfo.format = format; // 格式
viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags; // 方面掩码
viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0; // 基础mip
viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1; // mip层数
viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0; // 基础数组层
viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1; // 数组层数
VkImageView imageView; // 图像视图句柄
if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建视图
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image view!");
}
return imageView;
}
void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) { // 创建图像
VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{}; // 图像创建信息
imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D; // 2D图像
imageInfo.extent.width = width; // 宽度
imageInfo.extent.height = height; // 高度
imageInfo.extent.depth = 1; // 深度1
imageInfo.mipLevels = 1; // mip层数
imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1; // 数组层数
imageInfo.format = format; // 格式
imageInfo.tiling = tiling; // 平铺模式
imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; // 初始布局
imageInfo.usage = usage; // 用途
imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; // 采样数
imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE; // 独占
if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建图像
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
}
VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements; // 内存需求
vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements); // 查询需求
VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; // 内存分配信息
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size; // 分配大小
allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties); // 内存类型
if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 分配内存
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
}
vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0); // 绑定内存
}
void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) { // 转换图像布局
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(); // 开始一次性命令
VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{}; // 图像内存屏障
barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout; // 旧布局
barrier.newLayout = newLayout; // 新布局
barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED; // 忽略源队列族
barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED; // 忽略目标队列族
barrier.image = image; // 图像
barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT; // 颜色方面
barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage; // 源阶段
VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage; // 目标阶段
if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) { // 未定义->传输目标
barrier.srcAccessMask = 0; // 无需等待
barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT; // 传输写
sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT; // 顶部
destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT; // 传输阶段
}
else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) { // 传输目标->着色器只读
barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT; // 传输写
barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT; // 着色器读
sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT; // 传输阶段
destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT; // 片段着色器
}
else {
throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!"); // 不支持的转换
}
vkCmdPipelineBarrier( // 记录管线屏障
commandBuffer,
sourceStage, destinationStage,
0,
0, nullptr,
0, nullptr,
1, &barrier
);
endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer); // 结束一次性命令
}
void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) { // 拷贝缓冲到图像
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(); // 开始一次性命令
VkBufferImageCopy region{}; // 拷贝区域
region.bufferOffset = 0; // 缓冲偏移
region.bufferRowLength = 0; // 行长度
region.bufferImageHeight = 0; // 图像高度
region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT; // 颜色方面
region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 }; // 图像偏移
region.imageExtent = {
width,
height,
1
};
vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, ®ion); // 记录拷贝
endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer); // 结束一次性命令
}
void createVertexBuffer() { // 创建顶点缓冲
VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size(); // 缓冲大小
VkBuffer stagingBuffer; // 暂存缓冲
VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory); // 创建暂存缓冲
void* data;
vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data); // 映射
memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize); // 拷贝顶点
vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory); // 取消映射
createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory); // 创建顶点缓冲
copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize); // 拷贝到设备本地
vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr); // 销毁暂存缓冲
vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr); // 释放内存
}
void createIndexBuffer() { // 创建索引缓冲
VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size(); // 缓冲大小
VkBuffer stagingBuffer; // 暂存缓冲
VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);
void* data;
vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize); // 拷贝索引
vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);
createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory); // 创建索引缓冲
copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize); // 拷贝到设备本地
vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
}
void createUniformBuffers() { // 创建Uniform缓冲
VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject); // 缓冲大小
uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 每帧一个
uniformBuffersMemory.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { // 遍历每帧
createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]); // 创建Uniform缓冲
vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], 0, bufferSize, 0, &uniformBuffersMapped[i]); // 持久映射
}
}
void createDescriptorPool() { // 创建描述符池
std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{}; // 池大小
poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER; // UBO类型
poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 每帧一个
poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER; // 采样器类型
poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{}; // 池创建信息
poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size()); // 池大小数量
poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data(); // 池大小
poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 最大集合数
if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建池
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
}
}
void createDescriptorSets() { // 创建描述符集
std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, descriptorSetLayout); // 布局数组
VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; // 分配信息
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool; // 池
allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 数量
allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data(); // 布局
descriptorSets.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 调整大小
if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 分配
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
}
for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { // 遍历每帧
VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{}; // 缓冲信息
bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i]; // Uniform缓冲
bufferInfo.offset = 0; // 偏移
bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject); // 范围
VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{}; // 图像信息
imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL; // 布局
imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView; // 图像视图
imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler; // 采样器
std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites{}; // 描述符写入
descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i]; // 目标集合
descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0; // 绑定0
descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo; // 缓冲信息
descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1; // 绑定1
descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo; // 图像信息
vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()), descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr); // 更新描述符集
}
}
void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) { // 创建缓冲
VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{}; // 缓冲创建信息
bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
bufferInfo.size = size; // 大小
bufferInfo.usage = usage; // 用途
bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE; // 独占
if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建缓冲
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
}
VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements; // 内存需求
vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements); // 查询
VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; // 分配信息
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size; // 大小
allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties); // 类型
if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 分配
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
}
vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0); // 绑定
}
VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() { // 开始一次性命令
VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; // 分配信息
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; // 主命令缓冲
allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool; // 命令池
allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1; // 数量
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer; // 命令缓冲
vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer); // 分配
VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{}; // 开始信息
beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT; // 一次提交
vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo); // 开始记录
return commandBuffer;
}
void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) { // 结束一次性命令
vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer); // 结束记录
VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{}; // 提交信息
submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;
vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE); // 提交
vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue); // 等待完成
vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer); // 释放命令缓冲
}
void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) { // 拷贝缓冲
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands(); // 开始一次性命令
VkBufferCopy copyRegion{}; // 拷贝区域
copyRegion.size = size; // 大小
vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, ©Region); // 记录拷贝
endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer); // 结束
}
uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) { // 查找内存类型
VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties; // 内存属性
vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties); // 查询
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) { // 遍历内存类型
if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) { // 匹配
return i;
}
}
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
}
void createCommandBuffers() { // 创建命令缓冲
commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 每帧一个
VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; // 分配信息
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool; // 命令池
allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; // 主命令缓冲
allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size(); // 数量
if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 分配
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
}
}
void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) { // 记录命令缓冲
VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{}; // 开始信息
beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 开始记录
throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
}
VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{}; // 渲染通道开始信息
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass; // 渲染通道
renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex]; // 帧缓冲
renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; // 渲染区域偏移
renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent; // 渲染区域尺寸
std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues{}; // 清空值
clearValues[0].color = { {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f} }; // 黑色
clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 }; // 深度1.0
renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size()); // 数量
renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data(); // 清空值
vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE); // 开始渲染通道
vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline); // 绑定图形管线
VkViewport viewport{}; // 视口
viewport.x = 0.0f; // x
viewport.y = 0.0f; // y
viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width; // 宽
viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height; // 高
viewport.minDepth = 0.0f; // 最小深度
viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f; // 最大深度
vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport); // 设置视口
VkRect2D scissor{}; // 剪裁矩形
scissor.offset = { 0, 0 }; // 偏移
scissor.extent = swapChainExtent; // 尺寸
vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor); // 设置剪裁
VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer }; // 顶点缓冲
VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 }; // 偏移
vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets); // 绑定顶点缓冲
vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16); // 绑定索引缓冲
vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[currentFrame], 0, nullptr); // 绑定描述符集
vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0); // 绘制索引
vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer); // 结束渲染通道
if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 结束记录
throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
}
}
void createSyncObjects() { // 创建同步对象
imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 图像可用信号量
renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 渲染完成信号量
inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); // 在途围栏
VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{}; // 信号量创建信息
semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{}; // 围栏创建信息
fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT; // 初始为已触发
for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { // 遍历每帧
if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || // 创建图像可用信号量
vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || // 创建渲染完成信号量
vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建围栏
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
}
}
}
void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) { // 更新Uniform缓冲
static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); // 起始时间
auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); // 当前时间
float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count(); // 经过秒数
UniformBufferObject ubo{}; // Uniform数据
ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)); // 绕Z轴旋转
ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)); // 视图矩阵
ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f); // 投影矩阵
ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1; // 翻转Y，因为Vulkan的Y轴向下
memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo)); // 拷贝到映射内存
}
void drawFrame() { // 绘制一帧
vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX); // 等待当前帧围栏
uint32_t imageIndex; // 图像索引
VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex); // 获取下一张图像
if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) { // 交换链过期
recreateSwapChain(); // 重建
return;
}
else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) { // 其他错误
throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
}
updateUniformBuffer(currentFrame); // 更新Uniform
vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]); // 重置围栏
vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0); // 重置命令缓冲
recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex); // 记录命令
VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{}; // 提交信息
submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] }; // 等待信号量
VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT }; // 等待阶段
submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; // 等待数量
submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores; // 等待信号量
submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages; // 等待阶段
submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1; // 命令缓冲数量
submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame]; // 命令缓冲
VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] }; // 信号信号量
submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1; // 信号数量
submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores; // 信号信号量
if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 提交
throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
}
VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{}; // 呈现信息
presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; // 等待数量
presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores; // 等待信号量
VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain }; // 交换链
presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1; // 交换链数量
presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains; // 交换链
presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex; // 图像索引
result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo); // 呈现
if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) { // 需要重建
framebufferResized = false;
recreateSwapChain();
}
else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { // 其他错误
throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
}
currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; // 下一帧
}
VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) { // 创建着色器模块
VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{}; // 创建信息
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.codeSize = code.size(); // 代码大小
createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data()); // 代码指针
VkShaderModule shaderModule; // 着色器模块
if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) { // 创建
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
}
return shaderModule;
}
VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) { // 选择表面格式
for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) { // 遍历
if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) { // 优选SRGB
return availableFormat;
}
}
return availableFormats[0]; // 否则取第一个
}
VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) { // 选择呈现模式
for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) { // 遍历
if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) { // 优选Mailbox（低延迟）
return availablePresentMode;
}
}
return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR; // 否则用FIFO（垂直同步）
}
VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) { // 选择交换范围
if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) { // 已指定
return capabilities.currentExtent;
}
else {
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height); // 获取窗口尺寸
VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
};
actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width); // 钳制
actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
return actualExtent;
}
}
SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { // 查询交换链支持
SwapChainSupportDetails details; // 详情
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities); // 表面能力
uint32_t formatCount;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr); // 格式数量
if (formatCount != 0) {
details.formats.resize(formatCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data()); // 获取格式
}
uint32_t presentModeCount;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr); // 呈现模式数量
if (presentModeCount != 0) {
details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data()); // 获取呈现模式
}
return details;
}
bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) { // 判断设备是否合适
QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device); // 队列族
bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device); // 扩展支持
bool swapChainAdequate = false;
if (extensionsSupported) {
SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device); // 查询交换链支持
swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty(); // 非空
}
VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures); // 查询特性
return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy; // 全部满足
}
bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { // 检查设备扩展支持
uint32_t extensionCount;
vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr); // 扩展数量
std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data()); // 获取扩展
std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end()); // 需要的扩展
for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) { // 遍历可用扩展
requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName); // 移除已满足的
}
return requiredExtensions.empty(); // 全部满足则返回true
}
QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) { // 查找队列族
QueueFamilyIndices indices; // 索引
uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr); // 队列族数量
std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data()); // 获取队列族
int i = 0;
for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) { // 遍历
if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) { // 支持图形
indices.graphicsFamily = i;
}
VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport); // 查询呈现支持
if (presentSupport) { // 支持呈现
indices.presentFamily = i;
}
if (indices.isComplete()) { // 都找到则退出
break;
}
i++;
}
return indices;
}
std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() { // 获取所需实例扩展
uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
const char** glfwExtensions;
glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount); // GLFW需要的扩展
std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount); // 拷贝
if (enableValidationLayers) { // 启用校验层时
extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME); // 添加调试工具扩展
}
return extensions;
}
bool checkValidationLayerSupport() { // 检查校验层支持
uint32_t layerCount;
vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr); // 层数量
std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data()); // 获取层
for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) { // 遍历需要的层
bool layerFound = false;
for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) { // 遍历可用层
if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) { // 匹配
layerFound = true;
break;
}
}
if (!layerFound) { // 未找到
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) { // 读取文件
std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary); // 以二进制打开，定位到末尾
if (!file.is_open()) { // 打开失败
throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
}
size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg(); // 文件大小
std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize); // 缓冲
file.seekg(0); // 回到开头
file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize); // 读取
file.close(); // 关闭
return buffer;
}
static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) { // 调试回调
std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl; // 打印校验层消息
return VK_FALSE; // 不中止调用
}
};
int main() { // 程序入口
HelloTriangleApplication app; // 创建应用
try {
app.run(); // 运行
}
catch (const std::exception& e) { // 捕获异常
std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl; // 打印错误
return EXIT_FAILURE; // 返回失败
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS; // 返回成功
}
...全文
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