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//C++ Operators
// Operators specify an evaluation to be performed on one of the following:
// One operand (unary operator)
// Two operands (binary operator)
// Three operands (ternary operator)
// The C++ language includes all C operators and adds several new operators.
// Table 1.1 lists the operators available in Microsoft C++.
// Operators follow a strict precedence which defines the evaluation order of
//expressions containing these operators. Operators associate with either the
//expression on their left or the expression on their right; this is called
//“associativity.” Operators in the same group have equal precedence and are
//evaluated left to right in an expression unless explicitly forced by a pair of
//parentheses, ( ).
// Table 1.1 shows the precedence and associativity of C++ operators
// (from highest to lowest precedence).
//
//Table 1.1 C++ Operator Precedence and Associativity
// The highest precedence level is at the top of the table.
//+------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
//| Operator | Name or Meaning | Associativity |
//+------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
//| :: | Scope resolution | None |
//| :: | Global | None |
//| [ ] | Array subscript | Left to right |
//| ( ) | Function call | Left to right |
//| ( ) | Conversion | None |
//| . | Member selection (object) | Left to right |
//| -> | Member selection (pointer) | Left to right |
//| ++ | Postfix increment | None |
//| -- | Postfix decrement | None |
//| new | Allocate object | None |
//| delete | Deallocate object | None |
//| delete[ ] | Deallocate object | None |
//| ++ | Prefix increment | None |
//| -- | Prefix decrement | None |
//| * | Dereference | None |
//| & | Address-of | None |
//| + | Unary plus | None |
//| - | Arithmetic negation (unary) | None |
//| ! | Logical NOT | None |
//| ~ | Bitwise complement | None |
//| sizeof | Size of object | None |
//| sizeof ( ) | Size of type | None |
//| typeid( ) | type name | None |
//| (type) | Type cast (conversion) | Right to left |
//| const_cast | Type cast (conversion) | None |
//| dynamic_cast | Type cast (conversion) | None |
//| reinterpret_cast | Type cast (conversion) | None |
//| static_cast | Type cast (conversion) | None |
//| .* | Apply pointer to class member (objects) | Left to right |
//| ->* | Dereference pointer to class member | Left to right |
//| * | Multiplication | Left to right |
//| / | Division | Left to right |
//| % | Remainder (modulus) | Left to right |
//| + | Addition | Left to right |
//| - | Subtraction | Left to right |
//| << | Left shift | Left to right |
//| >> | Right shift | Left to right |
//| < | Less than | Left to right |
//| > | Greater than | Left to right |
//| <= | Less than or equal to | Left to right |
//| >= | Greater than or equal to | Left to right |
//| == | Equality | Left to right |
//| != | Inequality | Left to right |
//| & | Bitwise AND | Left to right |
//| ^ | Bitwise exclusive OR | Left to right |
//| | | Bitwise OR | Left to right |
//| && | Logical AND | Left to right |
//| || | Logical OR | Left to right |
//| e1?e2:e3 | Conditional | Right to left |
//| = | Assignment | Right to left |
//| *= | Multiplication assignment | Right to left |
//| /= | Division assignment | Right to left |
//| %= | Modulus assignment | Right to left |
//| += | Addition assignment | Right to left |
//| -= | Subtraction assignment | Right to left |
//| <<= | Left-shift assignment | Right to left |
//| >>= | Right-shift assignment | Right to left |
//| &= | Bitwise AND assignment | Right to left |
//| |= | Bitwise inclusive OR assignment | Right to left |
//| ^= | Bitwise exclusive OR assignment | Right to left |
//| , | Comma | Left to right |
//+------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
计算机组成原理→DOS命令→汇编语言→C语言(不包括C++)、代码书写规范→数据结构、编译原理、操作系统→计算机网络、数据库原理、正则表达式→其它语言(包括C++)、架构……
对学习编程者的忠告:
眼过千遍不如手过一遍!
书看千行不如手敲一行!
手敲千行不如单步一行!
单步源代码千行不如单步对应汇编一行!
VC调试时按Alt+8、Alt+7、Alt+6和Alt+5,打开汇编窗口、堆栈窗口、内存窗口和寄存器窗口看每句C对应的汇编、单步执行并观察相应堆栈、内存和寄存器变化,这样过一遍不就啥都明白了吗。
对VC来说,所谓‘调试时’就是编译连接通过以后,按F10或F11键单步执行一步以后的时候,或者在某行按F9设了断点后按F5执行停在该断点处的时候。
(Turbo C或Borland C用Turbo Debugger调试,Linux或Unix下用GDB调试时,看每句C对应的汇编并单步执行观察相应内存和寄存器变化。)
想要从本质上理解C指针,必须学习汇编以及C和汇编的对应关系。
从汇编的角度理解和学习C语言的指针,原本看似复杂的东西就会变得非常简单!
指针即地址。“地址又是啥?”“只能从汇编语言和计算机组成原理的角度去解释了。”
但我又不得不承认:
有那么些人喜欢或者适合用“先具体再抽象”的方法学习和理解复杂事物;
而另一些人喜欢或者适合用“先抽象再具体”的方法学习和理解复杂事物。
而我本人属前者。
这辈子不看内存地址和内存值;只画链表、指针示意图,画堆栈示意图,画各种示意图,甚至自己没画过而只看过书上的图……能从本质上理解指针、理解函数参数传递吗?本人深表怀疑!
这辈子不种麦不收麦不将麦粒拿去磨面;只吃馒头、吃面条、吃面包、……甚至从没看过别人怎么蒸馒头,压面条,烤面包,……能从本质上理解面粉、理解面食吗?本人深表怀疑!!
提醒:
“学习用汇编语言写程序”
和
“VC调试(TC或BC用TD调试)时按Alt+8、Alt+7、Alt+6和Alt+5,打开汇编窗口、堆栈窗口、内存窗口和寄存器窗口看每句C对应的汇编、单步执行并观察相应堆栈、内存和寄存器变化,这样过一遍不就啥都明白了吗。
(Linux或Unix下可以在用GDB调试时,看每句C对应的汇编并单步执行观察相应内存和寄存器变化。)
想要从本质上理解C指针,必须学习C和汇编的对应关系。”
不是一回事!
不要迷信书、考题、老师、回帖;
要迷信CPU、编译器、调试器、运行结果。
并请结合“盲人摸太阳”和“驾船出海时一定只带一个指南针。”加以理解。
任何理论、权威、传说、真理、标准、解释、想象、知识……都比不上摆在眼前的事实!
有人说一套做一套,你相信他说的还是相信他做的?
其实严格来说这个世界上古往今来所有人都是说一套做一套,不是吗?
不要写连自己也预测不了结果的代码!
电脑内存或文件内容只是一个一维二进制字节数组及其对应的二进制地址;
人脑才将电脑内存或文件内容中的这个一维二进制字节数组及其对应的二进制地址的某些部分看成是整数、有符号数/无符号数、浮点数、复数、英文字母、阿拉伯数字、中文/韩文/法文……字符/字符串、汇编指令、函数、函数参数、堆、栈、数组、指针、数组指针、指针数组、数组的数组、指针的指针、二维数组、字符点阵、字符笔画的坐标、黑白二值图片、灰度图片、彩色图片、录音、视频、指纹信息、身份证信息……