基础知识-关于指针

mr_moran 2006-05-17 05:16:35

...
char a = '1';
char& h = a; //怎么理解这一句?
cout << int (&h) << endl << int (&a) << endl;

看不懂.难道不成它会与引用等价么?
可以写成 char & h = a;
郁闷中...

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dawei777 2006-05-25

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我没有看懂哈哈

chenhu_doc 2006-05-17

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h是a的别名
// ---------------

我想到了一个问题 h 和 a 这两个变量名字存放在什么地方？

mr_moran 2006-05-17

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哈哈,终于明白了~!
感谢各位~!
结帖送分啦~!

BaiYangSpirit 2006-05-17

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char a = '1';
char& h = a; //怎么理解这一句?
=========
这不是指针，是引用。通俗地说，即定义了一个变量a的别名

铖邑 2006-05-17

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char& h = a; h是a的别名

一些常见的、需要注意的问题。对提高C语言编程有重要的作用！

目录 1. 简介怎样使用本教程 2. C++基础 Basics of C++ 1. C++程序结构 Structure of a program 2. 变量和数据类型 Variables and Data types 3. 常量 Constants 4. 操作符/运算符 Operators 5. 控制台交互 Communication through console 3. 控制结构和函数 Control structures and Functions 1. 控制结构 Control Structures 2. 函数I Functions I 3. 函数II Functions II 4. 高级数据类型 Advanced Data 1. 数组 Arrays 2. 字符序列 Character Sequences 3. 指针 Pointers 4. 动态内存分配 Dynamic memory 5. 数据结构 Data Structures 6. 自定义数据类型 User defined data types 5. 面向对象编程 Object-oriented Programming 1. 类，构造函数和析构函数，类的指针 Classes. Constructors and Destructors. Pointers to classes. 2. 操作符重载,this,静态成员 Overloading Operators. this. Static members 3. 类之间的关系 Relationships between classes: friend. Inheritance 4. 虚拟成员，抽象，多态 Virtual Members. Abstraction. Polymorphism 6. C++高级 Advanced concepts 1. 模板 Templates 2. 名空间 Namespaces 3. 出错处理 Exception handling 4. 类型转换高级 Advacned Class Type-casting 5. 预处理指令 Preprocessor Directives 7. C++ 标准函数库 C++ Standard Library 1. 文件的输入输出 Input/Output with files C++基础教程简介怎样使用本教程读者范围本教程面向所有希望学习C++语言的读者。如果读者有其他编程语言背景或计算机相关基本知识可以帮助更好的理解教程内容，但这并非必须条件。对于C语言熟悉的读者可将前三章（1.1 到 3.4）当作复习，因为这部分内容主要介绍C++中的C部分。不过某些C++的语法与C还是有些差别，所以建议还是快速的读一下这部分。第四章讲述面向对象编程。第五章主要介绍ANSI-C++标准中的新增的功能。本教程结构教程共分6章，每章分若干小节。你可以直接从主目录进入任意小节，并循每页底部的链接向后浏览。很多小节含有一页例题介绍该章节主要知识点的使用。建议在进入下一章学习之前最好先阅读这些例题，理解每行代码。学习和练习一种编程语言的最好办法是自己修改书中例题程序，设法在程序中增加新的功能。不要不敢修改这些例题程序，这正是学习的方法。兼容性备注 ANSI-C++标准近几年来被接受为国际标准。尽管C++语言从二十世纪80年代即存在，ANSI-C++在1997年才被发表，2003年又被修订过。因此很多编译器不支持ANSI-C++中的部分新功能，特别是那些在此标准发表前即被发布的编译器。在本教程中，那些ANSI-C++中新增的而老一代C++编译器大多不支持概念将备用如下标志标出： ANSI C++新增的概念同样对于C和C++在实现上有明显不同的概念，将备用如下标志标出： C 与 C++不同的地方编译器本教程中所有例题程序均为console程序(控制台程序)。此类程序以文本形式与用户交换信息，显示结果。所有C++编译器均支持console程序的编译。要了解更多关于如何编译的说明，请查询你的编译器用户使用手册。 C++编译器和开发环境推荐很多读者询问编译器和开发环境的问题。除了常用的商用收费的MS Visual Studio, VC++，Borland C++等工具外，还有很多免费的工具也是很好用的。这里推荐两种免费的C++开发软件： 1、Eclipse的CDT开发工具，官方网站在http://www.eclipse.org/cdt/ 2、开源工具Dev-C++和wxDev-C++

The C programming Language 第二版英文版內容列表 Table of Contents Preface.......................................................... Preface to the first edition..................................... Introduction..................................................... Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction.............................. 1.1 Getting Started................................ 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions........... 1.3 The for statement.............................. 1.4 Symbolic Constants............................. 1.5 Character Input and Output..................... 1.5.1 File Copying.......................... 1.5.2 Character Counting.................... 1.5.3 Line Counting......................... 1.5.4 Word Counting......................... 1.6 Arrays......................................... 1.7 Functions...................................... 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value...................... 1.9 Character Arrays............................... 1.10 External Variables and Scope.................. Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions..................... 2.1 Variable Names................................. 2.2 Data Types and Sizes........................... 2.3 Constants...................................... 2.4 Declarations................................... 2.5 Arithmetic Operators........................... 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators............... 2.7 Type Conversions............................... 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators.............. 2.9 Bitwise Operators.............................. 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions.......... 2.11 Conditional Expressions....................... 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation............ Chapter 3 - Control Flow......................................... 3.1 Statements and Blocks.......................... 3.2 If-Else........................................ 3.3 Else-If........................................ 3.4 Switch......................................... 3.5 Loops - While and For.......................... 3.6 Loops - Do-While............................... 3.7 Break and Continue............................. 3.8 Goto and labels................................ Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure...................... 4.1 Basics of Functions............................ 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers............... 4.3 External Variables............................. 4.4 Scope Rules.................................... 4.5 Header Files................................... 4.6 Static Variables................................ 4.7 Register Variables.............................. 4.8 Block Structure................................. 4.9 Initialization.................................. 4.10 Recursion...................................... 4.11 The C Preprocessor............................. 4.11.1 File Inclusion........................ 4.11.2 Macro Substitution.................... 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion................. Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays.................................. 5.1 Pointers and Addresses......................... 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments................ 5.3 Pointers and Arrays............................ 5.4 Address Arithmetic............................. 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions............... 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers........... 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays....................... 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays............... 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays.......... 5.10 Command-line Arguments........................ 5.11 Pointers to Functions......................... 5.12 Complicated Declarations...................... Chapter 6 - Structures........................................... 6.1 Basics of Structures........................... 6.2 Structures and Functions....................... 6.3 Arrays of Structures........................... 6.4 Pointers to Structures......................... 6.5 Self-referential Structures.................... 6.6 Table Lookup................................... 6.7 Typedef........................................ 6.8 Unions......................................... 6.9 Bit-fields..................................... Chapter 7 - Input and Output..................................... 7.1 Standard Input and Output....................... 7.2 Formatted Output - printf....................... 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists.................. 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf......................... 7.5 File Access..................................... 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit................ 7.7 Line Input and Output........................... 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions......................... 7.8.1 String Operations...................... 7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion. 7.8.3 Ungetc................................. 7.8.4 Command Execution...................... 7.8.5 Storage Management..................... 7.8.6 Mathematical Functions................. 7.8.7 Random Number generation............... Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface............................ 8.1 File Descriptors............................... 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write................. 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink..................... 8.4 Random Access - Lseek.......................... 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc.. 8.6 Example - Listing Directories.................. 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator.................. Appendix A - Reference Manual.................................... A.1 Introduction................................... A.2 Lexical Conventions............................ A.2.1 Tokens................................ A.2.2 Comments.............................. A.2.3 Identifiers........................... A.2.4 Keywords.............................. A.2.5 Constants............................. A.2.6 String Literals....................... A.3 Syntax Notation................................ A.4 Meaning of Identifiers......................... A.4.1 Storage Class......................... A.4.2 Basic Types........................... A.4.3 Derived types......................... A.4.4 Type Qualifiers....................... A.5 Objects and Lvalues............................ A.6 Conversions.................................... A.6.1 Integral Promotion.................... A.6.2 Integral Conversions.................. A.6.3 Integer and Floating.................. A.6.4 Floating Types........................ A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions................ A.6.6 Pointers and Integers................. A.6.7 Void.................................. A.6.8 Pointers to Void...................... A.7 Expressions.................................... A.7.1 Pointer Conversion.................... A.7.2 Primary Expressions................... A.7.3 Postfix Expressions................... A.7.4 Unary Operators....................... A.7.5 Casts................................. A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators.............. A.7.7 Additive Operators.................... A.7.8 Shift Operators....................... A.7.9 Relational Operators.................. A.7.10 Equality Operators................... A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator................. A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator........ A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator........ A.7.14 Logical AND Operator................. A.7.15 Logical OR Operator.................. A.7.16 Conditional Operator................. A.7.17 Assignment Expressions............... A.7.18 Comma Operator.......................... A.7.19 Constant Expressions.................... A.8 Declarations..................................... A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers................. A.8.2 Type Specifiers.......................... A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations......... A.8.4 Enumerations............................. A.8.5 Declarators.............................. A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators................... A.8.7 Initialization........................... A.8.8 Type names............................... A.8.9 Typedef.................................. A.8.10 Type Equivalence........................ A.9 Statements....................................... A.9.1 Labeled Statements....................... A.9.2 Expression Statement..................... A.9.3 Compound Statement....................... A.9.4 Selection Statements..................... A.9.5 Iteration Statements..................... A.9.6 Jump statements.......................... A.10 External Declarations........................... A.10.1 Function Definitions.................... A.10.2 External Declarations................... A.11 Scope and Linkage............................... A.11.1 Lexical Scope........................... A.11.2 Linkage................................. A.12 Preprocessing................................... A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences...................... A.12.2 Line Splicing........................... A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion.......... A.12.4 File Inclusion.......................... A.12.5 Conditional Compilation................. A.12.6 Line Control............................ A.12.7 Error Generation........................ A.12.8 Pragmas................................. A.12.9 Null directive.......................... A.12.10 Predefined names....................... A.13 Grammar......................................... Appendix B - Standard Library.................................... B.1.1 File Operations................................ B.1.2 Formatted Output......................... B.1.3 Formatted Input.......................... B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions..... B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions........ B.1.6 File Positioning Functions............... B.1.7 Error Functions.......................... B.2 Character Class Tests: ................. B.3 String Functions: ..................... B.4 Mathematical Functions: ................. B.5 Utility Functions: ....................

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